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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


Hawatian Entomological 
Society 


VOLUME V 


em We Mi 
2 Neves M4 ss 
"45 x 


Kon 
NAL hy ve 


1921-1923 
HONOLULU, T. H. 













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Twec *PROCEEDINGS OF THE HAWAIIAN 
ENTOMOLOGICAE SOCIETY 


INDEX TO VOLUME V 


INDEX TO AUTHORS, EXHIBI- 
TORS AND PERSONS MEN- 
TIONED IN PAPERS OR DIS- 
CUSSIONS. 


(Page references to papers are in 
black-faced type.) 

Aldrich, J. M.......2. SO) elon, sss LoS 
261, 265, 267, 268, 271, 285, 
286, 290, 291, 347. 

Alexander, C. P.....190, 191,-249, 252, 
258, 259. 





oN) Ud | 72) 6 Vee Re oe ee ee ee eee ene 51 
Ashmead, W. H........ (ie cy Gu ly a We 
420,*429, 433, 434, 439, 442. 
BASES LL EA oe ag oe ee ee ee 80, 268 
Baek: 2:2. Sa es peep ad (ane Seaeeeee 366 
Bpalkiers: An (C:.., ces ne: 450, 454, 458 
TE }EH eS) ity ad Chal (Seen oe on a ee 377 
Bales Cae — ; 359 
anlar! acceso eee Se re ee) 
Banks, N..... ee re ee see 381 
Wate. — 22.2: fe a Ce eae 336 
ISG CGR see te es sore eee 290 
Bellina, C. H... See SOs LoS: 
1 BX ey ep 23) aye) age 0] Dae eee eee ee ene ae eee ee 210 
SGA ML ee oe eee ee 285, 290, 367 
Bissell a ies lees 3, 5, 186, 189, 193; 


202, 344, 357, 366. 
Blackburn, Rev. T........29, 51, 167, 

172, 193, 336, 337, 338, 348, 

418, 420, 425, 427, 429, 439, 


442, 
LEregsh ba Geet ee eee eR te ee sia l: 
Brauer and Bergenstam.............. 266 
Bridwell J. Conn. be 7. ‘6%. 16, 84: 


104, 139, 165, 249, 251, 263, 
265, 275, 376, 422, 423, 426, 
427, 430, 441, 443. 





Britton, W. 182 
Broun, Major eae 336 
Eig ON Aoi lege lor: 1 ss ato ae eee -- L96 
ESTATES Crt pee ree te ncean scocenspaneoveites 57 
PSPVINIGLU cecoctee eee ees 349, 368, 377 
Bryan, Pi) ele, Ure ces. o4,) 079, 180; 


182, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 
193, 198, 202, 203, 249, 250, 
Zoi, 252) 268, 281, 283, 285, 
287, 289, 290, 341, 344, 346, 
347, 349; 353, 355, 358, 359, 
360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 
367, 368, 369, 377, 427, 445. 
Bryans WWollisim) Ascii cccccsceeenacene 287 





legato MW OuUUE hogs el leeers eee oe eeernee 481 
Ssrevumnts, (Gre ic nccvsccccnsaveseeesee et -eee fb, eb 
Burgess, A. F -L2L, 122 
Buscehke=..---- Boke cpoee oo tnc occ ote pee un eeu eneseeHone 199 
Cameron ....................L6%7, 171, 420, 425 
Ceuimas a eee ee eo 
CHAMPION 322-2 3.:-5-s0eeees 

Chapman 2 

Chilton, Charles ...... shefene SrA ps 
(CUEN ge, 18 ie) Coe ee nee errrreree ss reo) Ic oy 
Clarke, == sexs. Bohne eas Rees eee 180 
Clausen, .C. Pi eer eee oie OO 
Cooke: Ms Jr... ero cee 283, 358 
Cockeérell; “TE: Di A.:2--=... ol, Shiv 
@olmamea Ne Jie sececeeceepeieeveneess Oe 
SGxoyaohas Vey eefovals, dade teenonceenense ear ReE rer 47 
Compere, George....172, 198, 436, 437 
Compere, EL Sea et eee 201 
SWOMSEO Chae ee eee cacce es 216, 244 
Comstock and Neen eae: ee ter: 216 
(BX OO} OLS) abl OP eee Aiur tees pee ey ea eee ener 25 
GOQuilletty Wise Wise eas eet seer eeeeee 24 
Gotton, “Re. Wises. eA cae 187 
Gowdrya We ben ieee LOO Los 
@ipaiws oc An Se eee ee eee 167, 426, 429 
Crawtord, Dee i, as ASS. iUST7, 


200, 361, 364, 369, 443. 
Crawford, F. S 
Crawitord:, Js0C2 
Gusbman, Re Ar. 


MDW aa iarh qa) eeeeec een ee ae 
Davidson, W. M See 
Deam, Avs) Von. 22. Accccasess. cc pecttedaeeseessece=e 3 


Dalla Torre 
Detlefsen, J........ 





Dollfus 

DATE eee Be eee ee I | 

Edwards, F. W........ 249, 251, 254, 255, 
256. 

Ehrhorn, E. M........ 4. 6; 8-9) 20; 12; 


15, 16, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34, 37, 
77, 188, 192, 194, 198, 201, 
202, 204, 311, 347, 348, 361, 
422, 429, 433, 437, 450, 459. 


ESS GWSGWON tz) sae eons arse 76, 267, 350 

IBISS1S ae eee ee eee sere Oty 

LD AWC liane See eens pies eee 355 

Fabricius . 267 

I QUT tS ia) A ee elon ae ee er Re ee 375 

Ferris........ 306, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319, 
320. 


miewer;, “WW. 2X... eespadeetes Bc ic=o bee OD 


MletQhery ee een ee ee 297 
EDD OY =a 02 6 ae re OO ee 262 
Fullaway, D. T........ aay salah salle pale, 


NIGY, res RR ee BEE eda orisy, alate 
125 181 U8b. TOS wIS2h 194" 
195, 197, 199, 201, 208, 204, 
273, 286, 305, 3238, 344, 345, 
354, 357, 359, 362, 364, 365, 
366, 371, 419, 428, 426, 428, 
429, 431, 432, 435, 436, 437, 
438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444, 
445, 446, 449, 451, 458, 454, 
455, 456, 457, 458, 459. 


ULE t@ Vani eo ee ee 382 
Gahan, A. B........ 55, 419, 423, 433, 436 
Gallard  seukes ee. ee eee See 167 
Garrett and Harrison 482 
(Grastemibiye Ge ae eee .... 482 
GRENTEViT Cae secretes ec cee ad ck eee ene eel 189 





Giffard, W. M........1, 2, 17, 18, 28, 34, 
36, 39, 40, 48, 44, 49, 53, 76, 
Ti, 403; 118 141, 142, “153! 
181, 184, 194, 195, 196, 197, 
198, 200, 201, 202, 204, 347, 
358, 359, 363, 364, 366, 376, 
432, 443, 444, 

Girault........414, 438, 437, 439, 447, 448 









Greene 25.8: 310) Bide sta shia o20 
(GU REYES a tect eee Ree eee emer ee SIR ne ae 283 
Gan Salwar eee 2 368 
Grinnell, i7/ 
(Gap Dy 5) Ey Bee os ea eee 287 
GuyercandiSnilthiee. = ee eee 482 
TANS OT eosees eee oe ee. ees 297 
Prana lis cli ees ee oe ee S40, BLS 
FLAN SON VEL Ree. bee. ee Meee 205, 214 
Hebard, Morgan........ 6; 1SaeZ8. olemios: 
350. 
REV Tims FR ee ee a PSA, Psi Plas 
Elempel). ©; Hiies. oe 8 
Ves yo =) WS eee eee 262, 285 
Henninger, 362 
Henshaw, H. W........ 267, 268, 347, 382 
neha Me Mee. 
EKORMe ray Acs 
HO wards in Or 2222 2 Td 26s 2685 
276, 347, 411, 4384, 436. 
es EVO UNS) CaM een aie a: 2 eee Te eR 298 
EU StAG Oe See fret che so eee 195 
Illingworth, 35, 180, 184, 185, 
186, 193, 198, 199, 249, 


252, < 2655 270 27s tie 
280, 2 286, 290, 291, 292, 





342, 351, 3538, 363, 365, 
375, 
DSB as 2d BI ate Se 8 ee NBR ee ace 200 
ISsikae Ss Pets eee tee ees 203, 350 
Tames CoC st Bate 5 
SOLUS OO mV eoeese vere ees 182, 183 
VOUMS ON Re CAL eres ee aos eee eee 122 


ONC A apy Kee ee eee ee eae 75, 194 





DUA (CoS ee eee eicaeee eee eee 191 





Kammerer \ess-<- =e eee 482, 483 
leeyneeh ey 1 ee PAR a rl ale 7a 
CATT SE IEM 2 ee te Ro ee aces 289 
Kershaw 

Kirby, W. F 

Kirkaldivs (Gas Wise 2%, ‘83; 85, 205, 

206, 230, 451, 454, 456. 

1S Oy 185, 271, 290, 291, 292 
KU SNe MEIC eee ee 356 
Koebele, A........ D2 tS 206 (20) eae aos 


27, 32, 122, 190, 201, 299, 300, 
301, 305, 306, 318, 420, 425, 
430, 434, 435, 436, 437, 439, 











447. 
ERO oe aoe ie, BS ee ee ae ee 67 
ESOL INS Kiyeurd cree 430, 435, 437, 438 
Kunkel, L. O.. We i>, Ie 2152 
ECW vRSRoM Opn A 411, 424 
Kusehes J. Alaa 18, 39, 44, 50, 86, 91, 

YAS EU iG PAN, Pail. 
SESS UUW EDT 2 een ee Pee ee eee ee 311, 318 
eA ACK ee de sree eee ae ee ee 481 
Langford, D. B 165 ‘7; 80 
Tea ie Ave IM ates. Fa ae ie ate 272 
WE) @\Waret sees 285, 347 
Riundibechks 22s... She ee ee 368 
Lyon, H. L 187, 192, 200, 


348, 420, 459. 
Macfie, J. W. S 





MacGillivray ........... = 

OY STIG | (ing Shae as ee SR om ee OE. 
Vial Claes ee eee 

TT earn eS ea ee eee 67 
Marshall, G. A. K........ IAs oy ey ality 

265, 268, 351, 375, 386. 

WY ENS) (2) | [ee eae es eRe: oe PAS SHIRL SHB} 
ING Hee SU CU ts eee en eee eee ner Siig, Loo: 
MeCoppin. shoe 24 
NGM IGOWNCYno 08 eee 8 
Meinecke, W. H.......... BPH oe Clk 2ST 
Melichar........ 205,225, 229° 233) 9234; 


235, 239, 467, 468, 471, 472. 
IVECT COG yes A0 ek Foe ee ER 
Merwe, C. P. V. D 





Wetealt ye ps. eee 214, 215, 216 
Wie yan Csi sic ort ae cad emcee Sea ttc tsy 
Du ICO BSE Wp fe 1 6 eee oer er i in eR 31 
Morrison....306, 310, 312, 313, 317, 319 
IMDO Seliy2 oe. 5 5 apts acest tise snsreee aerate 348 
VI Eee DAS GS OT 085 2 18 aL oR 


20, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 53, 
54, 87, 89, 91, 104, 152, 154, 
179, 182, 184, 186, 189, 195, 
197, 201, 205, 249, 252, 253, 
254, 255, 259, 286, 344, 349, 
353, 357, 360, 365, 376, 428, 
445, 461, 473. 


Miiseravier 424 aoe eras ae ee 193 
Newell, Matthias....10, 11, 29, 187, 1938 
INe@wsteadiss = ae ee 3L8, 319; 321 





SINT EVO EOE AN ape isan cons en ancnevornensmuctaxaeeteanese 

Nuttall, G. W. F. 

TSUN PELE. 22s. cose n ck qetctesvesngnd ence asenee 

Osborn. (blebs. = 1, 10, 39, 203, 283, 
305, 306, 323, 326, 333, 352, 
397, 402, 447. 

Drea ra Gar IMEI UIIN: coca. Suze scbteactesceneaces 122 

ASR Or like: EUs fans Sactetecarasecesaene 271 

Patton, Major W. S........ 51, 198, 265, 
266, 267, 290, 292, 364, 365. 

TE CRAG nS Che) otc) gi ae ee eette peepee 39 


Pemberton, C. E....8, 64, 90, 283, 366, 
415, 430, 433, 447. 







LEYS GE 20 hee aeons ae Re ae enn ee 458 

Perkins, Re CG. Tr. HO Ia aA ee ee fe 
20; ot oo) sol, tao. 145° sabO: 
151; L67, 180; 181; 190, 193, 
202. Sols o88, and, (040, O45; 
361, 379, 405, 420, 421, 424, 
425, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 
433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 
439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 
446, 447, 448, 449. 

PRET TANS OU Go Ein os aca nocstawatsvececcucsaececeesnsacee 34 

HELGE ET © ch cece scnccceh mis tae eondna coneinh cotsees secs 67 

IRS COLE h(a GC 0 Ul eee eeee ne Seen ae enna 84 

ILO Va eet Gane ss net eee reesscai2e,, 20; 24 

LEO) SSNS CoS Ig) Oe eee eee cee eee See 

Robinson ..--:—-..- 

Roeding, G. C 

ERO MLUEI Melk ccccecesucanas 

Homan. GAC. 2.3.0; 

Rothschild, N. C..... 

1240 (Sil OPE 1 eae eee Seep ee 35, 319, 


Quan Chock 
Sasscer, E. 





SCAM ATZ, wasccsees. ce 
SCG bg oe ee ee eee eee ee 
SENT ER aes ne ee eee 320 
SEE ol ON Seen (60 UN 97 ee ee 193 
Snkeleio ee B Sener ee 39, 40, 200, 201, 283 
CLEGG EN 9 Ofc scan chec cen ceteoe nceeees 198 
CULL ewan Rt ec ewekones 335 
Sojostedt, Y 
SUES Sit gd eR 
Simmonds, H. W 
Simon, M. E 
SUR aRe GOS tt Bare ie ana oan eee 
LETC TEs Dai] Ds a ae 381 
SG ynh 95 | oyi he al = Ree ee 17, 20 
STUDS Rng Vey lo et 359 
ppeechly, William .....................-0...0 72 
Spencer, Herbert .......,.......- ee soe 335 
CHS es eS eee 205, 222, 230 
EE ASR pee ae ee ed 475 
LAGU EES Bafa, 350 
BEPC ESRI Foo RO eo Gre. .coecaccescccceadst seas 250, 251 
“OTE THOTT rt ren se eine Ra oR area 291 
EAT RID, 2 Son i Seat ee oe re 230 
Swezey, O. H........ 1 EE Pie Pel Seay (rats Pe 


OM US; 4s, 16518, 19, 27; 283 


ill 





ZO d0s Oy Ors Ody, oF! oly 40, 
AG S475, Gl; COs Ti; 1S 40, 
81, 84, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 
95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 120, 
139, 151, 157, 165, 179, 180, 
181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 
192, 193, 197, 198, 199, 201, 
202, 250, 251, 262, 263, 267, 
2%), 2%5, 2838; 290, 293, 297, 
299, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 
346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 
304, 300, 306, S58, oo2, 0s, 
364, 365, 366, 367, 379, 380, 
381, 385, 420, 421, 423, 424, 
426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 
432, 434, 435, 4387, 438, 439, 
441, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447. 
448, 449, 456. 
Wei) Cos ee | O-eagl & Grd Peto ee ne ere 20, 32 
Terry. h. wWe. Gi Zi. Wg 1S, alos oO- 
Si, 252; 256; 265, 267, 272, 
290, 421, 431, 432, 441, 447. 
449. 
STUNTS Teens see cece t ceoreeneeceen Pee 276 
PalhvancGd es asec ec oe, 160, LGM 29, 
216, 218. 
Timberlake, P. H......... ‘dhea eo. 4, D> OF 
OF 105 be 6; it, 8; 333, 36, 
Bik) DA, Dos) Oe noo, 102, 124) 
#35, 154 158s 165) 167. Lizz, 
179, 181, 184, 185, 189, 190, 
191, 192, 195, 196, 200, 201, 
271, 273, 286, 300, 306, 311, 
oO, vacereotl. 540, o40.) opi. 
352, 353, 354, 360, 361, 362, 
363, 364, 395, 418, 450, 480. 
Wane GoOt eee eee 452, 454, 457 
NYA cast IE a6 A 0 en or oe ee 266 
Vian Dine = 1c. errr 3 37, 267 
Viale DDUZECC een serra ees 230, 467 
Wain sibyikecs Bir Cie ogee cccneee 36, 39, 49 
Waits Wis, | Gin. coche a oe ne 434 
TVW Vey Me el ee 2 eet ee: Pee ercnee ac aeeee 435 
AYA H 2) oi VFL ICMA Leap arena ete ee Sy AS 3 
Wiaterhousey 305 Oe... creases 39, 40 
Waterston, J............ 145, 146, 151, 167 
Webster. Bahk ee 24 
Weinrich, SWwWiliams 2... 199 
Yon (5 og Eh 60 0 ere oe eee ee 481, 482 
Wi CC err oe wae cnet cneneeee 477 
WHE, Bare aca ctraccuen tease erate 283 
Wihitne vy. vio: AG se: Oe OO, oly, Lod 
Wilder, Gab. .oh4, 19%, 283, 365 
Willard: Ein ii. i, 37, SsbL, 355, 
356, 357, 358, 364, 423, 426, 
441. 
Willcocks Bl Chav ccees cisco ace ose 318, 319 
Williams, F. X......5, 76, 123, 139, 140, 
166, 189, 192, 193, 229. 
NAGLE 0 0 Pee ee ees ee 347 
AVA EALPRITT NER NS Sccckas cc accccakcnastee once cncnee 121 


Wolcott, G. N.......... 104, 461, 462, 464, 
466. 


AVVO O GLO Yat leet peers eee eee ee 


INSECT INDEX BY ORDERS 
* Indicates genera, species, etc., 





new to science 
HYMENOPTERA 

INGCETODMAL US pcs ee OS 
*Acerophagus debilis eee ISOS 
Acerophagus notativentris....395, 396 
Achrysocharis fullawayi -........... 440 
A chinySOGHaGiS! (SPA 440, 486 
Adelencyrtus odonaspidis ...... 360, 432 
INCTIA SUS este ee eee ae 70; 397 
DW ANFESCaITON OWRD bz Wa ans er emeeeeee Once eer 6, 419 
INC CTT CA cs en en ee 56 
Alaptus globosicornis......364, 447, 448 
Alaptus immaturus —_.......... 447, 448 
PAN ANLULS Magee acces ae eseeece screens 447, 486 
Amblyteles koebelei —..... UP PAs, PRI 

303. 
Amblyteles purpuripennis...... 12, 278, 

303. 
PASTIDCHO CSV wn 1) steer eee 432 
AMADLOLGDIS > Seen 2 late ee 166 
Anabrolepis extranea...... 165, LT, 432 
PACA Saeed IN) Bits See 448 
Anagrus frequens ........... 302, 448, 449 
p/NS DYE WEA ELD ISPORS 01 Oy | cee mettre ene pea oes Beer 27, 449 
ANTE EE VTS ee eee eno eee ce ae isis, alival 
Anagyrus antoninae........ 177, 200, 428 
Anagyrus nigricornis ............. 177, 428 
Anagyrus swezeyl................---.-- 177, 429 
Anastatus koebelei ...72 427 
Aneristus ceroplastae .................... 33 
Angitia hawaiiensis ....................... 12 
Anicetus annulatus........ 177, 201, 360, 

432 
J-\V G1 Re Seen aM Bt So ty Due 2 Jef 188 
AMES) Australian : es ee SOS 
PA DANICELES) = -2 paca ee 421 
Apanteles hawaiiensis.................... 363 
AMANtECLES! 'SD.. <2 ce ee ee 15 
AMhaenreta wnuscal 22 278 
Aphanomerus pusillus ................. 303 
Aphideneyrtus schizoneurae....... 431 


AVplelinidaie? ea eee 405, 433 
Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis...... 415, 
416, 417. 
*Aphelinoidea xenos....... 415, 416, 446, 
485. 
PAO TVEVIM US? Bere ccert eee ee 411 
Ne IMU Soa Ke yan hoe eee eee 410 
Aphelinus abdominalis.................... 411 
ApPHelinus atom abs. ee 410 
AND INELIMNT Se CaN IbIS: ste: oes ee, 
Aphelinws) diaiSpigdist ees 437 
Aphelinus fuscipennis —.................. 437 





*Aphelinus gossypii........ 408, 410, 437, 
485. 
AWE lint sion dele eee 408 
Aphelinus lapisligni.................. 408, 411 
Aphelinus longiclavae ..............-..... 412 
*Aphelinus maidis .......... 405, 406, 408, 
409, 411, 436, 485. 
Aphelinus mali........ 166, 406, 409, 410, 
436 
Aphelinus nigritus.. ....406, 408, 411 
PN) a) TCE) Ih aD SY Whee) te oe eee eee ees eeeceers 410 
Aphelinus semiflavus....409, 411, 437, 
485. 
JA phielinns) Vier OSieeseecessseeeeeeeee eee 408 
Aphelinus zetterstedtii -........ pean con 166 
Aphyeomorpha araucariae....177, 43 
PASTING) 2 oepeee ces ee ese ceesen seen aeenee 324, 431 
PADI GItS allio Gril esse seen 430, 485 
ANY: GUS CLAN Gee eee ees 430, 485 
PN HOW AO WIS MOWAT) OO WENA este 167 
PAST INUY DLS) wees oooesnceeeseee cee ee 411, 412 
ANTOABIENS CLAUIEINSIS, ceeceoteercetesnccssesencce 412 
PA IVETS) CHAS TO UGIIS) ree eeee ee 412, 437 
PN Hawauisy Whboavopouvlsy aya sy ee 412, 437 
SANTIS rae li Gai eee e neces eee ee 11 
POPS, STEN EG ap aacerececesscesetsnceno severe 278 
Aplastomorpha calandrae -........... 422 


Arachnoleter swezeyi......4238, 427, 441 
Archenomus perkinsi...................... 438 
BACT TIM US esse oat nsec eevee cece oon 
Arrhenophagus albipes_.......... 433, 486 
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis....33, 38, 
433. 
Aspidiotiphagus agilior............ 436, 486 
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus.......300, 436 
FASS EG HAE Cet Soe eee 43 
JASE ATVI COM Sires ce oee w eesees ssa eee eee 56 
VAC O INOW Sa Tepe ecee ane sce eee 158 
VATONOpDS Dias Glaita. esse eee 159 
Bassus) Jaetatoriss 12, 287 


Bathymetis sp. 
Berecyntus sp. 









IBIGDWRUS! sce seeec occ eee 3s 
Blepyrus (generic characters)... 168 
Blepyrus insularis............ 167, 170, 429 
Blepyrus insularis (life-history) 172 
Blepyrus marsdeni..............------ 168, 170 
Blepyrus mexicanus........ HOS ele Oeelede 
SG ya UIS a SATUS ee oe een nee eee 170 
BlaStOpMAle ay cla secaccwccceesee oa nes re 
Blastophaga pSenes................. 303, 419 
Bothriencyrtus insularis................ ib7Ail 
Bo thmiOcnral ena yes. eee 323 
Bothriothorax insularis.................. 170 
Brachistellay Wuitear 2. eee 445 
Brachymeria obscurata.................. 420 
Brachymeria polynesialis.............. 420 
BTUCHODUUSE SDs -seee=-eeeeee- = 3508, 423, 485 
Caloteleia, elegam's' 22-22... 345 
Gallimonaid ae eee eee 6, 419 
Camponotus pennsylvanicus........ 55 









Gasinaria infesta ......:...- 6, 39, 37, 345 
Gentrodora xiphidii-.......0.2..2.4..... 434 
GCerapterocerus SD...............-.-.... 432, 433 
(QYSraTDY ey Zh 0 0) Fe eee eee aep eae es Bee ee Ae 427 
@eropales: fraterna.....0..-<..<02cocs 55, 56 
Chaetospila elegans .... . ........ 193, 426 
(ELA KODIE 0) ee ee ne ene ee ear 170, 398 
Ghaleaspis; phenacocel:..........--...-... 170 
(CLTEEH EGS p10 RR ee ero rene ener 164 
“CUMEE Cy Cs ha ee 1 Ae tne 319 
CCRT (es Ko Kp 8 1 5, 360, 418 
COATETY Fick Re fc 2 nee nr nee ee 420 
RN N IGT CLOT CLC ecto tae- tas acsesccpesaceec- peck aas 2 
Chalcis obscurata....8, 11, 26, 278, 303 
Charitopodinus swezeyii ................ 427 
IVE TIOMEUTAIS  < 25. sec cued cove esccc ence spsewocces 480 
@helonus blackburnil..........:.......22.. 427 
RB SICA AC 25-525. seer aaceeseaeeeasseceese ees 67 
ROPES VSTS oy CULT 0h ce eee sees 67 
Chrysis (Pentachrysis) extra- 
TIVONIS ee eee eee ees Pre 68 
*Chrysis inops.... 68 
Chrysis tridens........ 67 
Chrysocharis parksi. 440 
Chrysocharis sp.......... 440 
WHTYSODA, <c2-:s.2c-200002- ee UL 
Chrysoplatycerus............ 158; 326; S27, 
329, 330, 480. 
Chrysoplatycerus splendens........ 330 
@irrospilus, SD. -:.-.3:...: 15, 37, 444, 486 
Coccophagus hawaiiensis...... ee 434 
Coccophagus lecanii........433, 434, 435 
Coccophagus ochraceus.................. 434 
Coccophagzus sp. ........-..---- ..433, 434 
ISO CCOPMO CEOMMUS! Fences etaecesccasecaceee-decene 170 
Coccophoctonus dactylopii....170, 171 
“AC LORET ETC] 0} tc ht aoe ee 326, 327 
*Coelaspidia osborni......301, 323, 328, 
330, 333. 
ISHCIOPENCYTUUG: <ccccccc-coceeccwencesecs- 135, 136 
*Coelopencyrtus mauiensis....136, 137 
Coelopencyrtus odyneri ........ 136, 137, 
138, 139, 177. 
Coelopencyrtus orbi ................ 136, 177 
Coelopencyrtus swezeyi..........136, 177 
Comperiella bifasciata............ 301, 433 
Crabro polynesialis ........................ 278 
BUSTEU EYE? Ole Sth oes gece secu an ca case icosstyaseancaiaae ala! 
Cremastus hymeniae............5, 15, 182 
Cryptine parasite of spiders........ 427 
CLSNSEETI 10) 002) ge a oe Ss 
Derostenus fullawayi ~................... 440 
Diachasma fullawayi ........ one aee 302 
PACHASGMA, ACY ONE --.nc.. 1. o-ecccercearees 302 
Diaeretus chenopodiaphidis.......... 425 
Dinocampus coccinellae ................ 421 
DMiapria spp. ............ hee _ 23 
BMATLINUS: Sp: ........2-...-.--- 444 
Diplazon laetatorius ........ . 278 


Dirhinus giffardi 





Dryinid cA 27, 432 





BEehthrodelphax fairchildii....27, 150, 
423. 
Echthrogonatopus . 144 
Echthrogonatopus exitiosus......... 144 
Echthrogonatopus hawaiiensis....144, 
147, 160. 
Echthromorpha fuscator.......... 11, 278 
Echthromorpha fusco-orbitalis.. 287 
Echthromorpha maculipennis.... 353 
la chermbinae, =. ....cccs.ccss.c0 meeeone ee 443 
HBlachertus advena.......................... 443 
Planer tuis = Spi cce..-scosesce-<es 443, 444, 486 
PnCAr Sale vievSlG Ol Oliercse- sseseee ee eeeeee 435 
BIACATSIONSDPs ces-c--seees-ss ee op, 486 
IG Waa eee ee eee ere ee Oy S18 
Encyrtidae........ 135, 323, 395, 428, 480 
Bae R 9 oh OS eee te ee ee Soe eee 480 
Eneyrtus barbatus:..2..-...-.-..- 177, 429 
PMCyrtus? LUSCuUs 3... 429 
Encyrtus infelix....... be ene eee 429 
Encyrtus insularis.......... 167, 168, 170 
Enicospilus dispilus........................ 345 
Entedoninae eas 0) 
Entedonine Satie AA BG 
Ephedrus incompletus.................. 425 
IPIEMCY EUS! Ye cece--e-e ee eeee.-t Na 
TES GP AUS bere onsen eee 360 
Epitranus lacteipennis............... 420 
Pelt MOGerUS COMM .2.. ccs scees- oe e-- 438 


*WUCHALCELIMYS) We |Seeescersesee-oeeews-- GT 





*HMuchalcerinys apicicornis —....... 164, 
165, 431. 
Eucoila impatiens............ 273, 278, 303 
Eulophidae —_.... : eer: 41) 
Eulophinae ae 444 
Eulophus sp........-..-.- POY oie aa 
Eupelmella subaptera.................... 428 
Eupelminus subaptera..... ee 428 
Eupelmidae _............ a AT 
UDih es) hooky ts peren oe enor 169, “428, 485 


Eupelmus euprepes ........... 
Euplectrus platyhypenae 
Eupteromalus $sp...... : 
Euryrhopalus .... 
Eurytomidae 
EBurytoma 

Eurytoma orc Afi um.. 





on Bra- 


Eurytoma sp. parasitic 

COnIGAe. =cee-2--- saaee-e, 420 
Eurytoma sp. painttie on Try- 

petidae ....... Se reese g HO 
Galesus silvestrii........... . 302 
Glyptocolastes bruchivorus.. 189, 302 
GOmMaTOC CLINIC Sareicccescnene are ccereennence 448, 486 
Gonatocerus mexicanus.......... 448 
Guineas ant -.......-. 195 


Habrocytus sp... 423, 485 


Haplogonatopus vitiensis...... 27, i150, 
302, 423. 

TaN O LTE peeteee eee ee ee 427 

Harmolita swezeyi.......... 25.421, ABS 

Felezonatopus!)3- ee eee 164 


Helegonatopus pseudophanes.... 432 
Eemencyrtus) (crawls... 167 


Heterospilus prosopidis...... 199, 302, 
342. 
Homalotylus flaminius........ aS 430 
EHorismenus) Spi 302, 356, 441 
Hormiopterus vagrans.................. 175 
Hunterellus hookeri.......... Bie rencis 10 
TESTE Gl re YD Lay, case eee ane ee 414 
*Hypergonatopus Nn. @......... 142, 145, 


159, 360, 485. 
*Hypergonatopus brunneipes...... 146, 








154. 
*Hypergonatopus flavipes...146, 155 
Hypergonatopus hawaiiensis, 
143, 144, 145, 147. 
*Hypergonatopus hemipterus, 
146, 157. 
Hypergonatopus molokaiensis.... 151 
*Hypergonatopus oOahuensis........ 146, 
15os 
*Hypergonatopus vulcanus.......... 145, 
1465 1525) 1532 
Vehneumonid ees eee 6 
Ichneumon koebelei................-- alat 
Ichneumon purpuripennis......... 17 8} 
Vodlarcnimaie seen ae eee ees 6 
TS CHTO S.OMUS Wu eeeteece ore eee 8 
ischiozonus) syaerii_ 64, 304 
Itoplectis immigrans.......... Ae iS: 191i 
GUY She SD vs.eeseec teen eek eee 445, 486 
Jassidophithora, Muted se eee 445 
Lariophagus distinguendus_422, 485 
Lariophagus texanus........ aire Ste, cle 
Lariophagus sp 
ath roOmeninie cee eee 
ieimacis: Peresninass se 448 
Leptomastidea abnormis......301, 320, 
329. 
Limnerium blackburni.................. 287 
Lithurgus albofimbriatus............2, 53 
Ley Siphlebushs Spin eee 345 
Marietta carnesi............ pees Sect 438 
Marietta Spy :.22-:... oe ees 
Merachile (228 6 ee eee 447 
Megachile fullawayi.................. 15, 200 
Megachile timberlakei....15, 17, 175, 
200. 
Megachilidae —_... eaten? 2 TERA So read oe 2 
Semana ea 2. coe eee ee 412 


*Megaphragma mymaripenne......413, 
414, 447, 485. 


Megastigmus sp............... 185, 340, 419 
Melanocrabro discrepans.............. 175 
Melittobia hawaiiensis.................. 441 
Melittobia peles...............0....... Ae bes 441 


Vi 









Mesostenus discoidalis.................. By) 
Metaphaenodiscus =. 398 
Microbracon omiodivorum....303, 420, 
441. 
Microbracon pembertoni........ 30, 175 
Microbracon swezeyi...................... 175 
Microbracone tenis eee P75 
Nicroterys) flavus ~—-- ee 360, 430 
Microterys kotinskyi....... Seyi 430 
Microterys moloKaiensis........ 145, 151 
MiScorastertdy ccs eee 2 
Moranila testaceiceps................ 42 
Mormoniella brevicornis.............. 421 
Muscidifurax raptor 303, 421 
MyM ariGa@en 2A so hese: Cree ee eee 447 
Nesencyrtus kKaalae_...... 139, 141, 142 
*Nesencyrtus sexramosus............ 141 
INES CTUG YES: WS Disa eee 140 
Nesopimpla naranyae .................... 191 
Nesoprosopis anomala.................... 14 
Nesoprosopis fuscipennis.....139, 140 
Nesoprosopis koae.................... 139, 140 
Nesoprosopis unica 14 
Notanisomorphomyia sp....... ..... 444 
Notogonidea luzonensis........ 304, 356, 
362. 
Odynerus heterochromus.............. 278 
Odvnerus  KawensiSi- ee 
Odynerus koolauensis.................. 175 
Odynerus litoralis_.............. ee 175 
Odynerus monas var. aeneus.... 175 
Odynernus! montanus=.. 18% 
Odynerus nigripennis....135, 139, 353, 
441, 442. 
Odynerus oahuensis................ 135, 136 
Odynerus perkins ee es LIS 
Oligosita caerulocephala.............. 445 
Olizositasshilaris 2.) . 445 
Omphale: metallicus.]=. 440 
Ootetrastichus beatus....27, 302, 385, 
442. 
Ootetrastichus formosanus..302, 442 
@phionid” 222 345 
Opius fletcheri-... 302 
QR TUS UNITS eee 302 
OpilusMantander==-- eee 175 
QO UWS eee enc ee 6 
Pachycrepoideus dubius...... Ze. over 
424. 
Pachyneuron allograptae.............. 
Pachyneuron anthomyiae 
Pachyneuron flavipes................. .. 424 
Pachyneuron siphanophorae........ 425, 
485. 
Pachyneuron syrphi 
IPAchyMeuUGOneS Drees ee 2 





Paranacryptus lacteipennis..360, 420 


Paranagrus optabilis........ 27, 302, 449 
Paranagrus osborni................ 3038, 449 
Paranagrus perforator....27, 302, 449 
Pachodynerus simplicornis.......... 280 








LEST TDs DC a a acne oe meee See ee 179 
Pauridia peregrina........ Mis iis cole, 
320, 360, 429. 
PIOTUEACOEUSIS | i25.cccctetpscassecsnare acdsee 67 
Pentarthron flavum:..:......-...... 185, 446 
Pentarthron semifumatum.......... 446 
ERTS SOP COL US vecccssrosass toss nccts eee srenees eos 433 
Pheidole megacephala........ 12. 18, 54, 
184, 194, 201, 273, 278, 350, 
351, 361. 
Placiolepis: exigua:..-..220-2..5.:-.-5.---- 194 
Plagiomerus hospes................ Lil, 2402 
Pleistodontes froggatti....... a, 304, 
348, 419. 
Pleistodontes imperialis........ 200, 304, 
343, 348, 419. 
PICUTOLFODIS ‘SPisde--cc-s2-e-2-2-----2 441, 486 
Podagrion beneficium.................... 419 
AIR SUCS SD occ co. cces eater de oncpe one ef dil: 
Polynema reduvioli.... ........ . 449 
Pepnerar Cr KINS i cates. sor cn-tse:=2 2 273 
Pristomerus hawaiiensis............. 29 
Prococcophagus orientalis... 433 
TETR OREO) OVS) bh 1 eee ee 412 
Prospaltella : 435 
Prospaltella oebelei. 434 
iProspaltella Sp-...--..-:..-:-: 434, 435, 486 
LEIS CERI Ce Eeiye) alate 0 CS pee eee sae ae or 323 
Pseudaphyecus angelicus............... 324 
Pseudaphycus graminicola... 323 
*Pseudaphyecus utilis...301, 323, 333, 
431. 
Pseudaphycus § sp...... Cee See pee 199 
Pseudococcobius terryi.......... 428, 431 
Pseudogonatopus hospes.............. 302 
Pseudogonatopus perkinsi....150, 152, 
153, 0154, 157. 
Pseudogonatopus spp)..................... 27 
Pseudopheliminus sp.....352, 354, 445, 
485. 
Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix.......... 439 
PPECTOMIANIG ~.2.0.2-0:ce2s-c0seccecs-+ 424, 443, 485 
ARMS VOCs, so. 2.. fo cavtoced ec .seeanckencasene 421 
Pteromalus ealandrae. De eee ee 422 
Pteromalus fuscitarsus...... .... 424 
teroptrichoides. .......:............4.- 438, 439 
Quaylea aliena........ ..166, 177, 430 
Quaylea whittieri............ 166, 167, 430 
Rhopalotus sp 444 
Saronotum americanum... 432 
SROELO TYG (ht Beene Rene, a ee Sees oy 7) 
BRETTON. <2. 2--20cedeedeowarvousatanes ...67, 441 
Sceliphron caementarium........ Ue Tore 
278. 
Sceliphron intrudens 67 
SEE LD Ih EES ae SOLS 
Sclerodermus chilonellae_... ea rhs 
Sclerodermus immigrans.... . 175 
Sclerodermus manoa......... STB: 
Sclerodermus muiri é 175 
Sclerodermus semnoprepiae........ 175 


Sclerodermus 
Secolia manilae. 
Scutellista 


Scutellista cyanea......... 
Secodella metallica... : 


Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 
Sierola 


adumbrata....... 
MOUTA owen 
amica.. 

fd (5 |: oe res 
aristoteliae.... 
armeatae 2 anes 


batrachedrae........ 
Dicolor. =. = 


bridwelli.... 
brunnea..... 


brunneipes........_.. 
brunneiventris....... 


capuena.... 
compacta.......... 


eryptophlebiae.......... 


distineta..........- : 
fuscipes.... 
giffardi...... 


eLracianriae =.= .2..— 


EATS UI Geese ee 2 
hirticeps............: 
kaduana..... 
koa... pa Sor 
Roginaeneis: 
laticeps 
1 \ a eee ee = 
longicaudata 
lugens... 


penises. ee: 
10.0110 Ub 4) beens ee PES : 


nemorensis... 
TINteNS: See 
notabilis.... 
opogonae.......... 
peleana............... 
perottetiae......__.. 
philodoriae.......... 
pilosa 


pubescens............. ; 
PoywN Ved ab fs Fo oe 
puuwaawaa......... 


seminigra 


tantalesi.s....-.22.2 
timberlakei...... 
AISER EA 2. es 
voleanica.... 


Signiphora aspidioti.... 
Signiphora coquilletti.. 
Signiphora thoreauini.... 
Signiphoridae 

Silaon rohwetri - 


Feiss Sp UOe 


0} Coben te ee 


LANCAIS 2.2. 


176 
362 
166 
426 
440 


. 176 
_ 176 
. 176 
. 176 
. 176 
_ 176 
= LG 
= LG 
ae LEG 
_ 176 
. 176 


ELT, 


176 
= ATG 
_ 176 


Sys 


176 


LG 
. 176 


. 176 


176 


see Ol 
x2 Alyse 
. 176 
. 176 
= LiT6 
eauiG 
= TG 
_ 176 


_ 176 


= 16 


176 
177 


ids 
Se ls 
. 176 


177 


= i, 
a ALG 
= dri’ 

. 176 


176 
176 
176 


LG 


_ 176 


sa. TG 
oe UG 
Ee 6 
> 16 
mae We; 
. 439 
. 439 


486 


. 439 


175 








Solindenia picticornis.................... 427 
Spalangia cameroni..... 273, 356, 426 
Spo M bayesian, Voth dh tee coe gece ceeeescececcearccce 426 
Spalanzia) lanavensisi ce. 426 
Spalangia philippinensis......278, 303, 
426. 
Spalangia simplex.................... 273, 426 
Spalangia sp.....273, 303, 340, 426, 485 
Spallaneidaie™® .2 52 sce ec 426 
Spall carn ah hi oo occas ce eeee eens 427, 485 
Stomatoceras hakonense.............. 184 
Stomatoceras pertorvum.............. 420 
EAS ia OFS WS) O96 Wb ee cose eee cae errr se 397, 398 
*Synaspidia pretiosa...............- 399, 400 
MelonOniuSe Spite Gy Biz 
MetralGammipiGae esses eenaee wee eee eae 439 
MEET ASEUC MAN ees ssete reese eee meee 441 
Tetrastichus giffardianus...... 302, 442 
Tetrastichus hagenowili.......... 442, 443 
Tetrastichus johnsoni-............ a, Bd 
Tetrastichus metallifer.................. 443 
TREE EAS ELGIMUS) SP reeecee eee ease 443, 486 
IDG ASE ADRS) Sp Oe Pee eee ce ce 439 
Trichogrammatidae............-..... 412, 445 
Trichogramma minutum................ 446 
Trichogramma perkinsi................ 446 
Trichogramma. pretiosa...............- 446 
Trichogramma semifumatum...... 446 
Mrichosramimea. (Sp les-c --cecese-ceeseeeee 12 
FINO TNO G OT ais =. <5. cece ee eens eee eee 2 
Momocera: (californica. 425 
Momocera, ‘GCeroplastis esse 425 
CIN T2T CRS; S Demaee cack See ese eee ee 301 
Trypoxylon philippinensis....192, 340 
Wiens Sip) -28 a ee 446 
Urosigalphus bruchi.................. 202, 302 
Uscana semifumipennis..17, 302, 446 
Westwoodella caerulocephala.... 445 
Westwoodella hilaris...................-.- 445 
Xanthoencyrtus apterus................ ilyize 
Xanthoencyrtus bridwelli............ ILA Th 
Xanthoencyrtus fullawayi_........... irl T4, 
192, 428. 
Xanthoencyrtus laysanensis........ 177 
Xanthoencyrtus sanguineus........ 177 
Xanthoencyrtus semiflavus.......... 177 
Xanthoencyrtus semiluteus.......... ure 
Xesmatia flavipes............ 177, 360, 438i 
Xylocopa aeneipennis.................... 51 
Xylocopa brasilianorum................ 51 
Xylocopa chloroptera ee oi: 
Xylocopa varipuncta............ PLamil, 83 
Zoamma argentipes 
AAT OP EUS eis scene. Se eee 70, 3265 327 
AAT. ODUS* =. Pees eons pees eee 424 
Zatropis tortricidis.......... 361, 422, 485 
Aeteticontus, abilisi 408, 404 
*Zeteticontus perkinsi.......... 360, 402, 
403, 430, 485. 
Zeteticontus planiscutellum........ 403 


Vili 


COLEOPTERA 


Adalia ip UN Ctabaee ee eee 121 
PAI GOREGUS So S2 = tesco eee eee cree ee 303 
Aleochara puberula........................ 81 
Al phitobivis pPiceus!--- se 2, ‘4 
Ammophorus insularis.........00000.... 15 
ATTA Ga Chin CNS Staessen eee 76 
ATA COM SITCT SiS ee eee 76 
MAmCHOMEeENnIGAe eee eee 338 
PASTY © TAMA Ag eae eae nen eRe 303 
Anthrenus scropulariae................ 80 
Anthrenus’ ‘thoracicus.-. 80 
JNrai lob gill api ee ence 15, 187, 194, 344, 485 
AMT biGaic = See eee ee see 75 
SATIN CUGIAICT yoo renee oe ee 76 
ATIEMICUS TOGA TS =: eee 76, 279 
ANON IVG XG WIGS) MUI SIG WIS ence nh Aris) 
Apomecyna pertigera ................... 14 
Apterocyclus adpropinquans........ 47 
Apterocyclus deceptor.................... 47 
Apterocyclus feminalis.................. 48 
Apterocyclus honoluluensis....39, 42, 
43, 44, 46, 47. 
Apterocy.clus) mUnrOl 47 
AMterocy.clus* vaGlans =. ceee 47 
Apterocyclus waterhousei............ 44 
Araeocerus fasciculatus........15, 187 
AGA SUS hulle rie ee eee = 195 
Asynonychus godmani.................... 195 
Exttasrenuse ple iUsce-eeeee eee 280 
Aulocophora, fabrictia..- 392 
AZ Fan MULES p CS ieee eee ee 182, 300 
Bemibidiuims ee eee Te), 
SoES To SUS, ea 22S ai ee eer en ed 189 
Blapstinnis GiaiteeSseee eee eee {U7 
Sa CN Gree Li t2. S02 oon ad 
ES TU ChOa Cw eee eee eee ee ee (ey 
Bruchus amicus....... 350, 357, 358, 485 
Bruchus chinensis... GO Resa 
IBIS TIS} Wh Gnaljo WIS ence 342 
PESTS UT GMS poe UAT TTS ee 342 
Bruchus quadrimaculatus............ 353 
BTC MUISeySall ale lpeeernte cree nee 342 
Bruchus spp. (see also 
Mylabris). 

IB Up Te SiG Bete ee eae oe eee 12, 56 
Caccodesmdebilisese eee 28 
Calandrasremotas...:------ OOM oILO 
Calendra oryzae. 193, 422, 427 
Callineday iconformis.-= 301 
Callineda testudinaria.................... 27 
Calosoman semiilaevel-..- eee 353 
Camle=b OMT cscetecs ses 184 
Carabiduees 189, 340, 342, 356 
Carabidaete 64. 79, 185, 339 
CarpophilttSs piss. eee 344 
Galtoram ames Canale. ee 422 
@eramiby cid’: ee 6.40 eee 10 
Cercyvion ISD ee 7h a U3 35) 
Cheilomenes sex-maculata.......... 121 








Chilocorus circumdatus................ 300 
(CTE 6 CIC Ie a i en A 79, 186 
(UR efor) Uh EE eee Se ear an So 18 
Chytarlus imdecens...............sscn.<- is 
MeMG TALUS VEOStICUS:. .octic.ccectcscqcccesss 17 
COISUUIS ATTN AT AS 2-0. .2-ccccc-.ecacecsocce UIP reir 
iyouUs = CLINI GORI: <<... -ccsevececseqcoese 280 
Coccinellid ......... As an a ee cones Soca 25, 318 
MOCCINGIIGAG <.2.....-2..cccotssenaeseots-te- 80, 121 
occinella californica.......:.......... 301 
Coccinella ll-punctata.................... 354 
@WoGCINElIA “SP. .c-ssc2s..c----- 304, 485 
Coelophora biplagiata.................... 301 
Coelophora inaequalis...... TAS 2652 
W222, 223, 124, 130, 132, 279; 
301, 351. 
Coelophora pupillata....................- 301 
Conibius sp. nr. brunnipes........... 77 
Coninomus constrictus —....0.... 81 
Cosmopolites sordidus....375, 376, 390 
CHOSE oS is Ee a re eee ree 2 
Creophilus erythrocephalus..185, 303 
Creophilus maxillosus.................... 280 
Cryptogonus orbiculatus.............. 300 
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri....11, 26, 
279, 300, 319. 
Cryptopleurum minutum.............. 272 
(CTS DET B21 ae ae i 81 
IM CUNONTM AG: eso oe ce ccecncceceet ee nccane 80 
Curinus coeruleus....................300, 371 
(CAVIEIS) difay mb co Ketzh ch tyh Fs eee eee ee eer 202 
Dactylospermum abdominale...... 272 
Dermestes cadaverinus.................. 280 
Dermestes vulpinus...................... 5, 280 
"DG TENA AN SSR ELS a sae eee 28 
lO ha auKe'=3 0 (6 (: \- a (iSO 
AACHUS AUTACUS:....<--.c.veececesessas 11, 279 
Diocalandra taitensis...... Oo 86: 
193, 198, 347, 388. 
TC awa yna aT AS eee a EO ee ee 300 
Diomus Notescens.............-222<--:----2- 301 
Lr ees ee a 40, 44 
Dryophthorus distinguendus........ 8 
Dryophthorus insignis...................... 61 
Dryophthorus modestus................ 61 
Dryophthorus pusillus.................... 61 
LDA ELIS (CLG (1, Se 78, 335 
TEED yee Lt aE ae ert oem san 54 
Elytroteinus subtruncatus....351, 386 
mnscepes batatae................2:.s0.---- 33 
UEEREUIILS). “SERS RSS Be Nie es a sae 75 
Exillis lepidus.................. 187, 194, 340 
PACSPETIMNVIE.G Vie osc s2chse-.<nocacewsacscsdzacacesieaus 304 
Gibbium psylloides.......................... 81 
Gnathocerus maxillosus................ 80 
Gonocephalum seriatum.......... 11, 279 
Heteramphus, filicum.............0........ 60 
Heteramphus foveatus.................. 60 
Heteramphus swezeyi........--.....-...- 60 
Heteramphus' wollastoni.............. 60 
Hister bimaculatus............ 11, 279, 303 


Holeobius glabricollis.............0000..... 193 








Holeobius hawaiiensis....000000000... 62 
[Way 00 ¢2)) Ko} tl eee eRe a Serra eee 335 
Erydrophilidae 2....-.<..cccscscaces. 79, 185 
Hydrovatus confertus.................... 78 
ELV PeCrasSpiS' JOCOSA....2<..<c0cccccsccecses--e- 300 
Hyperaspis silvestrii......300, 305, 373 
FLY POCREMEMUS o.oo... ccccesenoesennceeene 443 
Imaliodes pusillus.....0.00.00.0000000..- 80 
| Deen oa bc E17 = eae tae ee ee ue ees Ae 76 
Lasioderma  serricorne.................. 187 
J Eee Yee) 01s a) Vo bs) a FW ap ene 81 
WGA WSOMID) SDs occ. ccvenetecce-cncos 15, 75, 194 
Leurocorynus cephalotes.............. 366 
Lindorus lophanthae........................ 300 
aT) LOTS Sates cee ee eee 181, 300 
Lispenodes hawaiiensis................ 11 
Lithocharis ochracea...................... 78 
WOON ELCOLN sees eee 56, 338, 386 
Lophacateres pusillus.............. 79, 186 
Nb Kore Ve gh Ks G2 1c ee oe eerie ee Ree ae 18, 39 
Melanoxanthus melanocephalus, 280 
Metamasius ritchiei........0000000000... 4 
Mitrastethus bituberculatus....3, 8, 37 
Monocrepidius exsul.............. nL Paes) 
Mylabris chinensis............ Li ae2, 423 
Miylaibrisppialgeo lies. .c0-e-c sees 422 
Mylabris pruininis..................... 3, 422 
Mylabris quadrimaculatus....422, 423 
Mylabris sallaei...17, 31, 37, 189, 356, 
423. 

Naupactus ovulumn................ 
Naupactus subvittatus 

INiecrobial ruficollis= =. 281 
INGGrobial (rufipesices...----:---- ert) 
Neoclytarlus euphorbiae....... me 175 
Neoclytarlus modestus.......0....... 17 
IN DOWS! (Spec. eet eee eae 300 
Nesapterus monticola.................... 62 
Nesithmysus bridwelli.................... LD 
Nesithmysus forbesSii...................... 175 
Nesithmysus haasii................ hoe 175 
Nesotocus giffardi.............0........ ee, 16 
DS 6 a6 DBO ICS et ee ee ae PS SS Pa 2 OD 
INGRORIUNKS He =) Vat ee ts 
Novius cardinalis..22, 24, 25, 299, 300 
INOViUS) JkOe@DeLeIa.. 6 ee ceecesceceacee 300 
@edemeridae em... ee eee 76 
QUITE OCA Serer easere cece oc evecccevsce seem 199, 340 
Olla sab GoOmiinadys cece cece 121 
Oodemas aenescens........ seen ee 60, 353 
Oodemas brunneum...........---........... 60 
Orchus chalybaeus............0.00.000...... 300 
Oryctes rhinoceros................ oe 387 
Osorius rufipes.............:...-..0-.-..- arene 78 
Oxacis, (collarises os. eesee- bene 9 
Oxydema fusiforme............ 29, 33, 54 
WSSV LOTUS) OSD iccceeccsecesteesn secur n ces sichcs eee a fr 
Pantomorus fulleri...... 11, 18, 19, 195 
Pantomorus godmani...... 195, 202, 279 
Pantomorus: olindse..........-...2:-2.-- 195 





Parandra puncticeps........ 285 2959418; 
120. 
Pentarthrum prolixum=,..-...- 61 
Pemba emi eae ens ener eee 300 
Perigona nigriceps.................... 79, 185 
Philonthus! “discoideus=—.. PH IPA 
Philonthus longicornis............272, 279 
Philonthus scybalarius............ Wal, 2472 
Phyrocephalys coclestis............... 366 
Plagithmysine beetles.....................- 17 
iPlagithmysus.- 18, 338, 339 
Plagithmysus acuminatus............ 17 
Placgithmysus ‘concolor... 180 
Playithmysus cuneatus.................- 17 
Plagithmysus, munrol:-............_. ESO 
Plagithmysus perkinsi.................... 184 
Plagithmysus platydesmae.......... 175 
Plagithmysus swezeyi...................- 175 
Platydema subfascia. =... Ut 
124 FV UN S00 CU ly ese ieee eens es - 338 
Platyomus lividigaster............ =pasees 301 
Plochionius wpalllemsieeccece--- eee 343 
Plochionus) timidus.~---:...-.c 342, 485 
Polycaon, stowtii=-----..------- 192, 340 
Polytus mellerborgi.......... 356, 375, 376 
Promecotheca reichii_................... 389 
Proterhinus abnormis........ Lees 175 
Proterhinus asSteliae.-.................... gaa 
Proterhinus bridwelli...................... 175 
Proterhinus euops soon AUR 
Proterhinus euphorbiae................ 175 
Proterhinus fuscicolor................... if 5) 
Proterhinus impressiscutis.......... 175 
Proterhinus longulus!.-..-..-...---..-- 
Proterhinus phyllobius................ 
Proterhinus) pterigis) ae 
Proterhinus, sharpie. 
Proterhinus swezeyi.... —.... cA ee 
Pseudolus hospes.....-........... 
Pseudolus Tones eee 


Pteroporus subtruncatus 
Ptinidae 
Ptinus brunneus..... —... 


Ptinus villiger.......... : : 
Pulls; GSp..2ht2sse eee 
Rhabdoenemis obscurus........ 28, 


386, 388. 
Rhinoceros beetle from Guate- 





malay. g Ss2.3=: Bee eee 198 
ER ayani@ OO Gea eee eee eee 338, 339 
Rhizobius ventralis....25, 181, 279, 300 
ER IMY MICO LOM cece eesssceneenaseee nes UBA9 42 
*Rhyncogonus alternatus........ 43, 49 
Rhyncogonus depressus................ 59 
Rhyncogonus extraneous............. 379 
*Rhyncogonus saltus.............. 379, 380 
Rhyncogonus simplex.............. 379, 380 
Rhyncogonus vestitus.................... 379 
Rhyncogonus vittatus.......... ee; AO 
Saprinus Wuseniss se ----se ; 281 
SClErGStOMMISs 23. ee 40 


Scymnus bipunctatus.................... 319 
Scymnus kinbergi.............. 

Secymnus notescens oe 
SCY MINUS SV Ve See ce 
Seyimnus “Spi 














Silvanus planatus...2.—------- axe 
Sinoxylon ‘conigerum...-.-2 181 
Sitophilus mellerborgii a BY) 
Sitalp nya dese ee Boe eae 55 
Staphylinidae ~.............. Sol oo 
Stenommatus musSae............ Peis Aris) 
SiEETIO GUIS MS Dresser ene eee eee 25 owe 
Sternochaetus mangiferae.......... 13 
Stethorus wagans eee 80, 304 
Sticholotis punctatus...................... 300 
Syagrius fulvitarsis.............. 8, 64, 191 
Syibravaliternamn Sasser ene 76 
Synonych¢eserandis-—— 301 
TRACT DO TUS IS teers eee ne cee 272 
Melopes” wut e tea eee eee 77 
TEN@DEIOMIG bec tesee ee eee 2 
Tenebrionidaie: 2... 15, 76, 80 
Tenebroides mauritanicus............ 423 
Thaneroclerus buqueti_............. 79, 186 
TNGOSCIGAC, Zee eter ee eee eee 
MDs Ve bISE IS) Sb epececectce 
Trogositidae —........... 
Wiedallia: 22 eee eo oscate 
Vedalia cardinalis..............22 
Verania, discolor... 3 
Vierania. frenaita-.22---- pee ieee 
Weramia lime la. -2 eee 
MenOduSa. CANA ee eee 
Xyletobius timberlakei.................. 175 
EXSY] OP MINS) paseo eee ey ee 76 
Xystrocera globosa 34 
DIPTERA 
UNC Mail) os Yu de} 05 a-e Sere caer ee 349 
ACI Giay pica Ulla see tee ee eee 183 
B NCOSTW A eke Yond OVS (EXO) 2 I aes eee ees eee 183 
Achritochaeta pulvinata........ 15, 227, 
291. 
INEGES ACL iD Ulisse sore ees 291 
IMEHES CAIODUSS ae. aeees 291 
Agromyza affinis........ 1 262, 263 
ASTromy za (CONIGEDS=....<..4-5 262 
Agromyza curvipalpis.................2. 262 


*Agromyza lantanae....182, 187, 262, 


304, 361, 422 





Agromyza pusilla............ 440, 441, 444 

ATOM Zale US Disease 62 

PET ONOOI AOL Cecseaeelens Hee ariel 13, 204, 3490 

Allograpta obliqua.......... 12 Son oGe 
UOT. 2s 


ATCO TVS eases eee ae eee 27% 





Anthomyia vicariens.................. 37, 38 
Aphiochaeta scalaris....268, 277, 291, 
340. 
PAS VIGO TUS! (SD bs-csvccdsssececeeawywosncecs 190, 340 
Atherigona excisa......... 277, 280, 291 
Bactrocera cucurbitae.................... 302 
(See also Dacus cucurbitae.) 
Pee =DOCELS TY <ccs coc cecccerceeeenoceee 287 
SOD ORGS yoo cee eo cseen car ceteos action ance 292 
Brachydeutera argentata.............. 280 
LOEW Ub he eVoy steer: hAbh 2): Weeemeeoeeneeee st meeees 268, 269 
alinOray GR csp soc. esse ecuceacentnonetcte 267 
Calliphora latifrons.. 277, 290, 340 
Gephalochrysa: (Sp iceccsecesa.ccaccvesesesse 349 
Ceratitis capitata............ 277, 302, 367 


(See also Mediterranean 
fruit fly.) 





Ceromasia sphenophori.......... 303, 424 
Chaetodacus cucurbitae ................ 367 
(See also Dacus cucur- 
bitae.) 
Chateogaedia monticola........ 277, 287 
Chironomid 2 
Chrysomyia 
Chrysomyia dux........ 12, 193, 267, 421 
Chrysomyia flaviceps...................... 267 
Chrysomyia megacephala....266, 269, 
277, 280, 281, 377. 
(Ghovaah ay tofep sl. is) 0 Lapeer earner ake eee ene 216 
WOMUCCT A) SUEL es ccs eee cape cees ear 290, 340 
CONOSIA MITTOLACE).<.2.. ..tscsc5-pcesensedessnsuce 259 
Granefiies, 2-......2- ..-L90, 191 
ECNACTOSGENIS) (Spice ciescctenaceseceeeeen-n 259 
Culex sp.. .... 194 
Culex PquetApintish. me rate 
Culex poieameeo nears. Yee eames 2 194 
Cyrtoneura nudiseta................ .... 265 
Dacus RES ore ere ee PAN) 
Dacus peomehaee ....277, 280, 426 
MA CUS —<CAaAnthOdeS:2:....-...-css-cc-aeeeces-0 391 
MMCraANOM Via) <.:-2-.:..-------- pe eee eacces 249 
Dicranomy ia. -apicalis......:........... ..-. 250 
Picranomyia, Hrunned.........-.---<.--- 249 
Dicranomyia foliocuniculator, 
er en ee eS 174, 250 
Dicranomyia grimshawi................ 250 
Dicranomyia hawaiiensis.............. 250 
Dicranomyia kauaiensis.......... .. 250 
*Dicranomyia nigropolita.............. 250 
Dicranomyia stygipennis.....174, 249 
Dicranomyia swezeyi.............. Kcgeck 174 
PMeCTANOMY1a. SP: ......2.-22-c02c.0- 259 
POIDECTA- . 2-2: Leaps . 198 
Discobola australis... . 259 
Dolichopeza cinerea......................... 259 
Dolichopeza longifurca...... ........ 259 
Dolichopodidae Pe 190 
Dolichopus exsul.............. "190, “985, 340 
wrosophila, carinata.........-..2.--sss.. 291 
Mrosophila; repletai-..-........:.c.:... 291 
Drosophila xanthosoma................ 277 


xi 


POR OSOPA A, (SW ieccccc ceaenctcnonsncccsaccosck 62, 424 
Drosophilids aa ee omen EY? 
Dyscritomyia ee OS. 
Mriocera basillaris.......................... 259 
Eriocera chrysomela...................... 259 
riocGerar (GawiGi..-:..<:-+...cs<--c<s8e4ereness 20 
Eriocera geminata.......................... 256 
Eriocera hilpoides:-..-..---.-.....----...-- 20D 
Eriocera hilpa..................-.-..-.-..200, 256 
Eriocera mesopyrrha..................---- 254 
Al By eloVere) cb Neb oo Wb ba) eee ese ee core one Penne 255 
Eriocera nepalensis..................255, 259 
*Briocera obliqua...........! 255 * 
Briocera paenulata.......2..... 259 
Briocera perennis..........---.:.------:.:.. 209 
*Eriocera, praelata...-) 22 -..)cc--o- 254 
*Eriocera submorosa...... ...........--- 256 
*Hriocera terryi...........-- OO 
Hristalis: aeneus:..- 2) 3.4... 280 


Eristalis punctulatus......196, 277, 280 
Eristalis tenax........... 12, 196, 277 


ERIGUTES Cae DC ae baci ce = eee aes eee cee ce 183 
Eulimnophora .... Se POD. 
BRING SG COMIN Binccse ean = cease ee 183 
BULOStame San. eee oe ee ae 8S 
Burosta, solidaginis..................... 183 
TET Calm Gain ater sess sane eee eee 183 
Eutreta sparsa.......182, 183, 184, 261 
*Eutreta xanthochaeta.......... 182, 184, 
261, 304. 
Buxesta annonae......................272, 280 
IIVASS AVAWIESIS!- ocrsee-erecacere- = 349, 485 
Fannia canicularis....................276, 277 
PATA, USO! --ces aoe occ-2-5-=0e-e =e 271, 280 
Frontina archippivora....... Sep 14. 
277, 287, 303. 
Gitoriay Sper Spl CaN eea-. -acoe-2-0 seesaw =e 291 
Gitonides ---...-.-: y fe ee 291 
Gitonides perspicax............ 4, 185, 319 
Gnophomyia fascipennis................ 259 
GOnmOmMYyia 255. eee eee 249 
Gynoplistia bellaz=..- =... ; 258 
*Gynoplistia fumipennis..... 253 
*Gynoplistia helmsi........ 253 
Gynoplistia melanopyea.... 258 
*Gynoplistia nigrithorax ... a ded 
Habromastix heroni... = 208 
*Habromastix heroni ‘aiailion. .. 258 
Eaematopia. Irltans. x... .sssec-cceeee 
Haematobia serrata... 28 
Hippobosca equina.......... wwaes O45 
Homalomyia femorata. . 268 
1 Koy 3 ets a ee oe ee eae eee mee . 303 
Ifouse=fly -22::...2.2....- 195, 287 
Hydrophorus sp..... 2 190, 340 
ERY OMOURE A aoa -ccacescrsceae een or TA, 
Hydrotaea houghi.... 217, 290, 340 
Hylemyia cilicrura.................... Pa er 
Hypocharassus ...... 190, 340 
Hypoderma lineata.... .................... 10 
Icterica seriata....... SSS 












Ischnotoma rubroabdominalis.... 259 
Ischnotoma serricornis.................. 259 
Leptocera ferruginata....... 340 
Leptotarsus scutellaris - 258 
Lestophonus iceryae.................... PB PH! 
eucopis™ nisricornis. 425 
Leucostoma analis................ ....268, 269 
HS UCOSTOM A ALi a: eeeccee ee ee 30, 38 
TUONO OSH cree ce see seca renee 249 
Ty Liait a Ve) obs ye ee ae ene rt ae ns ae 249 
Limnobia a asiie Pee 249 
IBAba Ty oOo avo cs ae ee ee Ae eee 426 
Limnophora arcuata....188, 286, 340, 
356. 
Monchoptera, SDs eo alg 28) 
AT CTIA CCS Gta eee eee ee 267 
Lucilia dux.......... ae: 266, 267 
WUGIia MaAVICED Secs eee es 266 
Lucilia sericata...... 207, 202, 277%, 280; 
281, 421. 
PVD CLO SUA" eres aeancke: -cneneeseceene ence -evenes 426 
Lyperosia irritans 426 
Macromastix constricta................ 259 
Malcromastix: costalist= == 259 
Ie MetenilS (SDs nee- neces ee eee 190, 340 
Mediterranean fruit-fly.......... IR aye, 
366. 
Melanostoma stegnum................ 3 
IVE OS CIMIS een eee erro Serer 290 
Meroscinis scutellata......-............... 291 
WY ODL ONE), Sh Oy aeereee 204, 290, 340, 365 
Milichiella lacteipennis.......... Qe 292 


Musca domestica...... 12 9b, 2m oil, 


2s) ZS0n wei oOoE 
IVINS Ca ClsKae eee eee 266, 267 
Musea flavinervis............ 20D, 2, oO 
Whose, say oper) ob peter ceeceeeeccece 365 
Musea megacephala........................ 266 
INES Gaia 6 NU. ese on nee eee 266 
Musea, vicina-...._...-.. Se ee aus 364 
Mycetophilid__... LCTN | eee ee ZIPAy Patel 
Neoexaireta spinigera.................... 277 
Nephrotoma §sp.. oe 259 
New Guinea Tachinid fly (@ero- 

masia sphenophori).......... 386 
Oedaspis attrac ee sense DHSS 
Ocstrus: OVIS <=. eee ee 365 
Opthalmomyia incecinenni cae 292 
Ophynralaenescens 268, 277 
Ophyra leucostoma ..... 2 eee 268 
Ophyra nigra........... 266, 271, 277, 280 
COS CU TN aero ae eco ee ee 15 
OMAR S ses eee eee ee eRe Net PIL 
Phorbia fusciceps....... Be Atif, Zvi 
Phormia reging:-.-.....-- ee 347 
Plusiomyia gracills...... 259 
Prosthetochaeta ~............. ; 203 
Pselliophora gaudens....._. F 259 
*Pselliophora kershawi.................. 257 
Pselliophora tripudians.................. 259 
PSellionhOoramers Dee : 259 


xii 











Pseudolimnophila indecora.......... 258 
Psilopus pachygyna... 190 
Psilopus pallidicornis. 190 
Psilopus patelliternc ee 190 
IPsvyichodasp yc eee 2 2707 
Ptilogyna ramicornis. 258 
Puliciphoray Sp 340 
Pygophora lobata........... .... 286 
Rhagoletis pomonella...... LSD 
Rhinia testacea............. eee 2208 
FVD O tO Trees ee ee _ B47 
Rhodesiella elegantula........ %, 290; 
540, 344, 485. 
Rhodesiella tarsalis........ 20, 29, o40) 
347, 485. 
Uh OPA OmTe Gale eee eee 347 
SapLomyZarsSpi ee 268, 291, 340 
Sarcophaga barbata........ 280, 353, 421 
Sarcophaga duxX................ 280, 353, 421 
Sarcophaga fuscicauda.......... 266, 270 
Sarcophaga pallinervis.............. WR PAT T/ 
Sarcophaca spe 303, 421, 426 
SAO WISTES Pe eee eee ee ee 349 
Scenopinus fenestralis....... 365, 368 
SCenopinusm niger 368 
Scholastes bimaculatus...... 365, 389 
Sciapus) pachveynan ee 277 
Simosyrphus grandicornis............ 424 
Stevomvia, Taseiaitas 291 
Stomorhina pleuralis................ WO OTnth 
StOMORVS) co ee ee ee 426 
StomoxvsicGaleitram se PATS PATCT/ 
Straussia LONSIpenMiS eee 183 
SAV UR OTA lel eee ee 249 
Styringomyia didyma...................... 251 
Synthesiomyia brasiliana..180, 265, 
292. 
Synthesiomyia nudiseta........ 265, 280, 
292. 
Syrphiids 225 ee seer 186, 188, 301 
SMepDhidae . 2a ee ee 3, 34 
SAV OUMOEST  S0esa es eeeee oce eee se en a ene 3 
Mephitis) ae. See i) ae een 443 
Mephitis! allbicepsi-s =e 183 
Tephritis cratericola.............. 285, 367 
Tephritis crassipes.......... 285, 367, 421 
Tephritis dubautiae....2, 174, 285, 367 
Mephitis: himpidapexe..--- = 367 
Tephritis swezeyi...174, 285, 367, 421 
ip UN Gale eet Oe Oe) 
ip wilodinay Spe eee ee 259 
Titanochaeta ichneumon.............. 185 
Trentepahlia (Mongoma) sp......... 259 
FT LIM Chats tee eee oe 1 ee eee ee 249 
Aire immt eral salir Gp 6 Steep ee 259 
Trimicra lateralis.......... REEL ae 251 
Trimicra pilipes......... -nee ool 
AIRED ENTT Gy toe ees ne ee 285, 367 
TMinypamOldea: eee... t cree ee 367 
Trypeta palposa....... 183 
TEV Cl Cater ee ees eee. 367 


TURE) Ae pe ee J SE Ss Ae ae 285 
WielUecellay “ODESSA... cscosnsxesccree-ccoercvese 196 
Xanthogramma grandicornis........ 12; 


196, 277. 
















LEPIDOPTERA 

ANSTO ee ee ae eae 7 ees haa een pea 353 
APSTOUS CYiNIS@r ac... ..secenen np I BPH 6:3 
PAS TOUS: ‘GISlO Galata. so2c-ccosecexseornss- 11 
Agrotis neurogramma.................... 202 
Agrotis ypsilon 353 
JS TaNGY ol 0) Ge eetan sO ae tye he meee . 446 
Amorbia emigratella ae 
AMIOSIA: "ETIPPUS es eee nica seeeeoes 278 
PATTIE WON | “sate herd. cecccceacheenete et sance 303 
TES RA SES, set ese cnc c nese coon ecu ner 189 
Batrachedra bedelliella.................. 58 
Batrachedra lomentella................ 58 
Batrachedra sophroniella............ 58 
Batrachedra syrraphella _. 59 
Batrachedra, Spp.--:---2-:------ . 69 
Bedellia orchilella................. . 444 
Blabophanes crocicapitella.......... 342 
Butterfly on Mauna Loa.............. 287 
C@aliploean Adyite sk. nccces cence 349 
Ganua reynoldsiana....--....-.-...-.-.-<- 174 
Capua tetraplasandra........ ae pehe eee 174 
@WeELETIO; PEKIN Slcscecccccsscserce en ceacceescte 174 
@Chaerocampa celerio:.-................ 392 
Cirphis unipuncta............ Li 208, 352, 
Cosmopteryx dulcivora.................. 387 
Cremastobombycia lantanella, 

304, 361, 422, 423, 440, 444 
Crocidosema lantana................ 39, 304 
Cry psithyris senixa.. 2-22.22... 185, 340 
Deragena proserpina.....................- 349 
Dichocrosis punctiferalis.............. 16 
Doleschalia bisaltide...................... 349 
Epagoge infaustana........................ 181 
Freunetis flavistriata 442 
Ereunetis minuscula 15 
Eriopygodes euclidias................ 11, 58 
Bthmia colonelila..c...-2-....<...--.c0s--2:-- 358 
Euhyposmocoma ekaha.................. 59 
Euhyposmocoma trivitella...... 60, 444 
TEMS (OF ah (221 A) eek Se ee eee 174 
Euxoa wikstroemiae...................... 174 
Gilyphodes: imdica......-:.2.....-..-..02-.:-. 392 
Gracilaria hauicola............ 445 
Gracilaria hibiscella 440 
Gracilaria marginestrigata..........353, 

361, 422, 423, 440, 444, 445 
Gracilaria neraudicola........174, 295, 

296, 444. 
EVeliothis: ObSo0letac..2.2.2.2.:<.....-.5-.02-2 184 
USIGTAS GT Se sa ae a ee ee 446 
EONS, CUI PE Ua Gan. cotcee--secnncsccesncevseree 
THIGSTOYTRI GIP BE et ees 
Hieroxestes omoscopa... 
Hymenia recurvailis.................... 





xiii 


Hypolimnas bolina ES A ee 349 














Hyposmocoma spp........ 60; 199 
JHIMIGES® “WOOGLTOLGA.:2..6-.260<ceccsec2-ce522 349 
Ms@aL=-roller 2o.cc---<.cc0.-: 303 
Mevuana iride@SGens:-2-.:2--c-.-.---.c--n- 389 
NERF CRONE See-cses2 a. c0-s- es .. 446 
Lycaena blackburni.................. eee lag 
Lycaena boetica.................. 9, 278, 341 
RVC BOTT ook. oa seceesen oo-9e) penerses tcnsbansseee 349 
Lycophotia margaritosa........ 278, 352 
Mapsidius quadridentata............ 343 
Maruca testulalis....341, 348, 352, 354, 

356, 485. 
Megaphysa quadratalis.................. 297 
Megastes coeligenalis..............297, 298 
Mielamitis: Vedat ose --: io-ecca.<oeeccereeee 386 
Mestolobes chrysomolybdoides.. 174 
Mestolobes quadrifasciata............ 174 
Monopis meliorella.................... 185, 340 
Myelois ceratoniae.... oe SE ODS 
Nacaduba, vitiensis:s-2.--...---2.--- 349 
Naicoleia. Octasema:-..c--o.:-.-0e2<-2- 391 
INGK oH ME Av) Koh hits Re eee ee cereee 349 
Ms (Oven |b 0 (6 [ees Beeas ee er ee eee kee eae 446 
Nymphula defunctalis.................. . pide 
O@miIodes” ACCC PCA 2 eeeccecwcoee=sneeee sce 11 
Omiodes blackburni.................. 27, 447 
Omid es Feavh ar disse ee eee 174 
OMIOGES, Me WTLC Klee eee ne eee 446 
@OpPOSOMA APU AIS eee nese cn seeewee ase 9 
Opogona aurisquamosa.................. 15 
Opogona purpuriella.......................- 15 
@Opostega, callosae.2.. = 174 
@postesa’ filifommda---g.------e- == 174 
Opostesa, pelea nae. -cc..-<-22<5.-2-0---<-----2 174 
Opostega serpentina.....,.........-......-- 174 
Orthomecyna mesochasma.......... 355 
TedW onl byopetstelah gee yl Se ee a ee 349 
Philodorial baisaliss-. 2. -.-2---..--.--.-- 296 
Philodoria floscula........... 294, 296 
Philodoria micropetala..........293, 294, 

295, 296. 
Philodorial nigrellaie:.s--scss-- 20D 
*Philodoria pipturiana............ 295, 296 
Philodoria pipturicola............294, 296 
*Philodoria pipturiella....294, 296, 440 
Phlyctaenia argoscelis.................... 30 
Phlyctaenia ommatias..................-- 30 
Phivyetaenia. Stellatal...:..---.-cr--ccc.--- 345 
Phytometra violacea.... 
Platyedra gossypiella.................. 8, 29 
Platyptilia pussilidactyla........30, 304 
PTMS1eb. CUA CHECS coe see cecssecceeas- enc 11, 353 
Pontia rapae................ 11, 197, 278, 287 
Protoparce quinquemaculata 

jolts Wot !c] oh bh ah 6) Umea ney enna ae 345 
Ptochoryctis tsugensis.................... 16 
OTRO en BN cscs Suacleet ce staseons 16, 366 
Pyralid moth in peas.................... 341 
Pyralis manihotalis................ 348, 350 
Pyroderces) wileyi... 5 a-cci..2-cteneece 15 








Salim, imal clealyileee ene eee 349 
Seotorythra hyparecha.....--.- 196 
Seotorythra: air areca ee eee 58 
Semnoprepia coprosmae................ 174 
Semnoprepia pittospori.................. 174 
Setomorpha insectella.................... 342 
Simplicia robustalis=<2 2... 9 
Sisyrophyta gomphias.................... 192 
Sip rn 2 ee cn 2 ees ae eae eee 345 
Spodoptera mauritia.......... MM 352, ‘sda 
Terastia meticulosalis...180, 297, 340 
Terastia, ‘Subyjectus!..-...--- bear 297 
Merias hecabes---- spat 349 
Thalpochares cocciphaga.............. 26 
WN Cla ai aiesc certs cs ee 5304 
Mhecla echion!...2:.- 5 eee 304 
Tinea pelionella-..-. =... 188, 366 
WRin@idSe).: coer ot eee oe 15 
Wineid! larvae ee ote) 343 
MMi ei dls WO Se eeeceesee se ee eee aioe 
Mineola biselliellas =). 362 
Mirmailay ne pe umiiae see eae ee) 
WWOT:bGI CLG reo ee Bios) 342 
Mortricid/ larVaievec. eee eee 202 
WiGIIG S'S ay cee se ee ee ne ena ok bol pe a 446 
Wamniessa vartalamitare cn eee Sooo 11 
iVamessa, callirhoeal--- =e 8 
WaneESSAay CaN U eee nee Vale Paths! 
Vanessa tammeamea.....................- 8 
INIOISMSE SATA coon. >. eee ere eee eee eee 349 
Mylorictid -....4.33 16 
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA 
NWeAN AION a: Hose ee 233, 241 
*Acanalonia brevifrons.......... 467, 471 
Acanaloniidae.......... 206, 220, 233, 239, 
245, 246, 467. 
Achilidae....220, 229, 231, 232, 245, 246 
Achilixiidae.....220, 223, 228, 245, 246 
PAN INT GRCTUIS  wsfecs-02 cnt ee ee 228 
Achilixius singularis Zot 
Nehilws! 222 2 22 
Acrophaea _. 469 
PNIGESTIS, 6.25 2s 3 ee eet ee aa) 
FNVCEStISINis 2: -285 2: eee 
PSIGUTOCIGRG: <f. ee ees 210, 243 
MAVEVT OES: 24 oe eee eee 43) 
Aleyrodes bergii.......... i ee 387 
Aleyrodes hibisei........................ 436, 438 
Aleyrodes sonchi..........:....... mares 435 
Aleyrodes vaporariorum................ 435 
FIeloplasisy 5.0.07 eas ee ee eS 
Alohamartemisige= 2. =) ae 107 
Aloha campylothecae...................... 107 
Aloha ub antiges as. 2 eect 107 
Alona favocoilanis:.. 2... 2s. 107 
Aloha ipomoeae....9, 97, 107, 113, 117, 
118, 449. 

Aloha ipomoeicolaz.2=--4 101 
Aloha kinkaldiyie. ses 





XIV 





Aloha myoponritolay. .-.<--. = 107 
Ajoha oceanidese.. se 92 
Aloha splectranit hie eee 107 
Aloha swezeyi........ S6r el Ole ORs eels 
116. 
IOUT 4S Sec ee ee ee 104, 224 
ZAIN HLS COD as meee ee 467 
Amphiscepa bivittata.............216, 241 
Amphorophora lactucae....... 456, 486 
SAIN. OS ERS Sacco ee a 217 
PAT OMAlager Dem ee nee 89 
*Anomaladerbe pembertoni....89, 90 
ACO MIM ay see eee ee 309, 310, 438 
Antonina bambusae................ 308, 310 
Antonina boutelouae...................... 308 
AMtonina. (Craw 308, 310, 315 
Antonina indica...... 308, 310, 315, 357 
Antonina, purpurea. 310 
Anuraphis helichrysi..................... 451 
AMMana (SDs each eee ee 
Aphelonema vespertina.......... 234, 241 
ASI GIG: ete ees Senet e eee 392 
Amhidae® 2.2 2. eee ae 210, 243 
Aphidae and food plants... 450 
CAT) TDN esa cu-c see eee cian ewe Sear A 451 
Aphis. o- ete oN 32, 301, 411, 460 
Aphis) (Orange) (spe 453, 486 
SAND HISS awiO Olly een: Cree eee nena 18 
ZA NTS) evra WS a ase 454 
Aphis gossypii........ 345, 409, 450, 452, 
453. 
Aphis maidis....278, 407, 424, 437, 450, 
451. 
Aphis malvae............ Site Aha Cee 452 
Aphis medicaginis.......... 345, 409, 450, 
453, 454. 
Aphis middletonii =... = 452 
At phiss my OSOUIGIS Heres eee 451 
ZASphiss Papaverisesss =. ees 453 
Aphis sacchari.......... 407, 436 ,450, 451 
JANIS SIW.EZC Yao. coc o-oo eke ee 454 
ADS Spiess ce ........453, 454, 486 
ANSI PACING) eee 5 RR Pe 224 
BANS PT GY OU eee 433, 437, 439 
ASDIGIOEUS) Gy.GOMIVCs acca 435 
Aspidiotus hederae.................. ieee 436 
Aspidiotus perniciosus................ 436 
IAS DIGIOMUSIS Ta DAK ee eee 435 
Asterolecaniinaie: 2.5... 307 
NSE ETOlE CeuTiUTy ese eree ances ee ee 305 
Asterolecanium pustulans........... 425 
PASTS: COCR eae acerca cae ee 472 
Auchenorhynchi... 2M eas 
PAU ena ne ot See eee 234 
Aulacorthum circumflexum......... 410, 
437, 457. 
Aulacorthum rosaeflorum........ 456 
Aulacorthum sp.......425, 456, 457, 486 
AS CNA ese ee eee ee 228 
Bennaria 228 
(ES LaiGuiniaiaeete see cece ee ee 466 


Borysthenes fasciolatus.................. 
Bothriocerini 
Brevicoryne brassicae 
Bursini 





LEER gS TR Eh, Saeed as BBR eee oF geet, ee 
WaiSCElin ae <2 en she eee erie nk eee . 23 
COLT UNT 0 (cs) tb) Reese i ehh epee on eran 451 
Cane nie afhOP Per ece-occse-c-cncevesossacneeeeee 345 
Capitophorus braggii.............. 456, 486 
ROSA TTDI az. - oS ctu sce catane oe carson esac det 226 
*GeENUSa WOlCOEE..<...:.c.c0se-nccc--J 462, 471 
ROONC HREM once se tence 227, 228 
Cerataphis lataniae........................ 459 
Cercopidae........ 208, 212, 214, 217, 218, 
243, 244, 246, 247. 
Ceroplastes rubens.............. 27, 64, 425 
Cerotrioza bivittata................. 175, 369 
Chaetococcus bambusae..... eee ioe 
Chrysomphalus rossi................389, 436 
(Garets Ho MeN TD Us lees eet een eet ee oe ee eee 445 
Cicadellidae....208, 213, 214, 218, 220 
242, 243, 246, 247. 
Cicadidae........ 208, 222°> 214. 217; 218, 
220, 243, 244, 246. 
Cixiidae:..194, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 
219,. 222, 224, 228, 230, 244, 
245, 246, 461. 
@ixiini=. 22.2222, 223: 229) 244, 245 
Se Se ree cee eee . 222, 
C@ladep hints 2. ee ene . 229 
OLD le Se ee eee Con et carne eee meee 412 
Coccidae....210, 211, 243, 244, 247, 425 
COCCI G Bares ee oese ere 307 
Coccus elongatus............ ; 204 
Coccus hesperidum ................. 201 
Coceus TonswWisc...c 2... .n2c.c-decce-coccees - 209 
Molpopteral .<s22-<s-<.--34-coe Lf ese 466 
*Colpoptera brunneus.......... 465, 471 
*Colpoptera maculifrons............... 465 
(Oya is oye No) 0) hs ee eee Omer eae Pees Oe 
Worn’ TEAEHOPPET -.. 5. -2------020<24-:-- Se Ole 
(Etheayd lara (ers) 0) pee eee . 461 
*Cubana_ tortriciformis....... 461 
ACT VODA. c220- 8-20. occccenoiw, .cesbecnenen<te 307 
Dactylopine mealy-bugs................ 305 
TD EN Cea C0) 01D i ene ee . 26 
Dactylopius brevipes........... eee OO 
Dactylopius calceolariae...... ; 308 
Dactylopius filamentosus..... 309 
Dactylopius kraunhiae............... 309 
Dactylopius longispinus........ 309 
Dactylopius nipae.................. (ea aB09 
Dactylopius perniciosus.... 318 
Dactylopius sacchari.............. 308 
Dactylopius virgatus...................... 308 
LDA ORS Ao ae 234, 239 
DSN COE Eee eo Dente sao 
UP DU ree eri! Y= ik os ae co ea a 87 
Delphacidae....103, 213, 215, 217, 219, 
223, 224, 244, 245, 480. 
LEU) GIG a ES eae elec tert Maen eno 224 


XV 


TFSI ACI (ao accecntsccavstnosonaesgileascescaceaxs 224 


Delphax SS eS ae eee | 
OEE 02 ein ie aes ea ee 226, 228 
Derbidae....89, 215, 219, 223, 225, 226, 
245, 246, 462, 480. 
IDEM DINAE)  <.oiceecccscacsesexenene 227 
1) og 0) fie een nee i eee ea ae mere 227 
INES VTL ea Oe neste ee races Oe eee ee 307 
Diaspine scale........ 300, 387, 437, 438, 
439. 
Dichopterini -... pee See ey | 
LD ees niga) 0} oF: Wot: seeee eee eee 229, 230, 235 
Dictyophara europeae.............. 241 
Dictyophara nerides....... rie Senere | 
TB Key e.i70y 0} a= 11 ba) eee me ee eee eee 229 
Dictyopharidae........ 206, 218, 219, 229, 
231, 2338, 245, 246, 464. 
WickvOpNaringe, ies oeesee ee 229 
Dictyophorodelphax mirabilis........ 14, 
107. 
Dictyophorodelphax praedicta....107, 


Hie ahi ee ales 
Dictyophorodelphax swezeyi........ 107, 
NUBy walle 





Draeculacephala mollipes...... 110, “B55s 
445, 448. 
POUT GETS = ode ces cece oerge eee ee eee 218 
call Ba 1h 00 1: | ee ee ree eae 462 
*Dysimia maculata................ 463, 471 
IriOCOGCUS esse ee ee OD SUE 
Eriocoeccus araucariae.. ..305, 431 
Eriosoma lanigerum ...... 459 
FSTIOSOUMMACINGAC aeepec see neon eee es ase 459 
Eucalymnatus tessellatus............ 434 
Eurybrachidae.......... 219, 231, 232, 245 
246. 
DEP Derek gl a) Ree CO) 1K ee 9 ee 231 
Eurynomeus eraelataas 2, 239 
BROrLISia: 2-5: ee ee OUOy onl 
*Ferrisia virgata................308, 311, 309 
Fiorinia fioriniae..... . 436 
1 Fd yf ge NO, Pe ee Pee Se ok eee 237 
Flatidae ..206, 215, 220, 233, 237, 
245, 246, 466, 467, 468. 
ela tine pe ees Oo 
WlAtoOldINaAes asec ee eee SOO ea: 
*Flatoides brunneus..... A Ais. 
HMlatoides punctata.....- 2 472 
RE OT ay ease trecaceae ss : eset es TO 
Fulgora europaea....... eee 230 
Fulgoridae...... 205, 215, 217, “219, 230, 
231, 232, 245, 246, 461. 
UU awe Gls see cece nee cancre es eoees weoeeee 459 
Fullawayella kirkaldyi.......... . 458 
Gamergomorphus .............. -. 204 
Gelastissus histrionicus.........234, 241 
Gelastopsis insignis.......... ...-20L, 239 
GEO COCCUBS.-.<cncccccconccses:: 309, 310 
Geococcus radicum...... 308, 311 
Gularostria ..........:..- : 211 
Hemisphaerinae .. ; . 234 


Hemisphaerius moluccanus....234, 241 


Hevaheva giffardi.................... 174, 369 
Hevaheva hyalina. eT TA Sees 174 
Hevaheva monticola...................... 369 
Hevaheva perkinsi.......................... 369 
Hevaheva silvestris........................ 369 
Hilda breviceps.......... Pe A ae 221 Bit 
SND ce NOUN OW eee cee cee sceeeeeea se cede Soe ee AG 
Homoptera, classification of...... 205 
Je Powe eaten ay atl ole have ee eee ren eee eee 459 
EVOWandiale DIGlA VIS eee es 439 
TERY CUR Ga! peccs ee ene ee eames 464 
ELV StEROPEET I ee ee cee 234 
Ieerya purchasi_.............-22, 299, 300 
Idiopteris nephrolepidis....68, 458, 459 
MV UIA a) hey CU etiens eee 108, 114, 117 
*TIburnia ahinahina........ 102, 108, 114, 
116. 
MD UPN Ta aie ee NOS eda sales 
Ilburnia amamau ...... 63, 108, 114, 118 
Hburnia; anceps! 22. LOM Se ay 
Ilburnia argyroxiphii ...................... 109 
Miburniawastelia ese ss 109 


Iiburnia blackburni ........ 108, 114, 116, 
117, 118. 





Ilburnia boehmeriae.......... 97, 99, 108, 
TES a altsse 
Iiburnia bridwelli.............. OS). ables, Wal 
*Iiburnia campylothecae ........ 97;, L015 
HOS dall5 es elsliGe 
Ilburnia chambersi.......... LOSe Ada ests 
Iiburnia coprosmae.......... AO) alata}, ata’ 
Ilbernia coprosmicola ...... .... 102, 10%; 
Tks ables alae 
Hburniaweurvaita 2a Wey, al bes alli’ 
Iiburnia cyathodis _...... OSs la Sag: 
AT 
Hburnianicyrtandrae =. eee 108 
Ilburnia cyrtandricola....107, 113, 117 
Dburniawaisiincta =e 108 
Ilburnia dubautiae _........ WO Wnts} stale 
Ilburnia geranii ........ SOSA OS isles ty 
Jb orbner ayes Fesinee NG De So est epee asec 109 
liburnia gigantea ............ Lal 
Hiburniavsouldiae se 108 
Ilburna gunnerae 108 
Ilburnia haleakala LOO 
Ibayovewe, MavVbiey a ee = 109) 
Ilburnia hamadryas 109 
Hipumnia) hamiaitay pee ee ees 109 
Hiburnia impr ieolay ee 109 
Ilburnia incommoda ...........-2:--------- 108 
Ilburnia ipomoeicola.......... 62, 96, 109, 
iil alg ie alas 
MpUEMIaAWKOWe, Be 107, 154 


Ilburnia koae-phyllodii...96, 107, 115 


Hilburniakoebelet .... 55.0 109 

Tiburnia kKokolau .............. 108, 113, 116 

*Ilburnia kuschei......96, 101, 108, 115, 
abe 

uremia Leah tases eee 108 

Hburnia lobeliae .............. LOSS ailiae elites 


XVv1 


Iiburnia longipes .............. LUD S)S TB} Nill 


Ilburnia mamake .............. LOSS tal 5p 7. 
Ilburnia mauiensis .......... 108, 114, 116 
iiburnia monticola _........ IO ols ys slay 
Ilburnia montis-tantalus ........... 109 
* Tiburnia naenae.....98, 101, 108, 115, 
ible 
liburnia neocyrtandrae.......... 108, 114, 
aly 
Ilburnia neoraillardiae....109, 114, 117 
Ilburnia neowailupensis ................ 108 
iburniat nepheliais(t=. == ase 107 
Ilburnia nephrolepidis...63, 108, 115, 
AW 2 
Iiburnia nesogunnerae .................. 108 
Liburnia mesopele: 22. 108, 114 
HM DMUENa MATIC CDS se ee eee 107 
JN ones ouEsy TOON OTF RST OE essa ge gece sscrcee nemeee 109 
burnia oahvensis 2 108 


Ilburnia olympica.... 
Nbtenias os bonnie eee 108 
Iiburnia painui 
Ilburnia palustris 
Ilburnia pele 
urna Pers se ee eee 108 
Ilburnia phyllostegiae ....108, 113, 117 
*Tlburnia pilo......99, 101, 107, 115, 116 


5 eee Meneses eee 109 


iNlouaabee jopyorswbgl Qo 108 
iiburnaiawpnro Gellawrisn sve ee 109 
Ilburnia pseudo-rubescens .......... 107 
Nob berauley, TOWWWEY, 5. sae eae See 102 
Ilburnia raillardiae.......... 109, 115, 118 
Ilburnia raillardicola _.... 107, 115, 118 
Delo unremiiaiser: © Cee eee 109 
Tburniayrnubescens) 222. 96, 107 


Ilburnia rubescens var. pulla......102, 
107. 
Ilburnia sharpi 
Ilburnia stenogynicola ....108 118, 
Tl bumia: (SOlay see. 25 oeseecss: peo 
Ilburnia sulcata 





Ulmer Chnevqxewal ee 107 

Ilburnia tetramolopii...... OO wel oeeelales 

Hburnia; timberlake, ease 108 

IWowssoney WalSaoul oe 109; 1, Ls 

Hip urnia: MM GatiGa yee eee 109 

*Ilburnia viridis.......... 99, 101, 108, 115 
ile 

Ilburnia waikamoiensis.......... 108, 114, 
ial 

Ilburnia wailupensis ...................... 108 

Tolania perkinsi .... 62 





UT) SV C Pear gs secs pec eae een ae 217, 246 

Issidae......206, 220, 233, 245, 246, 465, 
466. 

ATS SUT Ss ee eon ee oe 233 

CURE NSIS) 6 lee, cere ee een here aie a mPa 30, 278 

Jassid ons aimleyramt geese eee 9 


Kelisia eragrosticola...... OO MGS ale? 

E<elisia) sem 0l0a) eee ee 109 

Kelisia paludum........ (5 aM) cabal), aleh 
196. 





a at New 


Kelisia sporobolicola.....109, 115, 116, 





117, 118, 345, 448. 
Kelisia swezeyi........ 102, 109, 116, 117 
Kermicus bambusae ...................... 308 
WAANNINEUTA, Ne eeece ccoseds scot as otea-becn.devonerees, OO 
FSINMNAVA WNVGULGCA <oc..teaceon.-vaveconceeda LOW 
Kuwayama gracilis.......... 174, 369, 370 
Kuwayama minuta.......... 174, 369, 370 
Kuwayama nigricapita .......... 174, 369 
ETE anal fon ies eee ORs ee ee eee 450 
Lachnus tujafilinus.................. 450, 486 
Laternaria 2¢ 
MAE RT MOP POI: xcenccc-cacacecncesecesseensancaeek 343, 355 
GEG UMD ULI eo cccc.c-ce-epe ee rees ccs tacgecapeescecese 434 
TOPE heal) In lepers a ecco, eee 91 
Leialoha hawaiiensis .............. 106, 112 
Leialoha lanaiensis .................. 106, 112 
Leialoha lehuae ................ 91, 106, 117 
Leialoha Kauaiensis.......... 93, 106, 112 
Leialoha mauiensis -................. 106, 112 
Weeder as a GOLA eee cae cee 106 
Leialoha oahuensis .................. 106, 112 
Leialoha oceanides .......... 92, 101, -106 
LL rer Woy ageye oy all Eeyore eden 106 
Wreiaro na, WAGih Ga re. feeeeeireesened-soe 106 
*Leialoha scaevolae.......... 93, 101, 106, 
V2 Aas: 
*Leialoha suttoniae............ 92, 93, 101, 
106, 112, 118. 
OT UO MDM ae ores: cca ctee noes eae c ceoece ssutcevese=s 104 
Lepidosaphes beckii ...................... 456 
WEPIGOSADNES BS Mey scenes ecavnees eae accae 38 
I Eer] opr hh ab Fe MISE 1) aN a ee ee ery 448 
Lophopidae...... 206, 220, 233, 235, 245, 
246. 
LO) ab aYas Of ty epee eee ne ae a P15) 
ILA a0 CON Gad oy eee ee eee ee Pes em PAS, 
Macrosiphoniella sanborni............ 458 
Macrosiphum creelii........................ 458 
Macrosiphum kirkaldyi ................ 458 
Macrosiphum rosae ................ 457, 458 
Macrosiphum trifolii ...................... 458 
Macrosiphum  solanifolii_..... 450, 456, 
458, 486. 
Mealy Dugy .......-cccc-..2.000-: 4, 195, 323, 402 
Meenoplinae....222, 223, 244, 245. 246 
Megamelus flavolineatus ........... 104 
Megamelus proserpina ................ . 392 
Megatrioza palmicola ............ 174, 369 
Melanaphis bambusae .................. 454 
Membracidae............212, 213, 214, 217 
243, 244, 247. 
LS IGSS OF ==5 X10) 0 ee a ee 217 
NTC YO) 1084-7 0 1S te eo 459 
Wingdura. ODSCUTUS) .............:-.----.... 209 
MVBOTIFOS WIG 22 Servo eos cists cseceerceeaeccs OOO 
Mnemosyne efferatus .................... 237 
Monophlebinae ......... Benge ae ee aac 307 
Morganella longispina ................. 434 
Myndus ecaligineus .. So err OH 
EVTIGUS  TWUSTVUS: 2.05... o-seceeecneee- ne 241 
LATIN CST Dh ESE a ee ee 228, 463 





XVil 


Myzaphis 
Myzaphis neorosarum 
Myzaphis rosarum ........................-- 
Myzocallis kahawaluokalani........ 
NIV ZAIS) PEYSIGAC  <s.c..2.--ce.<cs-n-- ese 425, 
Myzus citricidus 
IVEZAT SS! SS ericc-c-cnccenc ¥pctecenesensdascespuve 456, 
Neocerus 
Neomelicharia euetulata 
Neommatissus 
I PSa ree AD Cy es ae a i ae 
Neotoxoptera 
Neotoxoptera 
INJED IES as eo eee ee 
Nephus bipunctatus 
*Nesodryas (Nesothoé) albogut- 


violae........ 








1g 1 2 eee ee 94, 95, 101, 106, 
SS AN: 
Nesodryas antidesmae.................... 106 
INesodryas’ DoDeae <....-2--c.ec- ee 106 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé) dodo- 
naeae......95, 106, 113, 116, 
TAT. GEESE 
INesoduyas Wdryope 106 
Nesodryas elaeocarpi .................. 106 
Nesodryas eugeniae ...................... 106 
Nesodryas fletus ............ 106, 112, 116 
Nesodryas freycinetiae ................ 106 
INésodryas! tfrizidulay 22 107 
Nesodryas giffardi : ...106, 112 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé) poli oe 95, 
als abibe alley 
INeGsodryas) halal 22-5. 106, 112, 116 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé@) hula....93, 101, 
106, 122, 117, 118. 
Nesodryas laka .............. 106, 112, 118 
Nesodryas maculata ...................... 106 
Nesodryas munroi ........ HOG; 12s 7, 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé) perkinsi_..94, 
101, 106, 112, 117. 
Nesodryas piilani.............. LOG. V2 107 
Nesodryas pluvialis ...................... 107 
*Nesodryas (Nesothoé) semi- 
alba..... -95, 101, 106, 1138, 
alle 
*Nesodryas (Nesothoé) semini- 
grofrons........ 94, 101, 106, 
AL. 16. 
Nesodryas Silvestris ...................... 107 
INGSOGDWaIS® TORY) Goce scecccccee-enc seen 106 
Nesophrosyne maritima —.......... 445 
Nesophryne filicicola .................... 63 
Nesophryne microlepiae —............ 63 
Nesorestias: badia, 222.2.....2..2.....- 88 
Nesorestias filicola.............. 63, 88, 107 
Nesorestias nimbata.......... 63, 99, 107 
INOS OCI eee Accord eee ee eb, 
Nothorestias badia ................... 63, 107 
*Nothorestias swezeyi.....63, 87, 107, 
173. 
Odonaspis: ruthale. s......cc-e ee 19 
Oliamusme ees) oii. Saeco ences eee 565 


Oliarus kaonohi 
Oliarus montivagus .... 





QlOonsa) SIC Oas seca naa ccerenee sees 
Ommatissus loufouensis........ 225, 200 
(ice =) elt i eee cet Ree ene a eee ee eee 229 
(Oy et=xey oh g v2 syeeee came te eer eee na erento 229 
GETINE NI See tse eae 


Ormenis infuscata 
Ormenis marginata 








*Ormenis pseudomarginata..469, 471 
Ormenis quadripunctata ~............. 469 
OVRUneOZ1a A252 Ae ae eee ee 300 
ORTHEZINAE) Hoosen ses 8 eeteceee cee ee eee 307 
Otiocerini 

IPalaeoltemiilptemay pece.-.--s- eee ee 

IP air elnry. CURL Maing eee eee ee 


*Parahydriena hyalina............ 
Paricanini 
Parlatoria 
Parlatoria zizyphi 
Pentalonia nigronervosa 


Peregrinus maidis.......... OS Sali O Meigs 
118, 448, 449. 

Berm sie ais ccteseo- ees eee a 448 

Perkinsiella insignis -............ USS BETS 

Perkinsiella saccharicida........ 2, L03; 
LOO LOG Sos 395: alO6= 
385. 

Perkinsiella vitiensis —.................. 385 

PetrUSam py Ema amen aes 

IPO GRUS URE: 42.220... ee ee 

Phaciocephalus) = 





Phaconura froggatti 
Phenacaspis eugeniae 





IP Wenicey.<2: 2-22. eo 

PhylloOCOCGUS) Se ee 

Plato Geral. nec% 1-0. i ee 

Pochaza fuscata 

JETOKS| O¥0) a) eee tes ee ee 

Prosbole hirsuta 

PSeudococcus, =e 

Pseudococeus adonidum |... 309 

Pseudococcus ananassae ..____... 318 

Pseudococeus brevipes.......... 309, 37, 
397, 402. 

Pseudococcus bromeliae.......... 18, 300, 
309, 317, 397, 402. 

Pseudococcus calceolariae....192, 301, 
308, 312, 333, 387. 

Pseudococeus citri...... 309, 319, 320 

Pseudocoeccus comstocki......___.. 33 

Pseudococeus filamentosus....... 309, 
316, 318, 319. 

Pseudococeus kraunhiae...... 178, 301, 
309, 316, 319, 320; 333. 
Pseudococcus longispinus...... 172; 309 

314, 316. 
Pseudoccoceus lounsburyi 
Pseudococcus maritimus 


Pseudococcus montanus ......_... 
Pseudococeus nipae........ 200, 300, 301, 





XViii 


305, 309, 315, 318, 3238, 326, 
347, 3738, 431. 














Pseudococecus sacchari.......... 308, 312, 
333, 387. 

Pseudococecus saccharifolii....308, 312 

Pseudococcus straussiae .............. 18 

Pseudococcus swezeyi ........... Sa iOS 

Pseudococecus vastator Sore ay 

Pseudococeus virgatus............ 172, 182 
308, 311. 

Psyllidae........ 208; 210, 211, 212, 215, 
243, 369. 

ailival nears 434 

Pulvinaria psidii 26 

IPyrellar sal beGLrans| ees ee eee 239 

TROON CEN OH ONL ee eee ape eee 227, 228 

TR GaN ay, eee eee ee er ea nent ee 235 

Ricaniidae........ 206, 220, 234, 235, 245, 
246, 466. 

Ricaniini 

Ripersia 

Ripersia) ‘copynephorie..- = 321 

RUIperSiay On y Zaley ee ee eee 311 

Ripersia palmarum. ................ 309, 321 

Saissetia hemisphaerica .............. 426 

Saissetia nigra.......... 300, 362, 426, 438 

Saissetiawolewey:: 2. es 25, 167 

Scaleuinsects=- 2.) eer eee ee 2 

ScColopSi. 2:3 ee eee eee 216 

Sikajamini= 25 eee eee eee 227 

Siphanta acuta.......... 11, 241, 278, 303 

Sogata paludum...... 417, 423, 446, 448 

Sphaerococecus bambusae.............. 308 

Stenocranus seminigrifrons.......... 237 

Sternorhynchi.......... 210, 211, 243, 244, 
247, 

SHVMIUTO ar pe eee ee 

SS VILL AE AW i oe ee 

Tambaniinae 

Tambiniini 

Tambinia formosa . 

Tessitus insignis 

SE ReGraAlGeravianay bees cee ce eee 

*Tetraceratium wolcotti........ 468, 471 

Tettigometra.............. 214, 220, 221, 237 


Tettigometridae.__.. 202s wilS. 2205 222% 
223, 244, 245, 246. 


Mhoracaphisen Cus see 459 

HNewlormtioul Gate Na eh ov 2 234, 466 

PRON aAeSiIM ol exe ee ee 216 

ibreshexeribaaareyclaubauly ale pee ee eS a) 

Toxoptera aurantii........ 345, 409, 437, 
454. 

Oxo DCCA wm Call Close 455 

PD ay OMA VNU S eee encores 310, 312, 313, 438 

Trionymus calceolariae.......... 308, 312, 
$13, 314, 315, 428. 

Trionymus insularis.......... 19, 308, 313 
Blips 

Trionymus lounsburyi....308, 313, 315 

DMrionymMuUus=pervissil See 312 

Trionymus sacchari =... 308, 313 


i —e te ee Oe “en 





Trioza hawaiiensis 
Abs day tlw vo) Ey 0 ieee ae ae ae A pe 
Erioza TANAICNSIS: <a. ccn-c.-0e-cerecs- = 
Wrioza -Ohigcola. <x..-<4.0.2-<< 
ADSPIOZEs*OUMMAGAL ba arccoe teeta eee eee 
BPO OLO DI an ot eecacnc cc sores oe eee 2 
Tropiduchidae............ 

218, 219, 223, 225, 226, 244, 

245, 246. 
EOP CHIN: acc: cos soreceseaceseecees eee cceeece 226 
Tropidocephalini a. wok 
RPOPIGUCMUS  cceksececee sect ee accor LOO 
ESWC OCCUR oe oe eeeeee ee ese OO OoO 
Tylococcus giffardi........ eee OUD) oo 
Tylococcus madagascariensis...... 321 
WS VODS PH KCMEDST «ose stceeee eee DOL 
Wxantes sp. <:..=... .241, 472 
WWieIU A DOVE Ses ccee eee eree= 20, LOO 
Vekunta Sy eee ee ae nee AS 
Vienaital.: 25" Pepe aioe 219, 228 
Vesiculaphis: caricis: ...-:...:.....:......- 455 
Virgilia nigropicta .......................... 239 
Wameatapnis) OFyZae, 2c... 455, 486 
OTT CI) Ae eee 89, 227, 228 
IONAMIN, sete OT OOS 


HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA 





JN anal ato (eyou r3 Ko IN] 0) br =4: yee sacs eee See 193 
IGlOStOMIG ee toe eee ee 208 
Woniz is ay alin Ss) 5 ee eee 31 
Cyrtorhinus mundulus....19, 302, 343, 

345, 355, 449. 
EaAVvO PARES Ho oak  <cc cee eee 188, 283 
Ealobates’ sericeus 452-2 283 
Halobates wiillerstorffi .................. 283 
IVCLORODECTA, | 2esccsoce ete -ccde ces aees z2.- 209 
Hyalopeplus pellucidus .......... . 218 
NEU SUIS reese hee Seas Bog oe ees s Falal 
INYSiuS delectus: ..:.-2..2...:s---02- 278, 359 
INV SHISSDS coe Fee PhS 
Oechalia, eris@al .2..2.2...-4... 11, 278 
Peloridiidae —........ en ee 210, 357 
Reduviolus blackburni ..... 278 
Reduviolus capsiformis 449 
Reduviolus ferus ............... 31 
Teleonemia lantanae 0... 304 
Xenophyes cascus ............c0c.000-0--- 357 

ORTHOPTERA 

PANACEA SUMING 25.05 cc. .cnccessacessceccseoseac 427 
Anisolabis eteronoma ........... 187 
am eae SD Ds se Seseee ec eecens . 64 
Blatta punctata ...:........... Bit) Sint 
LUE EU RG CCN ee es oe 216 
Blatella germanica ...................... 278 
WOMOCEPHAIUE —...f.ccc5<cecec cic. 216 
Conocephalus saltator ............ 445 
LCLUR EI EE ES(0) 0) 1s amanactor 278 
Cycloptiloides americanus 

GS asserts cece Gece 
15h 6 |r 31, 32, 64, 187, 281 





xix 





Elimaea punctifera ..... 427, 446 
Euborellia annulipes... 272, 278 
Mmield ‘Crickets ............. 304 
Graeffea cocophaga ....... 389 
Graeffea minor 389 
Holochlora japonica 446 
Holocompsa fulva : 193 
Labia pilicornis ......... Beccnete 272 
Labidura icterica .............. 3 
Labidura riparia .......... ae 3 
WViSITEI Stee cee 18 
Oecanthus ‘sp! —. oe ie 5 
Paratrigonidium filicum .... 63 


Paratrigonidium viridescens...... 63 

Prognathogryllus 

Pycnoscelus surinamensis .... 
350, 351. 


RG aches wee eh eee eee 54, 304 

Sphingolabis hawaiiensis ........ 272 

Supella supellectilium........ 18, 28, 38, 
179, 343. 

Tenodera sinensis ................ ae 33 

Xiphidiopsis lita 186, 359 362 

<GpWidimn) 2.0 ec. 216 


NEUROPTERA AND ODONATA 


Anomalochrysa sp. ............ 11, 446 
Chauliodes pecticornis .... 217 
Chrysopa microphya ..... . sit 
ChrySOpawSDs ese ee 182 
Formicaleo wilsoni ...... 19, 3 
Elemerobiid ...ce eee 192 
Hemerobius humuli ........ se eal’ 
Micromus vinaceus.......... a1, 295" 92) 
202, 301. 
Nesomicromus vagus ............... 278 
Polystaechotes punctatus . 217 
Sialis  infumata 22.0.0... 217 
Sisyra flavicornis .................. 217 


LOWER ORDERS 


(Isoptera, Corrodentia, Thysan- 
optera, etc.) 
ANODIUTR: es ote ee 208, 2 
Atropos divinatoria (Psocid)...... 
Calotermes castaneus (Isoptera) 
Coptotermes formosanus (Is- 
OD LCR AF nore ee OOS 
Coptotermes intrudens (Isop- 
ROTA) ee oUS, Boos Soke. 
Corrodentia 
Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera).. 382 
Cryptotermes piceatus (Isop- 
LS): h) )aeees Rec en ae 381, 382 
Cryptotermes pseudobrevis.......... 
Echidnophaga gallinacea (stick- 
tight fleaj) ...........:.. pe te 270 
TO EEEIS (ARAL it ee en Se 
Goniodes stylifer (Mallophaga).. 37 
Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis 
(Thysanoptera) 








Kalotermes immigrans_ (Isop- 

Les 1221) Je tes eae neers eee 381, 382 
Kalotermes marginipennis (Is- 

(a) 0) Oo) ir? h) We eee eee mere eee 382 
Leucotermes tenuis ....................-- 383 
Vay CHT Se ee eee ee Se ek pars ea 212 
Machilis heteropus (Thysanura) 7 
Mallopiagale --s see sige ie hee Ses 208 
Neotermes castaneous ..........-..--- 383 
Neotermes connexus (Isoptera) 

» 382 
Neotermes connexus var. major 

@lsopteray)) yee 381, 382, 384 
SNeotenmes: MayOm oe ea 383 
Dd EASCOYCH AG Ue seca casera creat enc eee Renee 447 
IPSO CIC AICN teat ee ee 208, 21:2, 215 
VEAS(O) GUIS eee eee ese oe ee nee ae een 278 
Reticulitermes flavipes -............... 383 
Sarcopsylla gallinacea (Siphon- 

DIOL) pee ee er eee 12 
SHON CU AYE eeseees os seeteeanc sense erate mec 208 
STNG RRINTI EES caer: eer Se den ee ee oe Feed « 390 
BDSG TO Soe oats eens ee ens at eR eS ee 415 
Mb ySanopteray sesso eee 208, 209, 415 
AOL UTA A ec ee se Bat, Gz 
Zorotypus swezeyi (Zoraptera) 344 

MISCELLANEOUS (NON- 
HEXAPODA) 
NCEE ern ot ere eer 53 
Wemipe Wena k <A .cos.c5 ete eres ee eee 54 
Cenmaitiamstralba: ee 189 
Epigramorpha fidilis (Snail)_..... 3638 
Geoligia perkinsi (Crustacea)... 28, 
83, 84, 85, 86. 
Geolisia: (SimMOMiy ses. eee 86 
TC ATM ES eee eeseeas aces Petes eee 304 
Ligia australiensis (Crust.)........ 86 
Ligia exotica (Crustacea)........ 83, 84, 

85, 86. 

Orchestia chiliensis (Crust.)...... 86 
Orchestia platensis (Crust.) ... 86 
Pediculoides ventricosus (mite) 199 
EScudoscorpions) <-- eee 180 
RedsSpiders 2. ae ee 199 
Rhipicephalus (dog tick).............. 10 
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog 

ECs) ace pe yee aeee 34 
Scutigera straba (house centi- 

DECC) gree ae ees 189 
Scubtisera forceps! se. ee 190 
Stigmaeus floridanus (mite) ....... 32 
Tetranychus exsicecator (mite). 199 

GENERAL INDEX 
Agricultural Research Institute, 

TUS ae Snes cceoe ee 71 
ASIN AT AI Ohlens| ASS Gee ee 30 
American Association for the 


Advancement of Science, 
Chicago meeting, 1920... 3 


XX 


American Association of Eco- 
nomic Entomologists, 









Chicago meeting .............. 3 
PNT OPEL VO) dee eeeeee ns seats ee i A ea 19 
Aphid pred ator ses cee 29) 
Apple smaceio times reste eee eens 183 
Army-worm parasite...................... 352 
Australasian Crane-flies................ 260 
Anstralian@ants sess 363 
Australian fern weevil........ 8, 64, 304 
AMUIStralian: anSCCES enna 3D 
Australian lace-wing .................... 19 
Australian ladybird in U. S........ 22 
AUStralian: TOs ss. eee ee 179 
Banana pests in Samoa........ peer 390 
Bananas cap na Ob Mees OO le oe 
Beane wie Wal le sess eee 390, 393 
Beetles in ants? nests... 55 
Beneficial insects introduced...... 299 
Beneficial insects introduced by 

NE GOys) oe Ve tuasee ne cee aan ee 21 
NB ih 0 NS} Seen Pee tae see eer eee eee eee 474 
TSO Tow INUS © Una seca eee -eesenrecee eee 35 
Bishop Museum collection of 

IP SWAT ae eaene- cores ee ree 369 
IBlaicketscallemenie mays nee eee 25 
BrUGHIG MpArASItC ee een 202, 302 
Bruchid parasite recovered.......... 189 
Galbbalee Anp is ere eee cee ecee ef eee eee 454 
Cabbage butterfly on steamer... 197 
Cigarettes Beevle: 187 
Classification of Fulgoridae_186, 205 
Clothessimotheee = 189, 362, 366 
CoccidSparasites = ee 300 
Coconut insects in Samoa............ 387 
Coconuiawleat-miner= =e 389 
Coconut weevil eee 31 
Coleoptera, unrecorded in Ha- 

V(t ea Se ee ee eke oe eS 80 
Conditions of Entomological 

W.Orke Tiel tae ee ree (iL 
Womn Rap lige ese ceac sete ace 437 
ConnWeathopperee. eee 116 
Cottonnaip nis seen ee ee 452 
Cotton ool iwiorrmr see eee 185 
Cottony cushion scale........ Ze 22, eas 

299, 300. 
Cuckoo-wasp from Hawaii.......... 67 
Curator of Insects, 1922.. 179 
Custodian of Insects, 1923........... 341 
Custodian of Collections, 1921... 1 
Cul wonm enemies sss. nee 354 
HUE WO THOT res eeece rae eee ee U7, 1208 
Day MeO SOUtOy eee ee ee eee OIL 
Dead Foat insectst..— ee 281 
Dead *raibsvinsectse- eee 280 
Dermestid larvae in lead pipe... 5 
Descriptions of Lantana Gall- 

fly and Lantana Seed- 

PUY ase cts soe ate oe ene tra ce 261 


Descriptions of new Chalcid- 
flles from Hawaii and 
IWOXICR Ob cao eke es ee 395 


Descriptions of two new _ spe- 
cies of Encyrtidae from 











Mexico, reared from 

Meal y=DuUges) c..4.2e-ctecnsceesie 323 
Diptera found in Hawaii.............. 290 
Distribution of Hawaiian Del- 

phacidader = k=... ee 103 
UD Yoyes Mie (ed aeaaerin beer ec ene eee aE 34 
Doge ticks Parasite S22 ccsccccceteececsese 10 
Donation from. Sa 7B. Ave. 200 
Early references to Hawaiian 

AT LOMIOVOS ya ceeecrseeetececan eee 184 
Eastern Asia Crane-flies.............. 259 
Economic insects from Porto 

RAC Obie er ee ee 10 
Editor, 1921 ..... 1 
Editor, 1922 .. 179 
Eton, 928) secre 341 
Enemies of plant lice.................... 301 
Enemies of sugar-cane leaf- 

1 a0} 0) OLS eer eee er con oe ere 302 
English sparrow and cane-borer 

A eee ee cate NaS eee onc cckaaesanen 184 
Entomological Society of Amer- 

ica, Chicago meeting...... 3 
Erythrina twig-borer in Hawaii 297 
Eutherian mole (Talpa)................ 478 
LESTE OSA ae se SES eee 191 
Fauna Hawaiiensis ....................-.- 337 
Ss AAS C CES setres rece coe seen caceteeceee C 
Fig insects in Hongkong .............. 5 
TRF Qon7 062 RS) 0) aera ea eae Ieee me 200, 348, 477 
Fig-wasp, Introduction of............ 2 
PGi MELOMOptera, <..c.2....------.--- 

Fijian butterflies —...... 

Fijian lemon weevil F 
Flight of termites.............. 55 
Florida pineapple mite.................. 32 
TLV SOS wong ees cee eed ee OO 
Food plants of Hawaiian Del- 

MUA CIA) Sie 103 
Fossil Homoptera......34, 209, 218, 246 
IMOSSINAANSE CUS) 5 eee ee ee 179 
MUIt=fly PAVASICES) ........2ccecceccceess- 302 
Fuller’s rose beetle.............. 18, 19, 195 
Fumigation with carbon bisul- 

50) a lpia hae en lea es Sa area a ae 188 
Fungus attacking Coccidae....... 204 
Further notes on Chrysomyia 

megacephala 
(CUTE EC fey ON | NS ae oe ae 
(CUED COh Sih geeee. Meee SEARS ee ee 
Halobates in Hawaii 
Hawaii insect observations.......... 18 
Hawaiian carpenter bee... 51 
Hawaiian Encyrtidae |... 135 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ As- 

sociation donation............ 7 





Xxi 


Hawaiian Trypetidae .....0.....00....... 367 
Heredity in Coccinellids................ 121 
Homoplasmy or Convergent De- 
velopment in Evolution 473 
Her CG 6} 5 Hag 0 b,c ee mPanel a a Re 426 
Florn=fly Parasites. o.o-2 cece. -ceseceeceee 28 
Elouse Centipede... <...cc.c1c.-ccccecec-.- 189 
House-fiy, see Musca domestica 
and Musca flavinervis. 
Hymenoptera of Nihoa, Necker 
and French Frigate 
STATS eee eee nee ee 361 
Immigrant Coleoptera, Notes on 75 
Immigrant records for 1921........... 37 
Immigrant records for 1922....... 340 
Immigrant records for 1923........ 485 
Importation of birds 22.000... 194 
India, entomological work in... 71 
Insect collecting in zero weather 
bot THU bhevoytsh opie 55 
Insect fauna of hen manure... 
BRAS <2 eee an eeo rs? osinse ee 186, 270 
Insect pests of Samoa.................... 385 
Insects attacking ferns.................. 57 
Insects attracted to carrion in 
ETASW Guiles, so oes cee ecco naan 280 
Insects from Nihoa, Necker, etc. 356 
Insects from the summit of 
NMiaunar isea, eee 287 
Insects on summit of Mauna 
TIO Detect ee ee 287 
Insects introduced by Koebele 
into California.......... 23, 24, 25 
Insects of Cucurbits in Samoa... 392 
Introduced Coleoptera 0.0.00... 185 
Introduced Hemerobiid recov- 
(=) f= | eenee See = em =e re ae 29 
Introduction of Quaylea into 
Californias. ene 167 
AIGS(0}) Xa Yo beers ee te Peet eee, See See ee 83 
USODOG NOLES ees ee eee 28 
Kauai Delphacidae ....0......00.0........ 91 
Saul WSCCtS) eee ee 18, 179 
Kerosene remedy for mite bites 199 
Key to Coelopencyrtus.................. 135 
Key to families of Coecidae in 
EV AWailinke 2 porte een See 307 
Key to families of Fulgoroidea 218 
Koebele’s Hawaiian Work........... 26 
Tea S WAM GLY oceees cc. o cee cacncceeeee ceca ces 182 
Lady-beetles preying on scale 
INSEGCES) se bGi ees cceec- see 300 
Lady-beetles preying on plant 
NG Geer eee re AD A 301 
Toamtame, PES), co ..-c--cesaeecedsatecctecenecx: 182 
1: oh: ot: a -¢-0 0 CS 6 bh 261 
Lantana insects 00000...-..cccceec---- 13, 304 
Lantana leaf-miner.......... 10, 422, 423 
Lantana leaf-miner parasite...... 15 
Lantana S€eG-fly -.....c....ccccee-c..-... 262 
Lead-cable beetle ...............00.000....... 181 
RCAPHOD PER” acc eee ee 103 


Weathopper palasite; cee eee 27 
Leafhopper, sugar-cane ................ 302 
Leaf-miners of Pipturus.............. 293 
Teitonget eka Gs SI Pak ae eee 1 
Librarian, 1922 179 
Tbrlormeveneiro Ritoye™ WS Pah see ee 341 
List with notes of the insects 
found on the Parker 
SEVENTY Cases saa eee ease ee 277 
Miivier flies Small Sescs-= co oes eee 194 
Lueanid Coleoptera of the Ha- 
WiVitamy Msleyri GS! seen ere 39 
Malayan, Oriental and Austra- 
lasian Crane-flies —.... e258 
Mango pest in Rapa.......................- 349 
VPA SO Wi VAL eee nese eee eee ee 13 
Marsupial mole (Notoryctes)...... 478 
IY (72¥2 1) Ge) 0 Dak ioe reece Rares Re See nian 26 
Mediterranean fruit-fly in green 
Fj 0)) 0} (24S eee ee eee ee 197 
Mediterranean fruit-fly parasite 28 
Memorandum of Koebele’s ser- 
vices to American Agri- 
INEM ee aero ee eee 21 
Mendelian inheritance —......... PALS WP 
IES OZ OLCClGal Cli eeeene eee 217 
Mites in hen manure.............. ......- 273 
MOSaTe TOISCaSe) 2.1 eae nes eee 452 
Mouthparts of Hemiptera... 207 
New) Derbidl Genus. 89 
New Hawaiian Delphacid......_.. 87 
New Hawaiian Rhyncogonus...... 379 
New and little-known Fulgorids 
from the West Indies.... 461 
New or little-known Crane-flies 
from the Hawaiian 
Island's) -.=-..322-:.. 22s 249 
New or little-known Hawaiian 
Delphacidae: = 91 
New species of Rhyncogonus..... 49 
North American Trypetidae...... 182 
INoOGEneOhina Insects: =e 183 
Notes on Coccinellidae =5 Bx(al 
INGEES OND ter aise] eae ee 285 
Notes on Diptera occurring in 
ef arwiailis, os... een see 265 
Notes on Hawaiian Aphidae........ 450 
Notes on the isopod, known as 
Geoligia perkinsi Doll- 
DUS eee ee ee ee es 83 
Notes on the mealy-bugs of 
economic importance in 
EV Onell Sect fi en ee 305 
INUt<sraiss POGEES, =:..-.<.-se. eee 189 
Observations on Parandra punc- 
ICDS OWA) aee-eeee ee 118 
Observations on Xylocopa and 
ithunests! eS See 53 
Ofticers) tor 1922/52. 36 
Officers for 1923 _... 203 
Officers for 1924 eo OA: 
Olinday Weetve, 22.2. ee 18, 19 


XXxil 


Ox warbles ce ee eee ee 10 
Pan-Pacific Scientific Confer- 
ence; SVaneys 361 
Papaya einuiit=ilivis oo ee 391, 393 
Parasites on leaf-rollers and 
AEM Y= WORMS eee 303 
Peach waphis) woe ee eee 456 
Peewee imported .................-...-...---- 194 
Pest of pinned insects.................... 28 
Philippine Crane-flies —................ 259 
Philippine cricket-wasp.........356, 362 
Philippine roach parasite... eer 30 
Photographing insect labels........ 202 
Phylogeny of Homoptera... 241 
Phytophagous insects _... ae SC 
Pineapples weevil) ee 4 
Pink boll-worm .............. ead as 8, 29 
Pink boll-worm in Fiji... 197 
Pinks mieally blige ee 312 
Plant lice on sugar-cane............ 26 
Preliminary notes on Pseudo- 
SCOrDIONS 6 eee 180 
iPreyineemanbis, 2a eee 33 
PSocide parasite, ese ee 364 


Records of the Introduced and 
Immigrant Chalcid-flies 
of the Hawaiian Islands 418 
Records of introduction of bene- 


Heal einNSeCtspe see OO 
Red-tailed Sarcophagid........265, 292 
Report of treasurer, 1921 ........... 36 
Resolution of appreciation of 

Koebeles 23232 = ee 20 
Resolution on David Sharp......... 200 
Review of Dr. Karny’s ‘Der 

Insektenkorper und 

seine Terminologie’’........ 289 
RMMOCeKOS MD CEUlLCw = eee 387 
ROS G4 gevp lus hen. e soe eS Pate cose ee 458 


Rule for presentation of papers 341 


Samoa insect pests... 385 
Samoan lepidoptera ...................... 362 
Scale insect parasites... bite 0D 
Scenopinus in Hawaii............ ....... 368 
Sharp, David, resolutions on...... 200 
Sheep=maseot five ee 267 
Singing crickets used as pets... 16 
SiSa@lVDOT Sree serene eee ee 344 
Small banana weevil...................... 375 
Special meeting at Bishop Mu- 

SS CUNT eee eee eee ee 535) 
Stability of specific names............ 349 
Stable-fly, see Stomoxys calci- 

trans. 

Staphylinid attacking fruit-fly 

TV ale We ee ee eae 366 
Staphylinid from Australia........ 185 
Staphylinid on sugar-cane leaf- 

1G NW ew eseeecec hese aseen no renee eter 199 
Stick insects on coconut ....... —.. 389 
Sickie ne ae see ee eee 270 


Study of male genitalia of Ha- 





WSU Teh e CURT AG cee.cee tenes 194 
Sugar-cane aphis ...................... 436, 437 
Sugar-cane borer......28, 385, 386, 388 
Sugar-cane borer in coconut...... 19 
Sugar-cane bud-moth .................. 199 
Sugar-cane leafhopper......21, 27, 103, 

116, 385. 

Sugar-cane leafhopper in Natal 

and Mauritius ~... erate 196 
WULaAT=CANC PESUS: ccc-cese a eee ee 385 
Sweet potato weevil... . 202 
Table of Aphelinus ... 410 
Machinid Parasite ee.-ose eee 30 
Tahiti coconut weevill......19, 347, 388 
Tanager Expeditions.....360, 361, 363, 

453. 

ER AMO MURS CES) terion na stsee ecco eee, ONL 
Treasurer’s report, 1922................ 203 
Treasurer’s report for 1923........ . 364 
irassic Homoptera: 222------.....- 208 


Types in Hawaiian Entomologi- 
cal Society Collection.... 174 
Undescribed species of Austra- 
lasian and Oriental 


Crane-flies! <2... eliocoe DD, 
WMedalia, ladybird... ee. eee. 21 
Waimea, Hawaii, insects col- 

TeGteds alten es tens cre 37) alae 
RV aki CAlO we eee ee, 164 
Weevils determined by Dr. 

WWarshvalllienc ss te 1 
Wieevils in) ferns. oes. aot 60 
Whence the Termites of Ha- 

Nec EG ee ete Bees oe ee 381 
Wingless psocid 2:.........2....,. .... 447 
WOOL Vea OSs eee eee 459 
Woolly aphis on apple trees........ 18 
Woolly aphis predator................. 32 


Works on Hawaiian Entomol- 
ogy by Dr. David Sharp 338 
Zoologicai Record fund..357, 358, 360 


PLANT INDEX 


Acacia farnesiana........ BL Od Leos ote 
344, 356, 453. 
J NVet Wo) EH) C0 fale a Oa 0. ekto 
Acrostichum reticulatum.............. 458 
Ageratum houstonianum .............. 452 
JM) SST bit Noe ERR pee ee RE 342, 458 
Algae in steam crack.................... 115 
JAIEEE Vea) 0 Yu een One aa a 31, 202 
Algaroba, see also Prosopis 
juliflora. 
Alligator Pear; see also Avo- 
(LENG C0 etic eee ea 
JNINeaYGS0\6 A Rese eee ee a eee 
PETIA EOTIIA) oo. <oeencnb coeds 
Alphitonia excelsa .00000000000000000000..... 116 
Amaranth 











Amaumau fern ... ae ee OU: 
Andropogon sp 451 
Andropogon sorghum, see sorg- 
hum. 
IAMTIG CSIMNA) <2.2c.dccecunces Ob tS b= kb 
Antidesma platyphyllum.......112, 116 
Antigonon leptopus.............. ; . 452 
AD Plesetsk ner LS, 32, 335 197, 459 
Araliay 202... ; Se eee _ 201 
ATRUCATIA, eseccc.--- =... ; 436 
Araucaria excelsa....... pied od OD 
ATE VVORAPMIVIM) c.c-cccccceecsectseconcne 114, 116 
Argyroxiphium virescens........ 113, 116 
CAT CEMAIS TAS cecartereetoe eens tee ons ses excnace 183 
IATTIGHOKC: <cc.ns : re _... 456 
Asparagus spp..... oto OO: SOG 
Aisplenimma: Boiss ; Be e163. 164 
Asplenium nidus............. re ee 59 
7 NCH oy Ls Nb 76 age eee eae ee ses LAS 
Aspidium cyatheoides........0000...... 58 
INES Te) I hy a i RS oi 86 
Astelia veratroides....60, 114, 115, 116 
PNti eke Wetth, Mie oy: et: ieee enero eee 452 
AMOCAG OMe fences ee. 197, 315, 439, 452 
Awa (see Piper methysticum). 
Bamboo........ ...10, 12, 61, 310, 454, 456 
Banana........ 2, 2, LOS. Si. 3h) wolps 
376, 390, 391, 459. 
BAT ge OU tect Remand eee c.6ok oe REE 459 
IBArN VAT HeU ASS) =r cee 451 
WSEAS ship Fe uccec Sead teense 278, 453 
IBECTS Fn F Bre ee ee em 
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dac- 
tylon)222— 312, 313, 421, 427 
Bidens: pilosavc22--e2 =. 103. 116; 452 
Birdsnest fern (see Asplenium 
nidus). 
TROD Ca i cekcc cee esses cs LOD 
Boehmenria. 222-502) 222-2---<---- = ~ 14 
Boehmeria_ stipularis........... ey LLG 
IBOmMmpaAx -CelWan saeco eee oe 
Bousaiiwill Gai sec cecccsneee sees o-= 15, 17 
IBTACKEE SHUN EMSs eee eeeee-n Sahin eS 365 
Brassica oleracea, see cabbage. 
Cabbages............ 197, 278, 425, 454, 456 
Ca RUS ea a a ones enor 17 
Cajanus: cajane----- ... 453 
Caladium picolor =...--..----- i . 452 
Cathie cece oeccecereccees eee 316 
Colocasia antiquorum var. es- 
culenta, see taro. 
Campylotheca........ 94, 96, 98, 112, 113, 
115, 116. 
Campylotheca macrocarpa .......... 454 
Campylotheca mauiensis........ 114, 116 
Campylotheca menziesii................ 380 
CGE ohn: = ane ni one eee ee - oLt 
Capparis sandwichiana........ 454 
COPsN ac). <ek | 0 ne eee Rene eee See eee ee 455 
Carica papaya, see papaya. 
Carpinus: = -............ eRe se SOS 


Cassia \bicapsularis: 23.2-----c. . 452 


@aissiay MOG OS ar eercescceereee een eeeeeree ee 452 
Castanospermum australe............ 80 
Catleyian COnGhidS) eee ee 420 
(OS) VENA) ecto er eee eee eer iene peers 366 
Wereus, triansularviss see ees ee 453 
Chaetoechloa lutescens:--.-22..-.-- 451 
Chaetochloa verticillata................ 451 
Gharpentieral 22.25.22 eweeeeees 343 
Charpentiera obovata ............ 114, 116 
@MWENOPO MUI eek eeeeeee a ceeewesneeese eee 359 
@ninia), AISCGr 25-2 ---5 oo ieee eens eeenaee 452 
@hin\e Ser cab Dae ei eee ener 3 
@heirodendnomy fee 6 
Cheirodendron gaudichaudii ........ 118, 
116. 
Chrysanthemum hortorum............ 458 
Sil Gir meeseee ene seere ee 60, 61, 62, 64 
Gibotium) chamissor = 61 
@ibotiumy MenNAVESI s22------ee 61, 62 
Cirsium lanceolata see 11 
ORE US 316, 318, 455, 456, 458 
Clermontia coerulea ................ 114, 116 
@lenodenGrons wee eee 452 
Clerodendron squamatum............ 316 
Callistephus chinensis............-......- 452 
(QING Hoy CSN eee ee cceeoceeees Repent See 451 
Coconut........ HOF Si 186, 198, 3475 Soll, 
386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 442. 
@olkeayear abi Cae eee 455 
Coffee eee i 19, 434, 436, 455 
Coix lacryma-jobi (Job’s tears) 451 
WOmIpO Sitar .<< es ssccsce ee ceee oes cere 3 
WOPLO SINAN een -seseee eee eee 93 
Coprosma ernodeoides............ 102, 115, 
Talay, alse}. 
Coprosma montana.......... aly. alates, able 
Wordia SUbGCOrGatals:: 22-22 eee 358 
CON SLON OFSHIS Yor cet cere n eee ee eects 452 
Conn PNG. MUS N85, Bot 2Kseeado: 


308, 407, 451, 458. 
Crotalaria incana 





(GO STUN Sie ee ears cree 200, 204 
(CORtOME ee eee 185, 316, 452, 453 
(Gy eNO} Fa GS ee ne een bee tne 451 
Creperomiyntle 5 eee eee 451 
COTS OOS pc eee oe one oe ae eae here eee eee 316 
@ CM Gr ee oe ee ee 361 
Cwm mIMb ST! “VAMC Sh sees ee eee eens 392 
CUCU Se eee ee 452 
Cuphea hy Ssopimolray 22sec 452 
OAT C Ghia snes ne es eee ee 114 
Cyanea aculeatifiora .............. Ne alate 
Cyanea hammatiflora ............ 114, 117 
Cyanea tritomantha .............. 114, 117 
Cy manraeS COMM Sie oes ee ee 456 
CynodoneGactylon “22. 2. 310 
Cyperus rotundus (nut-grass).... 189 
C@yrtandras.--- Ohi, Alibee abile{5 lols alata. 
IU (, 
Cyrtandra mauiensis........ Walsy, alales ata be 
CONE a0 0 USS eae rence NEN eee en rina 114 
Cyathodes tameiameiae ................ Wily 


XXIV 


DPatunra StLamMoniuimMe ee 453, 456 








Deschampsia australis............ 116, 117 
Desmodium uncinatum.................. 452 
Dianellay OG OVA ha eee eee 33 
Dodonaea ee 96, 1138, 117, 445 
Dodonaea ViScosa.. 2. abe abbey 
Dolichos Valp=lalbyses- eee 342, 453 
Dryopteris parasitica...................... 59 
DD alae Pay ee iy alley 
Dubautia plantaginea.............. iba. alike 
Hehinoehloay vemuisea) limes 451 
ey plemipe ee: oe Sh0 8 i ae ee ee eee 452 
Elaphoglossum gorgonum.......... 60, 63 
MATE TACT eeeece te 60 
reticulatum........ 59, 60, 63, 64 
squamosum - 
IPE WISE en Ot @alessee ee ee 
Eragrostis.......... 25 TU, TOW, alae 
Eragrostis atropioides ............ Takes a by¢ 
Bragrostis variabilis -.............. 116, 117 
ISTE Chtites.--- ee ee 451, 452 
EO CUA Gl CU ben ral Ul eeeeee eee 458 
ry thininay Werbaic eae ss--e sees 297 
Seay esyate ere TN ee Ta Ol ele ee 298 
Erythrina monosperma .......... 1825 2977 
TD TOUCR YOY OREWIST Seeecece sees cocetseeeeneete 19, 1938 
Eupatorium macrophylla _............ 9 
IByup hor biases L428) lal 2 ie 3 
Euphorbia celastroides............ laley alates 
Euphorbia hookeri integrifolia, 
Be Rae A GES oS nals. abil 
Buphonbial joie ces. 453 
DENSA OS ee re cee ely HO take CE) 
d SBI CAD oN ae AR Ee Pee eee cere BO Ce 459 
Ficus bengalensis........ Polo wollos4oo 
OLCUS Po CAT CaS ae seer ae ee 315 
LCS male op liv) aes eee 304 
ICUS eRe tS apse ee sce cee 5 
Ficus rubiginosa 200, 304, 343 
dE Sa se ee as een Be elt a er 303 
Titers MY Woneveie(oy ay 1S {sl \ie oe ae eee 12 
TER OSROM EEUU EUS Siete rere eee, coer ee 451 
reyeinetias AGwNOtL 2. inlays alale/ 
Gaiillan dia, ester oe ee & pepe ie il) 
Gardeniierop See eta ee ee Bi} 
Geranium arboreum.................. rake h es a lalieg 
GUITMROT ecs cece Re Se ce re 351 
Gnaphalivnnies ee pee oe 454 
Gnaphalium purpureum............... 451 
GOOSE WET AS Steers rene eee eee ee 451 
Gossypium barbadense, see 
cotton. 
Gouldiay elongata... 115 
Grannies Ste ee ee et & ee 
Granadillas 
Grass-houses 
Gras Sete ete se ee 
Guatemala eras see eee ene 451 
(CRORE Ee Sac cee eee es OS SESGa lp woo! 
Gunnera petaloidea —_............... an Te ela Lei 
ee TB ee ho Cie EOE ee eS AE Se 8,4 182 
EVM ra tis GSMA NULLS eee eee 452 





Wea “ieee © lilies 


EAD) ES GUIS tecevavacsscesecneres 186, 316, 409, 452 





PRbISCUS ATNOLURANUS coccce-ce-eec-e cose 454 
Hibiscus youngianus...................... 8, 29 
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.......-.:.........- 452 
EAC) ESP ons rose ac vacances scott case ceereeeee 18, 19 
ETO PVE CBs eoccstescerecceeeeered toarceee eeeeatee 452 
EV ACIING I, WOAM) cossccccersnchen ees eseaeee 453 
LUE KEYS Gi rh 2S Re i le eRe apa 18, 376 
Ilima (see Sida). 
Indigofera suffruticosa .................. 453 
Th G¥=¢2 1 ERD bot b 0 f: Raper ee men re scene eRe a Beer 464 
| Bg = Yalan *(( =) oto i ee te mn RO ie 464 
Ipomoea pentaphylia ...... 113; day, 452 
PKOra MACrOUMY Sas. -cecc-cceene-csene 452, 455 
AG} OSI ey: Wh of | sie an eas Oe eee 451 
UNC US SP ee ee eye 196 
Kadua glomerata ..........2.-.....- LU5, 117 
1-62) [Ce apse Ree Ene oe es ae ae 454, 456 
Klu (see Acacia farnesiana). 
1 Of haces ent nee mae Eee 29, 193, 360 
(See also Acacia Koa.) 
J Eo fs eo 010 6 x Ea Re i, a ee See 202 
1 Ca fel S22 0 LAR Ae nae ae ae 342 
Kou tree (see Cordia subcor- 
data.) 
IGUUE DN ayy i9 (ede ie = ee Ae ae eee 187 
PANG EUG alge SS GAUTLO ledere oeescesceesaecsts, 458 
Lagerstroemia indica.................... 451 


Lantana....10, 18, 15, 30, 81, 182, 186, 
187, 261, 263, 304, 361, 422. 


Maiev GENT a ae pee pce asnce anaes 263 
ID (S10 0%) hy 3c eee oe ee 22 
IUVEFEDNGEKENSD AaRe ete aerate ee i 316, 318 
WS SUIT OSC een ee ese aoe ec cskeek cece 342 
Lethe) SY) 0 Sj ae see alee i es Se Si i ae ae 446 
1 G5 ofoYs} arr 2% = Nae nee oe ie en ee 96 
Lipochaeta subcordata.......... 114, 117 
TEAL OS geen wee SE alee shale} 
LOS KIS Vayu dll a} pa aa 9e ales oe deel sear 313 
liv hoa ¥e 1) }] (S419 0 as ee a ee 352 
LBs hel at eae ee pees Se 187 
1 ERO) Of=} hE pater a tereeee os let See is nn i: an In hg 
Loulu palm, see Pritchardia. 
TU eh 08 eee eee ee 96 
WEIL G Fe Th ga ke Natt 9) I eerie eae a 344 
IY Teh COL Sy cel OFZ Nb at fe) 1) g eee ee 316 
VEZ NZATSS «oe see Sen ce ee eee eee 116, 118 
Malva parviflora.......................- 452, 458 
Malvastrum coromandelinum...... 452 
Mamake tree (see Pipturus 
albidus). 
MAME Arera, INGICHl oo. occcccc coccececnenee 455 
IE) 020 te 13, 316, 349, 455 
WEAMIENIC LTASS ee ee ccsseccennceie 19 
Marattia  GOvSIaSSi.. occ. c.ccc.- csencnacnn 62 
IMIS Hig Fao) Ka lf Se se eens SP ie ee 452 
Medicago denticulata..........000000...... 453 
IWEGTVO SIG CTO Ss... cccsscceecosceccc-neenses 166, 296 
Metrosideros collina polymor- 
RCA weet ther open anes eee aks cseuca ee 112 
Metrosideros polymorpha......112, 117 


XXV 


MI@KIGAN CYreCPeP......2.cc.c0.c0-.0c0eeceen eee Ata, 
Microlepia strigosa.......................... 63 
NVI Se CO mace. hoes c eee oc ae econ sansa 278 
1 Ro} ECE) a 10 EF eee eae ieee see Conte ct 359 
WVEOTIK Gy 0 Glo oie see messes a cee caeaanaw aves 34 
I epee (opel SY iye pa fegees eee me eae 12, 348 
Morning glory vine..................-......- 33 
11% a5) 6 Tyas bb epee se neler ee ne Perle se J 342 
IWS Seg sacaccece sccctoncup at oh acess onsets 193, 363 
Mucuna gigantea...................... sb ls yuee bly 
Mucuna sp. near urene.................. 453 
ING VINDEN. ees cc tocetn es scetcsecestavcned 315 
14 (60 teen een Shee = pee a ha, Aeon Oe re 342 
Myoporum sandwicense................ 184 
Naenae (see Dubautia). 
SINAN) eee ee oe aa ie eect eee ID) 
Neraudia melastomaefolia ......... 295 
UNS UIGINITINS | ere noes ee cee ee eae 275 
Nephrolepis exaltata........ 635, 1b Ue 
INGCO GRAINS SUNG eee eee eneeeree 346 
Night-blooming Cereus.................. 453 
Norfolk Island pine:.=-...---=-...-- 460 
INTE OOS Sees cees ences ne. nee 189, 317, 362 
[O62] Fc OR Be Nr Ce en Ree 193 
CB ab ke Weal (oa ib Fae eee ee ee se eRe cn REE 369 
CO a Ce Balt 0) (3) = See ee ee ee n=T Peon 
O15 WS¥E Ts 010 lt =) eee eres A ere eye nmc ee 437 
(OR AIVE Cheer oes narc rowers Ziee2oeesOk, 450 
(O)} cle) 606 (a igeeee eeenemene Perr Sere ie ceinerte erence 459 
OvyZar Sativa» (LICC) eee nce see ceene 455 
OsmantiSs ee ees 92, 93, 113 
Osmanthus sandwicensis........ 93° 195; 
2. ae 
Pailin ee oO oom On 
PANN GANAS) eee o eterna 321, 342 
Pandanus odoratissimus.............. 32k 
Wa Sie: .. 2. eerere soe e sean esr eee eee 457 
) 242 0 Rar: Jenene erecta e 202, 361, 391, 456 
Paulownia imperialis...................... 188 
Paumakani (see Eupatorium 
macrophylla). 
BES ay ee Oe Cs en rl en ee me 33 
EYE Tylon ¢ gD UY ay emcee eet ere he 451 
MPG AS) Soren cree ccc eece sees eer oe ee ecb van 341 
Pele ag c.n3- ee ee ee eee 94, 117, 454 
Pennisetum glaucum...................... 451 
ert ree aera: os heeeeree ee cativeonena 452 
Persea gratissSima (see avo- 
cado). 
IPRASCOVUS) “SP Diccceccccccecsceees-o=--=vanavsueve 453 
FPN GLO DUCTUS ac--csese cee acer 63 
FRINVITOSTACINY'S! eecesetesess co ereeeneceeserenere 454 
Phyllostegia.......... 94, 99, 113, 115, 117 
Phyllostegia grandiflora............... 457 
Phyllostegia racemosa.......... ni ES yy ata ler 
Physalis’ peruviana......-.-:.-.--......-.. 457 
PIs eon) PGal...-cscccr 199, 356, 423, 453 
1) hot RE oe ee COR ee Pe 16 
Pineapple........ 4° 12, $2) 72; 1995 Siz, 
351, 357,° 362, 393, 397, 424. 


Pink and white showev.................. 452 

Piper Mle MY StiC WM cere c-eeen eee 8 

Pipturus......14, 96, 115, 181, 294, 295, 
296. 

PUP EUS paL VOUS eee nee eee eee IDE 885 

Pittosporum glabrum.................----- 454 

Pisonia 2 







Plum 
Plumieria rubra.... 
Poha 









TETON i OVOKS DHRU CT Spoceene rete ennoeeeenecerese-eoeeeccs- 

Polypodium lineare.............-------.-..- 458 
Polypodium spectrum...................- 59 
Poly OMe ae nee Cyn al, Alar 
IPOIME STAM ACC years eee ee seeaeeeee 316 
Potatoes) 22s eee 290, 458 
Portulaca oleracea.............-..---- 453, 458 
iPritchardia-- scott alii Zi) 
Prosopis) sulitomare.: een --ee- ee 358 
TEASE Sa ee he eece seca ee roneer ee ee beerre coseeceee 60, 61 
PTE GI Shel See Se neee eeeee eee 59 
PUTS Cesare eee eee eee t2, of 
IPO OY OY Sa ae See etter eeec eres eece se ema meeoe 392 
Raiililardiay sess 3, 99, 443 
Raillardia ciliolata.......... 114, 115, 118 
Raillardia menziesii................ Vinlsys als 
Raillardia platyphyllum........ 115, 118 
Iselin esliay, CCW 09 oF ec ees ssseee see ala lay alilts) 
Ravenalla (traveler’s palm)...... 321 
HERG ences eet ne 72, 79, 318, 423, 455 
AVUGIMUSRSOC GS: scce-seeee oe ae eee eee 279 
Rollandia ssranGiilonrarceces see 112 
ROS Bi eee coco ts nce eg ea alee eae eaeeepene sneer 368 
FUOS Cr eee pene 11, 425, 455, 456, 458 
SERN Ge oe eee secs Secs an 2: sense 96, 115, 118 
Saccharum officinarum (see 

sugar cane). 
Sadileriavs ses eee 8. 1655, Taaeeeres 
Sadleria cyatheoides.......... 62, 63, 64 
Sal GS 2.2 secees se eeeeces eee ee 17, 360 
SHWee ety, wt a\o GWG ey see ereer, conereeceerechteecre 80 
Scaevola chamissoniana........98, 112, 
118, 454. 

SIT Siac ae en ees 438 
SSYOUITE) Of] oe cae Benet eeee Bere ee em aeacet eee 454 
Scirpus maritimus.......... 407, 451, 454 
Say 0 FEW epee cee eee seen RECEP EPEEE 18, 455 
Sesbania grandiflora........................ 354 
Sesbania. tomentosa-...-...:----2---------- 118 
Sicamal Od omihe rales see eeeease oe eee 14 
Sid anew. San sane 33, 112; 118) 353 
Sida wGomdifol ies 2-ceceenceeeeee e-news 184, 453 
Svolaerlvonmpitoliay ce... -cccceeee-ee-teseeeee 453 
Si@enOxsylOm se.cte eee ew nee-e-casceores inlA alle) 
STS ea pee a sarc te eee coaes 317, 344 
Smilax sandwicensis...............- Halle alge; 
Solanum melongena.............--....---- 452 
Solanum nodiflorum........................ 452 


Xxvi 











Solidaleoy ce ee 
Solidago. junCea lc ee 
SOlMaszO) LWGOS Ae ese 
Som Chis) er ace seenc ae eee 
Sonchus oleraceus.......... 
Sophora chrysophylla 
SOLS WU ese eee 
SOUrSOW) cote eee ee eee 
Sporobolus  22---6:--c- eee eee eee 
RSX TUS) ape Re ee a eee eee rere 
Stachytarpheta dichtotoma.......... 452 
Stenogyne kamehamehae...... inlay, Hale 
Siterculliay wrems:c---c eee eee nee 315 
StrauSs las een eee 14, 18, 454 
StraliwiPerrilesie ccc ea eee 458 
Strongylodon lucidium....114, 115, 118 
SUT (TAS Sie ceccee noe cecceene eee es 451 
Sugar cane....2, 4, 10, 19, 26, 29, 103, 
Tale alate ANG. ale alee ale tae 
N99) 1302) Sl2) oils s olson: 
356, 361, 385, 386, 387, 407, 
425, 428, 435, 448, 451, 452. 
SumOwer -..252-- oes eeeee 452 
SUWttomia eset eee 93, 94, 96, 118 
Suttonia sandwicensis...92, 112, 118 
Siwieet) pote tones ease eee 
Sweet potato blossoms.................. 350 
Sweet, “AllyiSSUnae 22: s cles ete eeness 196 
Syntherisma pruriens................ 451 
Syntherisma sanguinalis.............. 451 
Soy i a tates eee cence ae eee 368 
Magenes CUO Ci aeeces cere renee arene 452 
1 BE 0 ee ea ee ne eee de REE 361, 392, 452 
Tetramolopium humile_........ 113, 118 
MMNPStley tee Cee ho ee eee 278 
Thuya occidentalis... 450 
PEST ayn CUS cate ses steers tener eet 397, 402 
Tobacco + 346 
Touchardia latifolia................ 114, 118 
Md DS ets YS 1 US) 0) Us eeepc eee asec 60, 61, 62, 359 
MyripwMlws; CiStOi@eSse.--.c---.-- == === 455 
Tripsacum laxum....... ee Se 451 
BTSUNST NL See es ALS SS cs see eee eee = 451 
ina e WR era ey see se ease ee 368 
WUnera Sand wicensis.-.-----— 114, 118 
Vigna cylindrica (cowpea).......... 453 
OVaITUC A a SCA erenee cere eee ene eae 452 
Vincentia angustifolia-........... 116, 118 
WWAL Ol are 0 OT eee eee eas 458 
Wii ola GiGol oystescces te eee 457 
VAIO) (=) ee rae Oe Pe sore ener eee 457, 458 
Waltheria americana.............. 452, 453 
Wiliwili (see Erythrina mono- 
sperma). 
Wonder forage graSSs..........---------- 451 
Dara haibheak: Vit ences ceemenneseen cere -eeaaceconer 423 
Zea mays (see corn). 
AINE Ai we le NTU S eee eee ee eset reas 452 


ERRATA IN VOLUME V. 


Proceedings Hawaiian Entomological Society 


The following errors have been discovered, and should be cor- 
rected in the text: 


line 12, for “4” read “40”. 

line 20, for “Perkin’s” read ‘Perkins’ ”’. 

line 32 of Table, for “(3) 177; (4) 302; (5) 409” 
tread,» (3)) 177,302, 409". 

line 35, tor “(5)” read “(G6)”. 

lines 31 and 32 for “(Kookolau)“ read ‘(Kokolau)”’. 
line 3 from bottom, for “Coelophoria” read ‘“Coelo- 
phora”. 


_ line 12 from bottom, for “10 males’ read “10 


females’. 

add to footnote “type of molokaiensis’’. 

line 4, for “quinquemaculata” read “quinquefasciata”’. 
line 28, for “Tabinia’ read “Tambinia’. 

line 27, for “Spingolabis” read “Sphingolabis”. 

line 6, for “Ophthalomomyia”’ read “O phthalmomyia”’. 
line 10, for “orbiculatus Gyll.” read “orbiculus 
(Gyll.)”’. 

line 14, for “twice as long as wide” read “twice as 
wide as long”. 


, line 30, for “Choetospila” read “Chaetospila’’. 


> 


delete line 23, “Hypergonatopus sp.” 


, delete line 37, “Pachyneuron siphonophorae”. 


delete line 42, “Aphycus alberti”. 


, delete line 43, “Aphycus claviger”. 


XXvil 











VoL. V, No. 1 OCTOBER, 1922 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


HAWAITAN 
ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY 


FOR THE YEAR 1921 


HONOLULU, HAWAII 
PRICE 75 CENTS 





OFFICERS 1921 


| ahe2 02) 07 ODS A LRN RO He RIGOR Uee VC eC GK P. H. TIMBERLAKE 
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ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF Ue NIRS ae W. M. GIFFARD 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE F. MUIR 
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MEMBERSHIP 1921 


Bridwell, J. C. Munro, J. 

Bryan, E. H., Jr. *Newell, Bro. Matthias 
Bryan, W. A. Osborn, H. T. 
Carter, G. R. Pemberton, C. E. 
Crawford, D. L. *Perkins, R. C. L. 
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Giffard, W. M. *Sharp, D. 
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Muir, F. Williams, F. X. 


* Honorary Members. 


All correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary, Hawaiian 
Entomological Society, Honolulu, Hawaii, from whom copies of the Pro- 
ceedings may be purchased. 


Volume I of the Proceedings, for 1905-07 (in five numbers), contains 
210 pages, 4 plates, and 5 text figures. 

Volume II, 1908-12 (in five numbers), contains 311 pages, 7 plates, 
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Volume III, 1913-1917 (in five numbers), contains 500 pages, 8 plates 
and 6 cuts. 

Volume IV, 1918-1920 (in three numbers), contains 610 pages, 10 
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Price per volume, $2.00. Price of any single number of Volume I-III, 
50 cents. Price of any single number of Volume IV, 75 cents. 


Se ee eS 


PRO’ BED ULN.G-sS 


OF THE 


Hawaiian Entomological Society 








Wor: V, No. 1. For THE YEAR 1921. OcrToser, 1922. 








JANUARY -6th,, 1921. 


The 184th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held in the entomological laboratory of the experiment 
station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Presi- 
dent Timberlake presiding. Other members present: Messrs. 
Giffard, Ehrhorn, Muir, Osborn and Whitney, and Dr. L. O. 
Kunkel, visitor. 

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Osborn was appointed 
Secretary pro tem. 

The minutes of previous meeting were read and approved 
with corrections. 

The Executive Committee reported the selection of Mr. 
Muir as Librarian, Mr. Timberlake, Custodian of Collections, 
and Mr. Swezey, Editor for 1921. 

The resignation of the Secretary, Mr. Fullaway, was re- 
ceived, he being absent on foreign insect work. Mr. Willard 
was elected to fill the vacancy for the balance of the year. 


PAPERS READ. 


“Observations on Xylocopa and Lithurgus (Hymenoptera).” 
BY W. M. GIFFARD. 


“Synonomy of the Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa varipuncta 
(Hymenoptera).” 
BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Mr. Muir exhibited some specimens of weevils that had 
been determined by Dr. Marshall of the British Museum, from 


2 


specimens sent him by Mr. Swezey, and read Dr. Marshall’s 
letter in regard to them. The species were as follows: 


Stenommatus musae, recently described by Dr. Marshall 
from the specimens sent by Mr. Swezey, collected by him in 
banana corms at Kaimuki and thought to be an immigrant, but 
according to Dr. Marshall, not necessarily to be considered as 
an introduced species. 


Stenotrupis sp., a small Cossonid which has been found a 
few times in sugar cane on Oahu. It is not represented in 
the British Museum, and is probably undescribed. 


Lithurgus albofimbriatus Sich. (Megachilidae) and Xylo- 
copa varipuncta.—Mr. Giffard exhibited portions of a tree- 
trunk fence post, collected at Waimea, Oahu, December 27, 
1920, showing channels and cocoons constructed by Lithurgus, 
and Xylocopa; also a cut section of the same post about 2% 
feet long and 8 inches in diameter from which, in 7 days, 19 
males and 25 females of Lithurgus and 22 males and 27 females 
of Xylocopa issued. Also were exhibited slide mounts of mouth 
parts and genital organs of both sexes of Lithurgus. 


Alphitobius piceus—Mr. Giffard exhibited a number of 
these Tenebrionid beetles taken from the above sections of fence 
post. 


New Miscogasterid—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited a_ single 
specimen of a parasite reared by Mr. Swezey from flower 
heads of Dubautia collected on Mt. Kaala, Oahu, September 26, 
1920. A large number of Tephritis dubautiae Bryan were 
reared from these flower heads, but there was only one speci- 
men of the parasite, which is a new species of the Miscogas- 
teridae, and is also a representative of an undescribed genus. 
As no other insects were reared from the material, the host 
of the parasite is probably the Tephritis that issued so abun- 
dantly. So far as known, no other Miscogasterid has been 
reared in these islands (except the common introduced To- 
mocera), although the family is one of the few groups of the 
Chalcidoidea represented in the endemic fauna. The species 
are rather numerous and fall into several genera, but speci- 
mens are infrequently met with, and the accumulation of mate- 


3 


rial becomes a slow process. Mr. Timberlake also exhibited 
another specimen strictly congeneric with Mr. Swezey’s, which 
he collected from a Raillardia tree on Haleakala, Maui, at an 
elevation of about 5800 feet, July 22, 1919. The association 
of this unnamed genus with Compositae is therefore more 
assured, and this is easily explained if the species are really 
parasitic in Tephritis, as species of the latter breed in the 
flower heads of both Dubautia and Raillardia. 


Insects on Chinese cabbage—Mr. Whitney exhibited three 
species of insects intercepted in quarantine, on Chinese cabbage 
from San Francisco. 

Syrphidae: Melanostoma stegnum (Say) and Syrphus sp. 

Anthomyiidae: Phorbia fusciceps (Zett.), commonly known 
as the seed-corn maggot. 


PE BRUARY 3, 1921. 


The 185th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the H. S. P. A., with 
Mr. Timberlake presiding. Other members present were 
Messrs. Crawford, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Muir, Osborn, Swezey, 
Whitney, and Willard. Mr. T. L. Bissell and Dr. L. O. Kunkel 
were visitors. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were approved as read 
and corrected. 

Mr. Swezey gave an interesting report on his attendance 
of the meetings of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, American Association of Economic Entomolo- 
gists, and Entomological Society of America, held at Chicago 
University, December 27 to 31, 1920. 

Mr. T. L. Bissell was nominated for active membership in 
the Society. 

NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Mitrastethus bituberculatus (Fabr.)—Mr. Swezey exhibited 
a specimen of this weevil, identified by Dr. Marshall of the 
British Museum, who stated that it was a New Zealand species. 
A letter from Commander J. J. Walker, President of the 


_ Entomological Society of London, states that he has found this 


Vv 


4 


insect very commonly in several localities in the North and 
South islands of New Zealand. Also, that it appears to be 
practically confined to the native and imported conifers, occur- 
ring under the bark and in the decaying wood of old logs, 
and not in the living tree. It is the weevil from rotten wood, 
mentioned on pages 374 and 382 of Proceedings Haw. Ent. 
Soc, lle Non Selo ls: 


Metamasius ritchiet Marshall—Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited a 
specimen of this pineapple weevil, which came from Jamaica. 
He stated that it does extensive damage to the fruits, stems, 
and the roots of pineapple plants, and that a living larva of 
this species had been found in some pineapple plants that were . 
imported into Honolulu from Mexico. 


Gitonides perspicax Knab.—Mr. Timberlake exhibited four 
specimens of this Drosophilid, reared from a mealy bug on 
sugar cane at Halifax, Queensland, by Mr. Muir in March and 
April, 1920. The species is apparently widely distributed, as 
Knab records it from Manila, Philippine Islands, and Pusa, 
India, as well as from Honolulu. Mr. Muir states that it 
occurs in Java. 

Itoplectis immigrans 'Timb.—Mr. Timberlake called to at- 
tention that Dr. Perkins, in a recent letter to the Experiment 
Station, states that this “is the species which I referred to in 
the Fauna as commonplace—no doubt without justification, but 
at the same time the only species of the subfamily I had spe- 
cially studied were the fine ‘Rhiyssa’ group and other con- 
spicuous tropical things, and I must have been thinking of these 
at the time. Of this J/toplectis, I took a female with much 
broken wings in 1901 in Honolulu. This differs from several 
later caught ones (1904) in having only the small apical seg- 
ment black and the propodeum reddish, but it is clearly the 
same species. It is even possible it may have become darker 
since its introduction.” 

In another letter, Dr. Perkins mentioned that he had once 
seen this species in large numbers, and curious enough all his 
specimens except one were from Oahu. 

Mr. Timberlake remarked that the species must have be- 
come much rarer in recent years on Oahu, as it has not been 


found recently, although much collecting of Hymenoptera has 
been done by Fullaway, Bridwell, Williams, and others. He 
also remarked that it is possible that some of the introduced 
Hymenoptera do become darker after being in the Islands for 
a period of years, and this is possibly the case also in Cremastus 
hymeniae Viereck., some specimens of which have considerable 
black on the thorax. But it is rather unsafe to generalize on 
the subject as the insects may vary to the same extent in their 
native habitat. 


MARCE 3, 1921. 


The 186th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, with President 
Timberlake presiding. Other members present were Messrs. 
3issell, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Muir, Osborn, Swezey, and Willard. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. T. L. Bissell was elected to active membership in the 
Society. 

PAPERS READ. 
“Insects Attacking Ferns in the Hawaiian Islands.” 
BY O. H. SWEZEY. 


“Insect Collecting in Zero Weather in Illinois.” 
BY 0. H. SWEZEY. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 





Dermestes vulpinus damaging lead lining of acid-tank. 
Mr. Timberlake exhibited specimens and the work of this 
Dermestid. These were brought in by Mr. C. C. James, man- 
ager of the Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company. The dam- 
age was done by the larvae, which bored their way between 
the wooden work beneath the tank and the lead lining, in 
preparation of their pupal chambers. In many instances they 
had gnawed grooves in the lead, and had in a few cases per- 
forated the lining so that the tank had to be relined. 


Insects from figs of Ficus retusa at Hongkong, China.— 
Mr. Timberlake exhibited 22 species of chalcid-flies, all reared 
from figs of Ficus retusa collected by Mr. Fullaway at Hong- 


6 


keng in January, 1921. These are divided into several distinct 
groups: First, a species of Agaonidae, the true caprifiér of the 
figs; second, a group of 6 species, representing 5 genera, which 
probably are all inquiline and forming galls of their own inside 
the figs. These do not fall at all well in any of the subfamilies 
cr tribes recognized by Ashmead, but numbers of the group 
probably were included by him under the Idarninae, although 
the more correct position apparently would be a new subfamily 
of the Callimomidae; third, 5 species of Idarninae, represent- 
ing 3 genera; fourth, 3 species of the genus Ormyrus; fifth, 
7 species of Decatoma. 


* Undetermined Cricket from Honolulu.—Mr. ‘Timberlake 
exhibited specimens of a small peculiar cricket found in rub- 
bish in old boxes stored in a shed at Kaimuki. ‘This species 
has been collected before, by Mr. Terry at Kekaha, Kauai 
(May, 1906), and about Honolulu, by Messrs. Ehrhorn and 
Swezey. 

** New Ichneumonmd.—Mr. Swezey exhibited specimens of 
an Ichneumonid recently collected by him in a weedy lot at 
Kaimuki, which is apparently a new immigrant here, not pre- 
viously recorded. 


Nesotocus giffardt—Mr. Swezey reported having seen bor- 
ings of this beetle in branches of a Cheirodendron tree on a 
ridge above Hauula. This is the farthest record for this weevil, 
and now makes its range extend throughout the whole Koolau 
mountains of Oahu. 


Ptinus villiger Reit—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of 
this beetle of the family Ptinidae, which was taken with three 
others from a box of butterflies at Rockford, Illinois. It is 
a museum pest which he had not seen before, and one which 
museum collections in the Hawaiian Islands are not troubled 
with. 

Kelisia paludum Wirk—Mr. Muir exhibited a specimen of 


* Cycloptiloides americanus (Sauss.), as determined later by Morgan 
Hebard. [Ed.] 

** Casinaria infesta (Cress.), as determined later by R. A. Cushman. 
[ Ed.] 


7: 


this insect from Jamaica, and remarked that this extends the 
distribution of this Hawatian species to the Atlantic. 
Machilis heteropus—Mr. Muir exhibited a specimen of 
Machilis heteropus, with drawings showing the likeness be- 
tween the first maxillae, palpus, mandibles, and antennae. 


APRIL, /th,-1921. 


The 187th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, with Mr. Timberlake in the chair. Other 
members present were Messrs. Bissell, Crawford, Ehrhorn, 
Muir, Osborn, Swezey, and Willard. Visitors present were 
Messrs. Geo. C. Roeding, a prominent fruit grower from 
meesno, GCaliforma; H.-L. Lyon, L. O. Kunkel, and E.L. 
Caum of the Hawaiian sugar planters experiment station, and 
©. C. Chock of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and 
Forestry. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Swezey reported that the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ 
Association had donated an additional $300 to the Society to 
help defray printing expenses. 

Upon motion of Mr. Crawford, it was voted that the secre- 
tary, upon receipt of the donation, write a letter to the Trus- 
tees of the H. S. P. A., expressing the appreciation and thanks 
of the Society. 

Upon motion of Mr. Muir, it was voted to suspend the 
regular program to enable Mr. Geo. C. Roeding to talk on 
fig insects. 

Mr. Roeding outlined the life history of the Blastophaga, 
gave an account of its introduction into California, and related 
interesting experiences and anecdotes connected with his trip 
to Smyrna, undertaken to investigate the habits of Blastophaga, 
and the methods of caprification employed there by the natives. 


JUNE 2d, 1921. 
The 188th meeting of the Society was held in the entomo- 
logical laboratory of the Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., with 
President Timberlake presiding. Other members present: 


8 


Messrs. Ehrhorn, Muir, Fullaway, Bissell, Osborn, Swezey, 
Crawford, and Wilder. 
Minutes of previous meeting were read and approved. 


PAPER READ. 
“A New Hawaiian Delphacid (Homoptera).” 
BY F. MUIR. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Ischiogonus sp.—Mr. Muir exhibited specimens of this 
parasite of the Australian fern weevil (Syagrius fulvitarsis), 
sent by Mr. Pemberton from New South Wales, Australia. 
Cocoons of the parasite arrived on May 21, and since then 
4 females and 30 males have issued. Most of them have been 
liberated on Mt. Tantalus, where there are Sadleria ferns 
infested with the weevil. 

Mitrastethus bituberculatus and Dryophthorus distinguen- 
dus.—Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited these two weevils obtained from 
the wood of propagating boxes. The former is a New Zealand 
beetle and was found in the sound wood; the latter was in‘the 
retted wood. 

Vanessa callirhoea—Mr. Swezey exhibited a set of wings 
of this butterfly sent him by Mr. Charles E. Hempel from 
Funchal, Madiera Islands. They have markings more nearly 
like Vanessa tammeamea than has any other species. Each 
species is similarly confined to an isolated group of islands, 
which are separated by many thousand miles. 

Plaiyedra goss\piella—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of 
the pink boll-worm moth reared from the seed capsule of 
Flibiscus youngianus collected by Mr. McEldowney, April 1, 
1921, on the ridge at Waimalu, Oahu. 

Vanessa tammeamea.—Mr. Swezey stated that Mr. Caum 
reported to him the finding of 6 chrysalids of this butterfly 
attached to the leaves of the awa (Piper methysticum) in 
Pukoo Valley, Molokai, February 15, 1921. Butterflies issued 
from 5 of the chrysalids, and a Chalcis obscurata from the 
remaining one. This is the first record of this as a host for 
this parasite. 


Frontina archippivora—Mr. Swezey reported rearing this 


9 


Tachinid fly from a chrysalis of Lycaena boetica in Kaimuki, 
March 19, 1921. It is the first record of this fly from this 
host. The maggot issued from the butterfly chrysalis March 
11, and the adult fly emerged from puparium March 19. 


Aloha ipomoeae.—Mr. Swezey reported that Dr. Lyon had 
handed him specimens of this leafhopper taken at light in his 
office at the Experiment Station, March 12, 1921. 


Hieroxestes omoscopa Meyrick—Mr. Swezey stated that 
in a letter from Mr. Meyrick, this name is given for the Tineid 
moth described as Opogona apicalis by Swezey in Bull. 6, 
=p. Staion, biyi aba sep. 1/, pl. IIE, hes..4, 5, 1909: 


Amaranth Jassid—Mr. Swezey reported taking this immi- 
grant Jassid on amaranth at Lahaina, Maui, May 20, 1921. 
This is the first record of its capture on any other island but 
Oahu, where it was first taken by Mr. Ehrhorn in October, 
1918, on Amarantus spinosus near his office on the waterfront 
in Honolulu. 


Oxacts collaris—Mr. Swezey reported this beetle as com- 
ing abundantly to lights at the waiting station at Pawaa Junc- 
tion, Honolulu. Sixty-five of them were counted running on 
the wooden walls near an electric light in a sheltered place, 
and sixteen were counted similarly near another light. 


Eupatorium macrophylla.— Mr. Swezey reported having 
found some clumps of this foreign weed growing up at the 
head of one of the valleys at Maunalua at the dry end of the 
island of Oahu, April 17, 1921. Some of them were in flower. 
This is the pest that has become so widely spread on the island 
of Maui, and is overrunning some of the cattle ranches on the 
upper slopes of Haleakala. It is called “paumakani’’ by the 
Tlawaiians. This patch of this weed was reported to the Terri- 
torial Forester, who has taken measures towards having the 
patch eradicated. 

Simplicia robustalis—Mr. Swezey reported rearing this 
moth from caterpillars which were quite abundant feeding on 
the dead leaves of chayote vine at Kilauea, Kauai, May 4, 
1921. The first record of this immigrant moth on that island. 

Telenomus.—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited two females of a 


10 


probably introduced species of Telenomus, apparently not 
hitherto recorded. The specimens were taken on windows, 
the first May 10, 1916, at Kaimuki, the other by Mr. Ehrhorn 
in Manoa Valley, March 29, 1921. It is easily distinguished 
from the rest of the Hawaiian species by its brown color. 

— Eulophus——Mr. Timberlake exhibited specimens of an in- 
troduced species of this genus, reared by Mr. Swezey from 
the lantana leaf-miner collected at Makaha, Oahu, March 27, 
1921. The species may be recognized by the extremely coarse 
reticulation of the scutellum, and by the entirely pale legs, in 
which characters it differs from all other Hawaiian Eulophidae. 

Flunterellus hookert Howard in India.—Mr. ‘Timberlake ex- 
hibited a series of females of this Encyrtid collected by Messrs. 
Fullaway and Ballard from a dog at Coimbatore, South India, 
_on February 20, 1921. Mr. Fullaway observed that the para- 
sites, when disturbed, did not fly or jump away more than 
a couple of inches, and directly returned to rest on the dog, 
much in the same manner that the horn-fly returns to its host 
after being disturbed. This Encyrtid is known to be parasitic 
in dog ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus and has been found 
previously in Texas, California, Mexico and Portuguese Fast 
Africa. 

Ox warble —Mr. Swezey reported observing the ox warble 
(Hypoderma lineata) on imported cattle at Kilauea and Lihue, 
Kauai, May 4, 1921. As many as half a dozen of the warbles 
were observed in the back of one cow. 

Draeculacephala mollipes—Mr. Osborn exhibited specimens 
cf this Jassid collected on small plant sugar cane at Ewa Plan- 
tation, Oahu, June 1, 1921. Fifteen indivdiuals were noticed 
on the cane in about two hours’ search. No immature stages 
were observed. 

Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited a collection of economic insects from 
Porto Rico. 

Clytus annularis Fab—Mr. Fullaway exhibited specimens 
of this Cerambycid beetle, received from Brother Matthias 
Newell of Hilo, with the information that it has established 
itself at Hilo, and can be readily obtained in dry bamboo. This 
beetle was taken in Honolulu as early as 1905. As but a single 


se 


11 


example was found on that occasion, in an insectary at the 
Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., where some sake tubs were 
stored, it was believed to have come from the Orient in the 
tubs. Brother Matthias states, however, that he collected the 
first specimen taken in the islands many years ago, the speci- 
men having been given to Dr. Perkins. The species has a 
wide distribution in the Orient, being recorded from India, 
Assam, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Malacca, Java, Timor, 
Molucca, Aru, New Guinea and Port Jackson, Australia. As 
far as can be ascertained, this is the first published record 
cf its presence in Hawaii. 

Micromus vinaceus.—Brother Matthias Newell of Hilo 
states in a letter to Mr. Fullaway that this introduced Aus- 
tralian lace-wing fly, which was liberated in Hilo in 1920, has 
become established and is active on plants infested with aphids. 


Insects Collected at Waimea, Hawati—Mr. Fullaway fur- 
nished a list of insects collected or observed at Waimea, Hawaii, 
in May, 1921, with notes on particular species, as follows: 


Eriopygodes euclidias. 
Cirphis unipuncta. 
Agrotis ypsilon. 
Agrotis dislocata. 
Agrotis crinigera. 
Spodoptera mauritia. 
Plusia chalcites. 
Lycaena blackburni. 
Pontia rapae. 
Omiodes accepta. 
Hymenia recurvalis. 
Amorbia emigratella. 
NEUROPTERA. 
Anomalochrysa_ sp. 


COLEOPTERA. 

Diachus auratus on rose-bushes. 

Pantomorus fulleri. 

Gonocephalum seriatum. 

Monocrepidius exsul. 

Coelophora inaequalis. 

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. 

Scymnus notescens. 

Hister bimaculatus under  ecow- 
dung. Other Histers not pres- 
ent. 

Philonthus scybalarius. 

Lispenodes hawaiiensis. 

Aphodius lividus. 

HEMIPTERA. 

Oechalia grisea. 


Chrysopa microphya. 
HyMENOPTERA. 


Nysius sp. 
Siphanta acuta. 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Anosia erippus. 
Herse cingulata. 
Vanessa atalanta. 
Vanessa cardui. 
on Cirsium lanceolatum so-called 
Seoteh thistle. 


Apis mellifica. 

Polistes sp. 

Sceliphron caementarium. 
Crabro sp. 

Odynerus sp. 

Chaleis obscurata. 
Echthromorpha fuscator. 
Ichneumon koebelei. 


12 


Ichneumon purpuripennis. Allograpta obliqua. 
Bassus laetatorius. Frontina archippivora. 
Angitia hawaiviensis. Chrysomyia dux. 
Pheidole megacephala. Sarcophaga pallinervis. 
Trichogramma sp. Stomorhina pleuralis. 
DIPTERA. Lyperosia irritans. 
Psychoda sp. Musca domestica. 
Eristalis tena. SIPHONAPTERA. 
Xanthogramma grandicornis. Saxcopsylla gallinacea. 


JULY 7th, 1921. 


The 189th meeting of the Society was held in the usual 
place, President Timberlake presiding. Other members pres- 
‘ent: Messrs. Bissell, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Grinnell, 
Muir, Swezey and Wilder, and Dr. Kunhi Kannan of Banga- 
lore, India, visitor. 

In the absence of the secretary, Mr. Swezey was appointed 
secretary pro tem. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved, 
with a few corrections. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


ee Amblyteles purpuripennis—Mr. Fullaway reported that 
specimens of this Ichneumon forwarded to the U. S. National 
Museum for determination, have been identified with purpuri- 
pennis (Cresson), a California species, by Mr. Cushman. This 
is one of the species introduced by Mr. Koebele about twenty- 
five years ago, probably at the same time that koebelei was 
introduced. 

Buprestid larva—Mr. Ehrhorn reported finding Buprestid 
larvae in bamboo, imported from Japan, at a Japanese store, 
the bamboo being so much eaten as to be readily crushed. 

Pleistodontes froggatti—Mr. Muir reported the establish- 
ment of this fig wasp on the Moreton Bay fig tree at Emma 
Square. A large number of the insects were liberated on the 
tree in February, and just recently a crop of figs has matured 
on the tree for the first time in its history, and when the fallen 
figs were examined they were found to have the exit holes 
where the insects had issued. 

Nitidulid beetles in pineapples—Mr. Crawford called atten- 


13 


tion to the problem that the pineapple companies have with 
this beetle in the canneries. Great numbers of the beetles 
come in with the pineapples from the fields, and have become 
a nuisance by getting into the open cans of pineapples before 
they are sealed up. It is reported that the finding of these in 
cans on being opened in the States has given rise to stories 
of young cockroaches being found in Hawaiian canned _ pine- 
apples. The canneries are greatly concerned in preventing the 
beetles from getting into the cans. Mr. Fullaway reported hav- 
ing advised the companies in regard to methods of preventing 
the production of these beetles where they have increased so 
greatly on account of the pineapple refuse from the canneries 
which has been hauled to the fields for use as fertilizer. Lim- 
ing of refuse piles has been tried to prevent the breeding of 
the beetles in this refuse. 


Lantana insects—There was a general discussion of the 
work of the introduced lantana insects and the effect that they 
have had on checking the lantana, and comparisons were made 
of the present conditions of the lantana with its much greater 
abundance at the time these insects were introduced from 
Mexico in 1902. The discussion was introduced by Dr. Kunhi 
Kannan of Bangalore, India, who stated that lantana had be- 
come established some time ago in India and that it is now 
spread throughout the country. He has been on an extended 
tour of Europe and the United States, having spent a year 
in study for the Doctor’s degree at Leland Stanford Univer- 
sity, and now on returning home was desirous of taking with 
him some of the lantana insects to try establishing them in 
India. He particularly wished to try the Agromyzid fly whose 
maggot feeds in the berries. 


Sternochaetus mangiferae—Mr. Swezey exhibited three 
pupae of the mango weevil taken from a seed of a mango on 
which thirty-one egg-punctures were counted on the surface of 
the fruit when it ripened and fell from the tree June 6. He 
stated that egg-punctures had been observed numerous on 
many of the mangoes, but on examination of the seeds usually 
not more than two weevils were found to have developed in 
each seed. In three instances only had he found as many as 


14 


three weevils per seed. He was unable to account for the 
failure of so large a proportion of the weevil eggs. Mr. 
Wilder commenting on the prevalence of the mango weevil this 
season, stated that in his progagation work he had a germina- 
tion of but 4 per cent of the seeds. 

Nesoprosopis anomala.—Specimens of this rare native bee 
were exhibited by Mr. Swezey, who reported the finding of a 
nest in a borer hole in the dead trunk of a Pipturus tree on 
Tantalus, June 19, 1921. There were 8 pupae in a series of 
cells in a single row. From these, 3 females and 5 males 
appeared a few days later. In the tin box where the pupae 
had been kept there was a strong odor somewhat resembling 
citronella. A female and 2 males of the same bee were caught 
at flowers of Straussia very near to where the nest was found. 

Nesoprosopis unica—Mr. Swezey reported finding a nest 
of this bee in the pith cavity of a dead Pipturus twig on Tan- 
talus; June. 19> 19212 “Prom: this nest one, maleabee issued? 
while the other 4 larvae in the nest each had a larva of Ewpel- 
mus feeding on it. These matured July 5 to 7. They were 
1 male and 3 females, coming near to Dr. Perkin’s species 
eupre pes. 

Dictyophorodelphax mirabilis—Mr. Swezey reported col- 
lecting one male specimen of this strange leafhopper on Eu- 
phorbia at Wahiawa, June 3, 1921. Also two nymphs which 
were parasitized by a Dryinid. It is the first time that he has 
found specimens of this leafhopper that were parasitized. This 
is a new locality record, and extends the known range of the 
species. 

Apomecyna pertigera.—This beetle was exhibited by Mr. 
Swezey, who reported having reared 66 of them from a length 
of eight feet of a gourd vine (Sicana odorifera) growing on 
a fence at the Vineyard St. Nursery, May 10, 1921. The vine 
had made an extensive growth on the fence, and was very 
badly infested by larvae of this beetle. There must have been 
thousands of them. ‘The beetle has been known to attack melon 
and cucumber vines, but not to such an extent as in the present 
instance. Other insects breeding from the same _ eight-foot 
piece of vine as above, while in a decaying condition were: 


— 
oa 


30 Achritochaeta pulvinata, 2 Oscinids, 1 Araeocerus fascicu- 
latus, 1 small Anthribid with long antennae (Lawsonia sp.), 
5 Opogona aurisquamosa, 1 Opogona purpuriella (it is not cer- 
tain about this species, but the specimen was found dead on 
the table near the breeding jar containing the material, and 
as the cover had been off accidentally several times, it could 
have come from this. This is the first record of this moth 
from Oahu, it being previously known only on Hawaii), 5 
Ereunetis minuscula, 1 Pyroderces rileyi, 3  Cremastus hy- 
meniae, 1 banded-winged A panteles. The two latter were para- 
sitic on one or more of the Tineids. 


Cirrospilus sp—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited specimens of a 
previously unrecorded parasite evidently belonging to this 
genus. It was reared by Mr. Swezey from the lantana leaf- 
miner collected at Lihue, Kauai, May 6, 1921, and at Spreckles- 
ville, Maui, May 18, 1921. Mr. Swezey believes that he reared 
the same parasite on Oahu some years ago, but the specimens 
have been misplaced. It is easily distinguished from all the 
rest of the Hawaiian Eulophidae by its bright yellow color 
and greenish black markings, and is unquestionably an intro- 
duced species. 


Tenebrionidae—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited a specimen of 
Ammophorus insularis Boh. found beneath a wooden box on 
bare ground at Kaimuki, June 8, 1921, only a few rods from 
the locality where it was rediscovered about a year previously ; 
also a single specimen of an undetermined Tenebrionid quite 
distinct from all others in the local collections. This was taken 
in Honolulu, June 23, 1919, but the details of capture were 
not remembered. 


Megachile fullawayi—Mr. Timberlake exhibited a female 
specimen of this bee collected on a Gaillardia flower at Kai- 
muki June 5, 1921. 


Megachile timberlakei—Mr. Timberlake exhibited a nest 
and specimen of this bee collected by Mr. Ehrhorn in a crevice 
about his house at Kahala, June 26, 1921. The nest was made 
out of the leaves and colored bracts of the Bougainvillea. 


Oecanthus sp—Mr. Ehrhorn reported having secured from 


16 


a Japanese passenger on a steamer, specimens of singing 
crickets being used as pets. 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn—Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited 7 
Pyralid moths of this species, reared from pupae found on 
five-leaved pine in conservatory of the Japanese steamer “’Tenyo 
Maru” while in port June 8, 1921. This was on the return 
trip of the steamer from San Francisco. Infestation must 
have occurred while the steamer was at some Oriental port, 
the moth having a range all the way from Japan to India 
and to Australia. The moths issued four days after the pupae 
were collected on the steamer, and well illustrates how insects 
infesting plants on steamers could mature while the steamer 
was in port and come ashore. Probably a number of our 
introduced pests have arrived here in just this way. Some 
specimens of a Xylorictid moth (Ptochoryctis tsugensis Kear.) 
were reared from the same material as the above. 





AUGUST 4th, 1921. 

The 190th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place, with President Timberlake in the 
chair. Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Fullaway, 
Muir, Osborn, Whitney, Wilder, and Willard. Dr. Kunhi 
Kannan of Bangalore, India, was a visitor. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

PAPERS READ. 


“Description of a Cuckoo-Wasp from the Hawaiian Islands 
(Hymenoptera).” 
BY S. A. ROHWER, 
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 
Washington, D. C. 
“Conditions of Entomological Work in India.” 
BY DR. K. KUNHI KANNAN, 
Government Entomologist, Bangalore, India. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Ptinus brunneus Dufts——Mr. Timberlake exhibited a speci- 
men of this beetle collected in Honolulu November, 1909, by 
Mr. D. B. Langford. This is an imported species that has 
never been recorded from the Islands. 


+ 


4 


17 


Uscana semifumipennis, in Texas and India.—Mr. Timber- 
lake reported on identifying this common Bruchid parasite from 
srownsville, Texas, from the eggs of Mylabris sallaci, in the 
material collected by Mr. Bridwell and brought to Honolulu 
by Mr. Willard. Mr. Fullaway also obtained the same species 
in India, the specimens having been given to him by Mr. 
Subramaniam. These were reared from eggs of Mylabris 
chinensis in stored cajanus at Bangalore, July 8, 1920. 

Megachile timberlaket.—Mr. ‘Timberlake reported on an- 
other nest of this bee collected by Mr. Ehrhorn at Kahala on 
July 10. The nest was built inside the frame of a door lock, 
and was made of Bougainvillea leaves and colored bracts, the 
female using the keyhole as the natural entrance and exit. 
On about July 31 to August 3, four females and eight males 
issued from the nest. 

Correction of records of Plagithmysine beetles—Mr. Tim- 
berlake called attention to the following lapses in recent num- 
bers of the Proceedings. 

In the Proceedings, vol. 3, p. 384, 1918, Mr. Bridwell 
recorded a Plagithmysus acuminatus, taken in Wailupe Valley, 
Oahu, on Sapindus. This name is a clerical error for P. 
cuneatus Sharp. In vol. 4, p. 50, a Clytarlus vestitus was 
recorded from Olinda, Maui, by Fullaway and Giffard. This 
is another clerical error, and the species in question is Neocly- 
tarlus modestus (Sharp). 


SEPTEMBER Ist, 1921. 


The 191st meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the H. S. P. A., with 
President Timberlake presiding. Other members present were 
Messrs. Bissell, Fullaway, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Grinnell, Muir, 
Whitney, and Willard. Dr. Kunhi Kannan and A. H. Soon 
were visitors. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved as 
corrected. 

Mr. Albert H. Soon was nominated for membership by 
Mr. Grinnell. 

It was brought to the attention of the society that Mr. 


18 


Albert Koebele, an honorary member of the society, was hav- 
ing considerable trouble in getting propér recognition from 
American consuls in Europe in his attempt to return from 
Europe to the United States. Mr. Fullaway moved that a com- 
mittee be appointed to formulate resolutions which would draw 
the attention of those in authority to the great value of Mr. 
Koebele’s services to the United States, especially in Hawaii 
and on the Pacific Coast; and to ask that special consideration 
be given him in his request for passports. This motion, after 
being amended by Mr. Muir to the effect that the committee 
consist of Mr. Fullaway, Mr. Swezey, and Mr. Giffard, was 
passed. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Mr. Timberlake exhibited a cockroach,* which is apparently 
new to the Islands. Found by him in his house at Kaimuki. 


Mr. Giffard exhibited a small representative collection of 
Kauai insects, principally Coleoptera, collected in April, 1920, 
by J. A. Kusche. Among these are species of Lucamnidae, 
Plagithmysus, Clytarlus, Rhyncogonus, etc., from the mountain 
regions back of Waimea and Makawelli. 

The following notes on “Insect Observations on the Island 
of Hawaii,’ were given by Mr. Ehrhorn. 

On July 25, on the Volcano road six miles from Hilo, 
Pseudococcus montanus was found very abundant on Ieie vine. 
Pseudococcus straussiae was found plentiful on Straussia and 
showed some parasitism. Pseudococcus bromeliae was found 
on twigs of Straussia covered over with soil by the ant Phei- 
dole megacephala, as well as on Hilo grass roots and roots of 
large sedge. A mantis egg mass was also found in this locality. 

August 2, at the Parker ranch, the following observations 
were made: At Waiki, Olinda bugs, or Fuller’s ruse beetle, 
were found very abundant in the orchard, where they seemed 
to be especially fond of the leaves of plum trees. The woolly- 
aphis was observed on the apple trees, and was no doubt intro- 
duced when the trees were imported. At an altitude of 4750 





* Supella supellectilium (Serv.), as determined later by Morgan 
Hebard. [Ed.] 


19 


feet, a large ant lion, Formicaleo wilsoni McLach. was caught. 
Vhese were plentiful flying about over pasture lands. At the 
old Purdy place, Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, were feeding on 
the roots of Manienie grass. At the new dairy, altitude 3200 
feet, Olinda bugs were attacking and seriously damaging the 
foliage of a native tree, Sophora chrysophylla. It is claimed 
that many of these trees are killed by this defoliation. At an 
altitude of 3000 feet, Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis was damaging 
the young leaves of Eucalyptus trees. This species is quite 
abundant in the forest areas of the various islands, and has 
probably been here many years. 

On August 4, with Mr. Swezey, in cane field at Olaa (above 
Mountain View), were observed many nymphs of Cyrtorhinus 
mundulus, which was introduced last year by Mr. Muir, and 
which has spread considerably since liberation. 

August 6, Mr. Swezey found Hilo grass at Kapapala ranch 
badly infested with Trionymus insularis. The Tahiti coconut 
weevil Diocalandra taitensis (Guer.), previously reported by 
Mr. Swezey from the Kona section, was also found. These 
were in the husk near base of nut. The nuts were from the 
coast at Punaluu. 

On August 9, indications of the work of the Tahiti coco- 
nut weevil were found at Puuiki and near the shore at Kala- 
pana. The trees were so high that no weevils were found. 
‘The cane borer was found in the heart of a coconut tree, the 
stump of which had rotted. 

It was noted that the Mediterranean fruit fly was not 
serious at Wainaku, there being good amounts of strawberry 
guavas, coffee, and other small fruits there. 

At the Hilo Hotel a number of the Australian lacewings 
were captured, and Mr. Swezey collected a number of the 
new green grasshopper, which is very abundant about the lights 
on the hotel lanai. No males were observed, although some 
young were seen on plants in the garden. 





OCTOBER 6th, 1921. 
The 192d meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held in the usual place, with President Timberlake in the 
chair. Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, 


20 


Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Illingworth, Muir, Swezey, Soon, 
and Willard. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Albert H. Soon was elected to active membership in 
the society. 

The committee appointed to draft a resolution showing the 
entomological services of Mr. Albert Koebele to this country, 
submitted the following resolution, together with a memoran- 
dum of Mr. Koebele’s services. 

Upon motion by Mr. Muir, it was unanimously voted to 
accept the committee’s report, and that after the resolution 
had been signed by the president and secretary, that it be for- 
warded to Mr. FE. K. Taylor of Alameda, California, who is 
Mr. Koebele’s attorney. 


Resolution of Appreciation of the Entomological Services of 
Mr. Albert Koebele. 


Whereas, it has come to the notice of the Hawaiian Ento- 
mological Society that Mr. Albert Koebele, septuagenarian 
entomologist, former employe of the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, and agent in co-operation with the California State 
Board of Horticulture, also Superintendent of Entomology for 
the Board of Agriculture and Forestry under the Republic of 
Hawaii and later consulting entomologist for the Territory of 
Hawaii and an honorary member of this society since its 
organization in 1904, also a naturalized American citizen since 
1880, has been and is still detained against his will in Ger- 
many, whither he went previous to the outbreak of the War 
to secure special treatment for tropical fever and a disease of 
the eyes, and at the same time to collect beneficial insects for 
the Territory of Hawaii; and 

Whereas, It is believed that Mr. Koebele merits special 
consideration from the Government of the United States of 
America through its representatives because of the invaluable 
services he has rendered to the country in saving threatened 
agricultural industries in California and Hawaii by his energy 
and skill in entomological field research work and particularly 
in discovering and introducing the natural enemies of certain 
insects which were at that time destroying the principal crops 


21 


of these countries; and were causing incalculable losses to 
agriculture; therefore, be it 

Resolved, that the following memorandum of the conspicu- 
ously important services of Mr. Koebele be placed on record 
with this testimonial of the society’s high appreciation of his 
merit and belief in the worthiness of his claim on the interest 
of the Government in his desire to return to the land of his 
adoption and to his home in the State of California. 


MEMORANDUM OF KOEBELE’S SERVICES TO AMERICAN 
AGRICULTURE. 


1888-9. As agent for the U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture and for the State of California. Introduced the Vedalia 
ladybird from Australia and saved the citrus industry in Cali- 
fornia, which was threatened by the cottony cushion scale. 
This single exploit saved the orange growers, it is estimated, 
twenty million dollars. 

1890-93. In the same capacity. Visited Australia, New 
Zealand and the Fiji Islands twice and secured many bene- 
ficial insects, principally ladybird beetles which were introduced 
into California to prey on scale pests. 

1893-1910. Traveled in different countries in the interest 
of the Republic and later the Territory of Hawaii as Superin- 
tendent of the Division of Entomology, Board of Agriculture 
and Forestry and consulting entomologist, collecting beneficial 
insects to be introduced into the islands for the purpose of 
destroying injurious insects, thus relieving agricultural and 
horticultural industries of the severe losses so occasioned. In 
these years he visited Ceylon, Australia, Fiji, China, Japan, 
Mexico and Europe. His great work—discovering and intro- 
ducing the natural enemies of the sugar cane leaf hopper—in 
co-operation with Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, earned him lasting 
fame in the Territory of Hawaii, and saved an industry now 
worth fifty million dollars yearly. 

In 1910 Koebele was relieved from active duty and retained 
as Consulting Entomologist, on account of ill-health brought 
on by fever contracted during his exploration and research 
work in fever-infested regions of the tropics. 

The following detailed account of Koebele’s work was pub- 


22 


lished in 1911 by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief Entomologist of 
the United States Department of Agriculture. (Bul. 91, U. S. 
Bureau of Entomology. July 29, 1911.) 


“The Australian Ladybird (Novius Cardinalis Muls.) in 
United States.” 


“But all previous experiments of this nature were com- 
pletely overshadowed by the remarkable success of the impor- 
tation of Vedalia (Novius) cardinalis Muls., a_ coccinellid 
beetle, or ladybird, from Australia into California in 1889. 
The orange and lemon groves of California had for some years 
been threatened with extinction by the injurious work of the 
fluted or cottony cushion scale (Jcerya purchast Mask.), a 
large scale insect which the careful investigations of Professor 
Riley and his force of entomologists at the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture had shown to have been originally 
imported, by accident, from Australia or from New Zealand, 
where it had originally been described by the New Zealand 
coccidologist, the late W. M. Maskell. The Division of Ento- 
mology had been for several years engaged in an active cam- 
paign against this insect, and had discovered washes which 
could be applied at a comparatively slight expense and which 
would destroy the scale insect. It had also in the course of 
its investigations discovered the applicability of hydrocyanic acid 
gas under tents as a method of fumigating orchards and de- 
stroying the scale. ‘The growers, however, had become so 
thoroughly disheartened by the ravages of the insect that they 
were no longer in a frame of mind to use even the cheap 
insecticide washes, and many of them were destroying their 
groves. In the meantime, through some correspondence in 
the search for the original home of the scale insect, Professor 
Riley had discovered that while the species occurred in parts 
of Australia it was not injurious in those regions. In New 
Zealand it also occurred, but was abundant and injurious. He, 
therefore, argued that the insect was probably introduced from 
Australia into New Zealand, and that its abundance.in the 
latter country and its relative scarcity in Australia were due 
to the fact that in its native home it was held in subjection 
by some parasite or natural enemy, and that in the introduc- 


23 


tion into New Zealand the scale insect had been brought in 
alone. The same thing, he argued, had occurred in the case 
of the introduction into the United States. He therefore, in 
his annual report for 1886, recommended that an effort be 
made to study the natural enemies of the scale in Australia 
and to introduce them into California; and the same year the 
leading fruit growers of California in convention assembled 
petitioned Congress to make appropriations for the Department 
of Agriculture to undertake this work. In February, 1887, 
the Department of Agriculture received specimens of an Aus- 
tralian parasite of Icerya from the late Frazier S. Crawford, 
of Adelaide, South Australia. It was a dipterous insect known 
as Lestophonus iceryae Will., and for some time it was con- 
sidered, both by Professor Riley and his correspondents and 
agents, that the importation of this particular parasite offered 
the best chances for good results. 

Neither the recommendations of Professor Riley nor of the 
then commissioner of agriculture, Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
nor the petitions of the California horticulturists gained the 
needed congressional appropriations, and, since there appeared 
at that time annually in the bills appropriating to the ento- 
mological service of the Department of Agriculture a clause 
preventing travel in foreign parts, it became necessary to gain 
the fund for the expense of the trip to Australia from some 
other source. A movement was started in California to raise 
these funds by private subscription, but it was never carried 
through. In an address given by Professor Riley before the 
California State Board of Horticulture at Riverside, Cal., in 
1887, he repeated his recommendations. During the summer 
of 1887 he was absent in Europe, and the senior author, who 
was at that time the first assistant entomologist of the depart- 
ment, by correspondence secured from Mr. Crawford numerous 
specimens of Jcerya infested by the Lestophonus above men- 
tioned. During the winter of 1887-88 preparations were being 
made for an exhibit of the United States at the Melbourne 
Exposition, to be held during 1888, and Professor Riley, after 
interviewing the Secretary of State, who had charge of the 
funds appropriated for the. Exposition, was enabled to send an 
assistant, Mr. Albert Koebele, to Australia at the expense of 


24 


this fund. This result was hastened, and Mr. Koebele’s sub- 
sequent labors were aided by the fact that the Commissioner- 
General of the United States to the Exposition was a Cali- 
fornia man, Mr. Frank McCoppin, and his recommendation, 
joined to that of Professor Riley, decided the Secretary of 
State in favor of the movement. In order to partially com- 
pensate the Exposition authorities for this expenditure, another 
assistant in the Division of Entomology, Professor F. M. Web- 
ster was sent out to make a special report to the commission 
on the agricultural features of the Exposition. Mr. Koebele, 
who sailed from San Francisco August 25, 1888, was thor- 
oughly familiar with all the phases of the investigation of the 
cottony cushion scale, and had for some time been stationed 
in California working for the Department of Agriculture. His 
salary was continued by the department and his expenses only 
were paid by the Melbourne Exposition fund. He made sev- 
eral shipments of the Lestophonus parasite to the station of 
the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture 
at Los Angeles, where, under the charge of Mr. D. W. Coquil- 
lett, a tent had been erected over a tree abundantly infested 
with the scale insect; but it was soon found that the Les- 
tophonus was not an effective parasite. 

On October 15, Mr. Koebele found the famous ladybird 
(Vedalia) Novius cardinalis in North Adelaide, and at once 
came to the conclusion that this insect would prove effective 
if introduced into the United States. His first shipments were 
small, but others continued from that date until January, 1889, 
when he sailed for New Zealand and made further investiga- 
tions. Carrying with him large supplies of Vedalia cardinalis, 
the effective ladybird enemy, he arrived in San Francisco on 
March 18, and on March 20, they were liberated under the 
tent at Los Angeles, where previous specimens which had 
survived the voyage by mail had also been placed. 

The ladybird larvae attacked the first scale insect they met 
upon being liberated from the packing cages. Twenty-eight 
specimens had been received on November 30 by Mr. Coquil- 
lett, 44 on December 29, 57 on January 24, and on April 12 
the sending out of colonies was begun, so rapid had been the 
breeding of the specimens received alive from Australia. By 


J oe - 


ic le Ae re el 


25 


June 12 nearly 11,000 specimens had been sent out to 208 
different orchardists, and in nearly every case the colonizing 
cf the insect proved successful. In the original orchard practi- 
cally all of the scale insects were killed before August, 1889, 
and, in his annual report for that year, submitted Decem- 
ber 31, Professor Riley reported that the cottony cushion scale 
was practically no longer a factor to be considered in the culti- 
vation of oranges and lemons in California. The following 
season this statement was fully justified, and since that time 
the cottony cushion scale, or white scale, or fluted scale, as 
it is called, has no longer been a factor in California horti- 
culture. Rarely it begins to increase in numbers at some given 
point, but the Australian ladybirds are always kept breeding 
at the headquarters of the State Board of Horticulture at 
Sacramento, and such outbreaks are speedily reduced. In fact, 
it has been difficult for the State horticultural authorities to 
keep a sufficient supply of scale insect food alive for the con- 
tinued breeding of the ladybirds.” 


* *K *K K 
Other Introductions by Koebele Into California 


“Mr. Koebele took a second trip to Australia, New Zealand, 
and the Fiji Islands while still an agent of the Department 
of Agriculture, but at the expense of the California State 
Soard of Horticulture, and in 1893 he resigned from the 
United States Department of Agriculture and was employed 
by the State Board of Horticulture of California for still 
another trip to Australia and other Pacific Islands. He sent 
home a large number of beneficial insects, nearly all of them, 
however, coccinellids. Several of these species were estab- 
lished in California, and are still living in different parts of 
the State. The overwhelming success of the importation of 
Novius cardinalis was not repeated, but one of the insects 
brought over at that time, namely, the ladybird beetle Rhizobius 
ventralis Er., an enemy of the so-called black scale (Saissetia 
cleae Bern.), was colonized in various parts of California, and 
in districts where the climatic conditions proved favorable its 
work was very satisfactory, notably in the olive plantations 
of Mr. Elwood Cooper, near Santa Barbara. Hundreds of 


26 


thousands of the beetles were distributed in California and in 
some localities kept the black scale in check. Away from the 
moist coast regions, however, they proved to be less effective.” 


“A similar lepidopterous insect, Thalpochares cocciphaga 
Meyrick, was brought over from Australia in the summer of 
1892 by Koebele and left by him at Haywards, Calif., but the 
species evidently died out.” 

THE HAWAIIAN Work. 

“In 1893 Koebele resigned from the service of the State 
of California and entered the employment of the then newly 
established Hawaiian Republic, for the purpose of traveling 
in different countries and collecting beneficial insects to be 
introduced into Hawaii for the purpose of destroying injurious 
insects. Before leaving California he had introduced a very 
capable ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrousieri Muls., which 
feeds upon mealy bugs of the genus Pseudococcus. ‘This insect 
flourished, especially in Southern California, and on arrival 
in Hawaii he found that coffee plants and certain other trees 
were on the point of being totally destroyed by the allied scale 
insect known as Pulvinaria psidi Mask. He at once intro- 
duced this same Cryptolaemus, which is an Australian insect, 
with the result that the Pulvinaria was speedily reduced to a 
condition of harmlessness. 

It may be incidentally stated that within the past year 
efforts have been made by the Bureau of Entomology to send 
the Crvptolaemus to Malaga, Spain, for the purpose of feed- 
ing upon a Dactylopius. The first attempt was unsuccessful, 
and the results of the last attempt have not yet been learned. 

Another importation of Koebele’s into Hawaii was the lady- 
bird Coelophora inaequalis from Ceylon, Australia, and China, 
which was successful in destroying plant lice upon sugar cane 
and other crops. Writing in 1896, Mr. R. C. L. Perkins stated 
that Koebele had already introduced eight other species which 
had become naturalized and were reported as doing good work 
against certain scale insects. Among other things he intro- 
duced Chalcis obscurata Walk. from China and Japan, which 
multiplied enormously at the expense of an injurious lepidop- 


21 


terous larva (Omuodes blackburni Butl.), which had severely 
attacked banana and palm trees. 

Koebele’s travels from 1894 to 1896 were through Australia, 
China, Ceylon, and Japan. In 1899 he left for Australia and 
the Fiji Islands, and sent many ladybirds and parasites to 
Hawaii, especially to attack the scale Ceroplastes rubens Mask. 
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, an organization 
which was responsible for Koebele’s appointment, subsequently 
employed Mr. R. C. L. Perkins, Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, Mr. 
BW. Terry, Mr. O. H. Swezey, and Mr. F. Muir. By the 
close of 1902, sugar planters were especially anxious concern- 
ing the damage of an injurious leafhopper on the sugar cane, 
Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk. This insect had been acciden- 
tally introduced from Australia about 1897, had increased 
rapidly, and by 1902 had become a serious pest. Koebele had 
made an effort to introduce parasites of leafhoppers from the 
United States into Hawaii, with unsatisfactory results and con- 
sequently in the spring of 1904 Koebele and Perkins visited 
Australia and collected all possible parasites of different leaf- 
hoppers. Altogether they succeeded in finding more than one 
hundred species. Of these the following hymenopterous para- 
sites are said to have become acclimated in Hawaii: Anagrus 
(two species), Paranagrus optabilis Perk. and P. perforator 
Perk. and Ootetrastichus beatus Perk. These species are all 
parasitic upon the eggs of the leafhopper. By the end of 
1906 observation upon a certain plantation indicated the de- 
struction of 86.3 per cent of the eggs by these parasites. In 
addition to these egg parasites certain Dryimid parasites of 
hatched leafhoppers have apparently become established, namely, 
Haplogonatopus vitiensis Perk. Pseudogonatopus (two species), 
and Echthrodelphax fairchildu Perk. Three predatory beetles, 
namely, ’erania frenata Erichs., V’. lineola Fab., and Callineda 
testudinaria Muls., were also distributed in large numbers. 

The practical results of these importations seem to have 
been excellent. There seems to be no doubt that the parasites 
have been the controlling factor in the reduction of the leaf- 
hoppers. 

The good work in Hawaii is still continuing. Koebele is 
now oy a visit to Europe to import the possible parasites of 


28 


the horn fly (Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv.), Muir is trying 
to find an enemy to a sugar-cane borer (Ihabdocnemis ob- 
scurus Boisd.), and other similar work is under way.” 


PAPERS READ. 


“Notes on Immigrant Coleoptera.” 
BY D, T. FULLAWAY. 


“Notes and Observations on Parandra puncticeps Sharp. 
(Coleoptera).” 
BY W. M. GIFFARD. 


Mr. Swezey read a paper entitled, “Notes on the Isopod 
Known as Geoligia perkinsi, Dollfus.” By Chas. Chilton, Pro- 
fessor of Zoology, Canterbury College, New Zealand. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Supella supellectilium—This cockroach, exhibited by Mr. 
Timberlake, was first captured by him about April or May, 
1921, and sent to Mr. Morgan Hebard of Philadelphia for 
determination. Mr. Hebard states that it is a cosmopolitan 
species previously unknown in Hawaii. 


Parandra puncticeps Sharp.—Mr. Giffard exhibited thirty- 
eight adult specimens, and a number of preserved larvae and 
pupae of this beetle, which were collected at twenty-nine miles, 
Olaa, Hawaii, at an elevation of 3800 feet. 


Vl Dirhinus giffardi.—Mr. Fullaway exhibited a specimen of 
this parasite collected on a manure pile at Waialae in Sep- 
tember, 1921. He stated that this parasite, introduced as a 
parasite of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, is undoubtedly estab- 
lished here, and is probably a general parasite of Diptera. 


Dermestid larva—Mr. Fullaway exhibited a living Der- 
mestid larva feeding on a pinned insect specimen. Mr. Giffard 
stated that he had noticed holes made by these larvae through 
the sides of cardboard insect boxes, in which the supply of 
naphthalene had become low, but that a good supply of naptha- 
lene was sufficient to prevent their entry. 


Caccodes debilis—Mr. Swezey reported having collected a 
specimen of this Malacodermid beetle from Euphorbia in Tao 
Valley, Maui, July 8, 1920. This is the first record of this 


it 


29 


insect anywhere except on Oahu. It was collected in houses 
by Blackburn. Perkins collected it outside as well. Mr. 
Swezey has collected two specimens at the experiment station 
of the H. S. P. A. (one on a vine), and one at Kaimuki, all 
of which were collected in 1911. 


Oxydema fusiforme Woll.—Mr. Swezey called attention to 
Dr. Marshall’s paper on Samoan Curculionids in the last issue 
of Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. IV, where, on page 596, the 
weevil described as Pseudolus hospes by Perkins in the Fauna 
Hawaiiensis, is determined as Oxrydema fusiforme Woll., origi- 
nally described from Ceylon, but known also from Seychelles, 
Rodriguez and Marquesas, and now from Upolu Island, Samoa. 


Micromus vinaceus—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of 
this Australian Hemerobiid, collected by him in Manoa Valley 
at the cane plots of the experiment station, H. S. P. A,, at 
the back part of the valley, August 9, 1921. This is the first 
specimen to be recovered on the island of Oahu since their 
liberation in large numbers in 1919 and 1920. He reported 
also, finding all stages of this Hemerobiid on aphis-infested 
okra in the garden of the Hilo Hotel, Hilo, Hawaii, July 25, 
1021. Brother Matthias Newell had previously observed this 
insect established in Hilo. 


Platyedra gossypiella—Mr. Swezey reported breeding three 
specimens of this moth from the flower buds of Hibiscus 
youngianus, found growing along the Volcano Road about six 
miles south of Hilo, Hawaii, July 25, 1921. Quite a large 
proportion of the buds on the plants were attacked by the 
larvae. A female Pristomerus hawaiiensis was bred from one 
larva of the lot. He reported also finding this same plant 
with flower buds attacked by larvae of P. gossypiella in Wai- 
mea Canyon, Kauai, September 4,.1921. It thus seems that 
this plant is one of the common hosts of the pink boll-worm. 


Parandra puncticeps—Mr. Swezey exhibited a chip from 
a standing dead koa tree at Halemanu, Kauai, showing the 
egg in situ of this Prionid beetle. ‘The tree from wlfich this 
was taken was a large dead trunk from which the bark had 
loosened, but not yet fallen away. Fourteen beetles were found 
beneath the bark of this and other similar trees nearby. The 


30 


females had been ovipositing directly into the solid wood, mak- 
ing an excavation, about 4 mm. deep and slanting downward, 
into which the egg was placed. The egg is white, cylindrical 
with rounded ends, 3 mm. long and 1 mm. in diameter. The 
opening of the egg cavity is blocked by the torn-apart fibers 
of wood. Many of these were to be seen on the surface of 
the tree trunks, after it had been discovered how to recognize 
them. These were placed at an elevation of from near the 
ground to six feet high. It was not learned whether oviposi- 
tion took place at a higher elevation up the trunk than one 
could see conveniently; but it is likely that it did. 


Casinaria infesta—Mr. Swezey reported rearing this Ich- 

neumonid from a larva of Phlyctaenia ommatias collected in 
the Alakai Swamp, Kauai, 4000 feet, August 22, 1921; and 
from a larva of Phlyctaenia argoscelis collected at Kokee, 
Kauai, 3500 feet, August 18, 1921. This immigrant Ichneu- 
monid was first noticed at Kaimuki in February and March 
of this year when it was abundant in a weed lot, where many 
caterpillars were abundant, especially Hymema recurvalis, but 
the host was not determined at that time. 
“~~ Dolichurus stantoni—Mr. Swezey reported collecting a few 
specimens of this Philippine roach parasite in the forest at 
Kokee, Kauai, August, 1921. They were abundant, being 
noticed along all trails of the vicinity. 

Amaranth Jassid—Mr. Swezey reported collecting this little 
Jassid on amaranth weeds growing at Nawiliwili, Lihue, and 
Waimea, Kauai, September 9, 7, and 3, respectively. It is the 
first record of this immigrant Jassid on Kauai, and it is quite 
abundant in the places mentioned. 

Microbracon pembertoni—Mr. Swezey reported rearing this 
Braconid from lantana berries, collected at Nawiliwili, Kauai, 
September 9, 1921. Its host is probably Crocidosema lantana 
‘or Platyptilia pussilidactyla, as the larvae of both these moths 
were present in the material collected. This is the first record 
of this Braconid from Kauai. 

Leucostoma atra—Mr. Swezey reported a recent determina- 
tion of this little Tachinid fly by Dr. Aldrich, from specimens 
sent a short time ago. It is a common American insect, and 


A 


is the fly parasitic on Corizus hyalinus, as mentioned in Proc. 
Haw.. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 467, 1921. Dr. Aldrich, in his letter, 
stated that there were no published records as to the host of 
this fly, but that there was a manuscript note of its having 
been reared from Reduviolus ferus. Mr. Swezey further 
reported catching two specimens of it at Kokee, Kauai, 3500 
feet, in August, 1921, which is the first record of its occurrence 
on that island. 





Labidura icterica Serv—Mr. Swezey reported the capture 
of a specimen of this earwig at Grove Farm, Kauai, Septem- 
ber 9, 1921. This immigrant earwig was first recorded in the 
Fauna Hawaiiensis (II, Pt. VI, p. 690, 1910) by Perkins, 
as occurring at Honolulu and in the country. The present 
instance is apparently the first record of its occurrence on 
Kauai.* 

Mylabris sallaei—Mr. Swezey reported finding this weevil 
very abundant in pods of Acacia farnesiana and algaroba at 
Mana and Waimea, Kauai, August 17, and September 3, 1921. 
As many as a dozen exit holes were frequently to be found 
in one pod of A. farnesiana. This is the first record of this 
insect on Kauai. 


Mylabris pruiminus—Mr. Swezey reported collecting this 
weevil in the garden at the Hilo Hotel, July 25, 1921; and 
at Kokee, Kauai, 3500 feet, August, 1921; and in Waimea 
Canyon, Kauai, September. 4, 1921. These are the first records 
of this insect on each of these islands. 

Diocalandra taitensis—Mr. Swezey reported finding this 
coconut weevil in coconuts from Mr. Monsarrat’s beach place 
at Punaluu, Hawaii, August 5, 1921. The adult beetles were 
found beneath the bracts at the base of mature coconuts, and 
larvae were found feeding within the shuck. Dried gum on 
the surface of the shuck indicated where there were larvae 
inside. The nuts themselves were not injured. This indicates 
the probability of this pest having been brought to Hawaii in 
coconuts from the South Seas at some time. 








*This insect has recently been recorded from Kauai as L. riparia 
(Pallas) by Morgan Hebard. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers, vol. 
vii, No. 14, p. 314, 1922. [Ed.] 


32 


NOVEMBER 3d, 1921. 

The 193d meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Ht. 9S, P. A. Presi- 
dent Timberlake presiding. Other members attending were 
Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, 
Illingworth, Muir, Soon, Swezey, Whitney and Willard. 

The minutes of the last meeting were approved as read. 

A communication from Mr. E. K. Taylor of Alameda, Cal., 
was read, in which he stated that favorable action had been 
taken by the State Department at Washington in the matter 
of issuing passports which would enable Mr. Albert Koebele 
to return immediately to the United States. 


PAPER READ. 


“An Interesting New Derbid Genus (Homoptera).” 
BY F. MUIR. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Stigmaeus floridanus—Mr, Ehrhorn exhibited a pineapple 
sucker showing this mite, commonly called the Florida pine- 
apple mite, and stated that a fortnight ago a severe outbreak 
of it was reported in the Moanalua section of Oahu. It was 
thought at that time to be new to the islands, but after investi- 
gation, it was found that in 1908 Mr. Van Dine reported it 
on pineapple plants in the grounds of the U. S. Experiment 
Station, and that the record had been either forgotten or over- 
looked. 

Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited also three earwigs found feeding 
on woolly aphis at Waiki, Parker Ranch, Hawaii. He stated 
that woolly aphis, feeding on apple trees there, had been de- 
stroyed by some enemy, and took some of the twigs with the 
aphis in a tin can to his office. Upon opening the can, he 
found the aphis had been destroyed and found the three ear- 
wigs on the galls of the apple twig. The earwigs were pre- 
sented to the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 

Zorapteron on Kauat.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a slide mount 
of a minute insect, which he had collected in a rotten log at 
Kokee, Kauai, August 20, 1921. Mr. Muir had cleared and 


mounted it, and endeavored to determine it. It appeared to 


= 


a 


be a peculiar form of Orthoptera.* As Mr. Morgan Hebard 
has recently been revising the Hawaiian Orthoptera, the re- 
mainder of the specimens of this insect collected at the same 
time, have been sent to him for study. 


Tenodera sinensis—Mr. Swezey reported that Mr. Mein- 
ecke, of the Territorial Normal School, had reported to him 
of the occurrence of this preying mantis at Hilea, Kau, Hawaii, 
in 1920. This is believed to be the first record of its occur- 
rence in that section of Hawaii. 


Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius.— Mr. Timberlake 
exhibited specimens of this parasite reared from the males of 
Phenacaspis eugeniae, collected at Kohala, Oahu, October 23, 
1921, by Mr. Ehrhorn. This species, although it has never been 
collected here before, has been in the islands probably for many 
years, as Mr. Ehrhorn has observed exit holes of a parasite 
in the male scales of Phenacaspis at various times since arriv- 
ing in Honolulu in 1909. 


Euscepes batatae—Mr. Swezey stated that some pieces of 
dead Japanese morning glory vine, containing larvae, which 
were brought in by Mr. Ehrhorn, produced ten adults of the 
sweet potato weevil and three adults of Oxvydema fusiforme. 


Pseudococcus swezeyt EKhrhorn.—Mr. Whitney reported that 
this scale insect had been found on Dianella odorata by O. H. 
Swezey at Kokee, Kauai, August 19, 1921; and on the Ilima 
plant by Mr. Ehrhorn at Waikapu Gulch, Wailuku, Maui, 
October 12, 1921. ‘These are the first records of this species 
from these two islands. He stated that it was first described 
by Ehrhorn from specimens collected between folded leaves of 
Acacia koa from Mt. Tantalus, Oahu, by Swezey, December 
sl O15: 

Pseudococcus maritimus Ehrhorn, on various garden crops. 

Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, on apple and pear. 


Mr. Whitney reported that specimens of these scales had 
been sent from Nelson, New Zealand, by Mr. R. J. Tillyard, 
and that this is the first record of their occurrence there. He 


* This insect proved to be a representative of the Order Zoraptera, 
and this is the first record of any such occurring here. [Ed.] 


34 


stated also that the determinations had been verified by Ferris. 


Rhipicephalus sanguineus—-Mr. Fullaway reported that this 
dog tick had been very abundant about Honolulu during the 
past summer, and that there were apparently two species. 
Specimens were sent to Mr. G. W. F. Nuttall, who determined 
them to be all one species, Mr. Fullaway stated that this is 
the first time the dog ticks from Hawaii have been definitely 
determined by an authority. 


Formicaleo wilsont McLachl.— Mr. Bryan exhibited six 
specimens of this ant lion collected by W. H. Meinecke at 
Puukamaoa, Kau, Hawaii, September 2, 1921, 1950 feet eleva- 
tion. He stated that they were comparatively common but 
hard to catch. They were previously collected by Swezey in 
1919 near Kawaihae, Hawaii (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., v. IV, 
p. 338); Giffard, five specimens at Kau, Hawaii, December, 
1911 (v. Il, p. 228); and by Ehrhorn, Perkins and others in 
Kau. Also seen by Swezey just below Pahala Mill, Kau, 1905 
Guo piy2Z28))- 

Xystrocera globosa Oliver—Mr. Bryan exhibited a female 
specimen of this borer, caught by Robert Plunkett in the Kame- 
hameha School grounds November 3, 1921. A discussion of 
its habit of attacking only injured or dying parts of the monkey 
pod tree followed. 


North American Syrphidae—Mr. Bryan read a list of a 
representative collection of North American Syrphidae which 
has been received by the Bishop Museum from W. M. David- 
son of Vienna, Virginia. They were collected both in the East, 
and southern and central California. 


Prosbole hirsuta, a ‘fossil Homopteron—Mr. Muir showed 
Handlirsch’s figure of the upper Permain fossil Prosbole hir- 
suta and specimens of Homoptera of the family Tropiduchidae, 
pointing out the similarity both in the venation and in the heter- 
opterus condition of the tegmen of many species belonging to 
the family Tropiduchidae. In Prosbole the anal furrow is 
behind the cubitus, as it is in Homoptera, whereas in Hemiptera 
Comstock and Needham consider that it is before the cubitus; 
there is no sign of the median furrow which is present in so 
many Heteroptera. These points are all in favor of its being a 


oh) 


Homopteron. On the same plate of Handlirsch’s work is the 
restoration of Eugereon, which Mr. Muir called attention to, 
and stated that if the restoration be correct, the mouth parts 
are on a totally different system to Hemiptera and it can have 
nothing to do with that order, a conclusion also drawn from 
the wing venation. 


NOVEMBER 16th, 1921. 


A special meeting was held at the Bishop Museum for the 
purpose of viewing a large and very interesting collection of 
Australian insects, which were collected and exhibited by Mr. 
J. F. Illingworth. Of special interest was the large number 
of specimens representing many different species of insects 
attacking sugar cane. Many species were represented by 
large numbers of specimens, and Mr. Illingworth very kindly 
offered to supply members of the society with any of these in 
which they were interested. 

The meeting was well attended by both members and visi- 
tors, the following being present members: Messrs. Bissell, 
Bryan, Carter, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Holmes, 
Illingworth, Muir, Swezey, Soon, Timberlake, and Willard. 
Visitors: Professor Herbert E. Gregory, Director of the Bishop 
Museum, Dr. Stanley C. Ball, of the museum staff, Mr. A. F. 
Judd, a trustee of the museum, and Mr. Q. C. Chock, of the 
Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 


DECEMBER Ist, 1921. 


The 194th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at 2:30 p. m. in the usual place. Members present, 
besides President Timberlake, who presided, were Messrs. Bis- 
sell, Bryan, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Illingworth, Muir, 
Rosa, Soon, Swezey, Whitney, Wilder, and Willard. Mr. 
E. W. Rust from California, who was returning from South 
Africa, where he has been collecting parasites of scale insects, 
Was a visitor. 

Minutes of the previous regular meeting were read and 
approved, as well as those of the special meeting held No- 
vember 16. 


36 


Report of the treasurer showed a balance on hand Decem- 
ber 1, 1921; of $252:05. 


Officers were elected as follows for the year 1922: 


Inesi@ent okt) eee t |: Mew ners H. T. Osborn 
Wace resident. <5. ee D. T. Fullaway 
Sechetain=Aineasinet mas = = eee H. F. Willard 
Additional Members of Execu- { W. M. Giffard 

tive Colic: ae ee De Ee ‘Crawtord 


ANNUAL PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 
“Observations on the Phenomena of Heredity in the 
Ladybeetle, Coelophora inaequalis Fabricius.” 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE, 


PAPERS READ. 
“New and Little Known Hawaiian Delphacidae 


(Homoptera).” 
BY F. MUIR. 


“Tables of Distribution and Food-Plants of Hawaiian 
Delphacidae (Homoptera).” 


BY WALTER M. GIFFARD. 


“A Study of the Lucanid Coleoptera of the 
Hawaiian Islands.” 


BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE, 
University of California. 
“A New species of Rhyncogonus from the Hawaiian 
Islands (Coleoptera-Rhynchophora).” 
BY E. C. VAN DYKE. 
“Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hawaiian 
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), III.” 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 


“Descriptive and Biological Notes on Blepyrus insularis 
Cameron (Hymenoptera).” 


RY Ey i. DIMBERTAICE,. 


37 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Anthomyia vicariens Schiner—Mr. Whitney exhibited speci- 
mens of this fly collected October 2, 1921, by Mr. Ehrhorn 
in his chicken yard in Manoa Valley. They were referred to 
Dr. Aldrich of the U. S. National Museum, who states that. 
they belong to this Australian species. 

Goniodes stylifer—Mr. Swezey exhibited one specimen of 

this turkey louse, collected from a turkey by Dr. H. L. Lyon. 
The only previous record was by Van Dine, collected on 
Molokai in 1908. 
Lariophagus tevanus Crawford.— Mr. Willard exhibited 
specimens of this Pteromalid, which were reared from Mylabris 
sallaei in pods of Acacia farnesiana, collected at Ninth avenue, 
Kaimuki, and near the Wailupe wireless station at Waialae. 
He stated that this parasite, which was introduced into Hawaii 
from Brownsville, Texas, by the Federal Bureau of Ento- 
mology, was liberated in these two localities on the 6th and 
19th of October, 1921. From pods collected at these two places 
in the latter part of November, 1921, eight males and forty- 
eight females were reared, showing that it had established itself 
in a very short time. 


Immigrant Records for 1921. 
BY THE EDITOR. 

In this list of immigrant insects, those marked with an 
asterisk were first observed in 1921. The others have been 
known to be present for from a few to several years, but either 
unrecorded or their identity not known. Determinations of 
these are now recorded for the first time. For details of rec- 
ords, etc., refer to the pages given. 


Page 
mLenonumuus musa@e Marshall (@ol.) 2.2 assis: ccieleictcic oes Sete cuss ese 2 
DECI OUR US SHDN (5 COles) faytesrstette cena faro¥ au eracele) sev euane sy akechaye efareiersi ara icisievare.ckers ie eG 2 
Mitrastethus bituberculatus (Habr.) (Col:)...............2......--- 3 
Cycloptiloides americanus (Sauss.) (Orth.).................-.+-0+-- 6 
“Casinarvmmnyesta (Cress.) (Hiymen.) 2.0... ce ee ee ee ele oe 6 
SPCLCLONULS eS Damm (cel y ION.) ts its chee stains si steps Vcle\s cxayos.e sv8'4 ss nee ates Aarne 9 
sO PTUs as Pain (AELY INE Ns ieee festieos ae wie oderchelessesicisi« » <Peieys'o nds eyuldisiiere Sins 10 
CUS MOTUTUUL TUS -eL LD sual (OLS) age vn ress <iatcc cone as -saeeton sical. 0: Se, «..<10) 010) se = h0rs1s ols «= 10 
Ambliyteles purpuripennis (Cress.) (Hymen.)..............-..0.+0-: 12 


SOME OSPUUS Se CELY MON: )ieveicls S cists it, ajn Sie el Pale c ebsvelsueisio.c.cltin sioe csc tis vo @ 15 


38 


Page 
IRONS Orme Mimi (COINS scboasatgcaocaceooussdodobacKoL enone 16 
Sila Supaiicgeanhiim (Sexe (CO) ccsccgccodcésdadsucscpoccoerne 28 
lLencostonma jira Wont (ADIN). oso dos ccecoseouooooodoDesboeedc 30 
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aur. (Hymen.).......................- 33 
Anthomiyia wicariens, Schimer (Dup tera) esse) terre eiensiel nerds ee vial 37 
) lao 0s (OO se aecomgoogobnepcusoococobGroocooabac sabe SO€ 75 
Sioa, auncrnaoas \WikenGl, ((COlb)occonccadoowcocosaepoodcsesaudouso bad 76 
Aloe i) SoMeNROS (Ceumiany, (COL) coccaadeoccaasbocacsunscoscnauanes 76 
YAMA NOUS. LORS As (Colle cos ccoccdaagdoccs coon abou UbooOn OOOO GO05 76 
Xnjlopniulius) isp. (Cols)! yo. aceite see RCS en ate eae oes ae 76 
IPlaijdema, swopascia Villers (Cols) mercer rieteheriet ie iki ienetet etter iaterl= 77 
Blapstinus, taavlatatusmWec-m (Cols) rerseisrrerte isolate) ie teeter tere enone 17 
Conibius. sp. near brunnipes Champ. (Col). .... c0. 0... seen cenis ese i, 
RelopesmundulatamiNiotsehsn (Colp)prmet meee. rece raia 17 
LTAGAGUS: SP: .(L RNOSCUS ISP) io COls) easel ashen rae es inicio eek een ete 78 
Osoriusamujipes Noiseless (Cols) ere creer octets ciel) oreo eae 78 
Dphochans MOCchraccumtny= ((COls) sree toe eestor inline 78 
Hajdrovatusuconys entusy Siarp a(COl) re petticoats erie tie tere ee 78 
Bembtaum “spe i¢(COl..) decd erates = tals ousete ere pene Gs eae) aie eine aia ae ten 79 
TEA THGOMGN TONG FOEGIOS Wey, (CMG) bobo ceccocnoonecoondsbcocopnogadnod 7) 
HAMA Cit sioeen COI) WGereeiae ron note ces iuoos Udo 6 aor Ras oc Mie hd dtd 79 
ioynucounonas jHeSHNMS Iie, (COL) sa553docccacedcccccddoussdesocne 79 
DPhanenoclenus iouwaie ti Weta (COL) iar ste tate ete eich tet) lente aetna 79 
ionaliodes "pusilliusmitarsch) ((Col-))eyacie te) ferret iene tetera 80 
Gnathocerus, manillosus: Walon, (Col) aoe ee aene ees ok oan oe= 80 
Anthrenus thoracicus WMelsh> (Cols) s2..- 2-3-4122 in ses 80 
Stethorus wagans Blackburn (Cols) eer etke ee peewee cence reye htt etre 80 
IPMS 0s (OO) saacgsccodde soon ond neocon du daDo Sooo OR OGOOU Eb OONC 81 
Conimomius: cons trictusm Grylls (COl)) earner itera nele poker tat elite te ken tdci 81 
Silom joteaanms. Cen, (COllL) scossdcocuscssooccboncosecdounbaueD 81 
Silvanus oidentatius (Halon) (COl)) ers sere enetleetett-tetend eerie ioral 81 
Aleochara puberula Kaies (Coll) ie < tre sreteters avec ohe ete eSeneloks ote ohh etree 81 


Gibbium psylloides (Czemp.) (Col.). . 22.2.2. eee « ee eens 81 


SY 
PAPERS? PRESENTED DURING 1921. 


A Study of the Lucanid Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. 
BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE, 
University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 
(Presented by title by W. M. Giffard at the meeting of 
December 1, 1921.) 

In the year 1871, the first specimens of Hawaiian Lucanidae 
were secured by Mr. Harper Pease, from the “Mountains of 
Kanoi,’ and sent to the British Museum, where they were 
studied by Charles O. Waterhouse’ and a new genus, 4 ptero- 
cyclus, with one species, Honoluluensis, established for their 
reception. By the time the “Fauna Hawaiiensis” was pub- 
lished, a few more specimens had been secured, chiefly by 
Mr. Perkins. These were studied by Dr. David Sharp? and, 
as several were found to differ considerably in structure from 
the species described and figured by Waterhouse, were de- 
scribed as new. ‘This brought the number of known forms 
from the islands up to seven, where it has remained ever since. 
Within the last few years, however, a fairly large number of 
specimens has been collected, especially through the field work 
of Mr. J. August Kusche, who captured, in 1919, considerably 
over a hundred specimens in the uplands of the island of Kauai 
and of Mr. H. T. Osborn, who: found about a dozen, at Puu 
Ka Pele, Kauai, the same year. A portion of the specimens 
collected by Mr. Kusche came to me through the courtesy of 
Mr. Preston Clark, of Boston. The remainder were secured 
by Mr. W. M. Giffard and the Bishop Museum, both of Hono- 
lulu. Mr. Osborn’s specimens went to the collection of the 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. 

As a result of an examination of my specimens, I soon found 
that our ideas with regard to the group needed revision. Mr. 
Giffard, who had been studying the specimens in the islands, 
came to the same conclusion and later on, finding that I had 
been devoting some time to their study, wrote to me and 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


1 Trans. Entom. Soe. London, 1871, p. 315. 
2 Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III, Pt. V, Coleoptera, pp. 403-405. 


40 


requested that I complete the work already begun. At the 
same time, he offered to have all of the specimens in Hawaiian 
collections shipped to me and generously placed all of his notes, 
dissections, and drawings at my disposal. All of this material 
is now before me as a result of this kind offer and of the 
assistance of Mr. Swezey, who shipped much of it. 

The genus Apterocvclus is peculiar in that it is wingless and 
without a labrum. It was stated by Waterhouse to be some- 
what related to the Chilian genus Sclerostomus, but by Sharp 
supposed to be closer to the genus Dorcus, and to this latter 
view I agree. In fact, all specimens seen appear superficially 
like very degenerate and chubby species of Dorcus. Among 
the individuals of the genus there is also a very great amount 
of variation. I have had the opportunity to study one hundred 
and thirty-six specimens and as a result of this, supplemented 
by a careful examination of the dissections and drawings of 
the genitalia of numerous divergent forms, made by Mr. Gif- 
fard, have come to the conclusion that there is but one species, 
honoluluensis, and that all other so-called species are but vari- 
ants of this. It seems to me that we have here a case of a 
species of Dorcus or of a closely related genus having become 
established at a very ancient time on what is now the island 
of Kauai, and of having undergone subsequent to that time a 
great degree of modification, chiefly along lines of degenera- 
tion. The species having once lost its stable status, soon 
acquired a great deal of plasticity which has been retained to 
the present date. The degeneration is shown in such ways as 
the absolute loss of wings and the resulting reduction of the 
entire afterbody, particularly evident in the shortening of the 
metathorax, as is clearly to be seen beneath in the very short 
metasternum, and the shortening and rounding of the elytra, 
a character that is always to be noted in species which have 
been long without wings; the loss of the labrum; and the 
shrinking of the integument, particularly noticeable in the 
elytra of the males. The species has undoubtedly developed its 
subterranean habits* with the resulting enlargement of legs, 

3 Mr. Kusche told me that he found practically all of his specimens 


in old rotting stumps or at the base of the same, and that sometimes 
they were some distance below the surface. 


41 


though there has been no appreciable reduction or other modi- 
fication of the fore tarsi, as is so often found in fossorial Lamel- 
licornia. The males show the usual Lucanid tendency to vary 
as regards the mandibles, the head, and prothorax; and the 
species as a whole, the tendency of lignivorous insects in gen- 
eral to vary greatly as to size. The largest males are fully 
21 mm. in length from clypeus to apex of elytra and 11 mm. 
in greatest breadth, while the smallest specimen seen is hardly 
12 mm. in length and 6 mm. in breadth. 

The structures which I have found to be the most impor- 
tant from the standpoint of variability and useful as indices 
for my work, are the mandibles, the clypeus, the submentum 
(the mentum of earlier authors), the sides of the head, the 
fore tibia, and the scutellum, and to a lesser degree the middle 
and hind tibia. In no two specimens from the large number 
under observation, could I find all of the characters abso- 
lutely the same, though in the majority a certain proportion 
of the characters were alike. As regards the mandibles, there 
were found four main types: the first, the generalized and 
usual form with a moderately developed and acute tooth at 
about the middle, such as is shown in Plate I, fig. 1; second, 
a form with the tooth much more elongated and blunt at the 
tip and also projecting somewhat upwards as well as inwards, 
fig. 4; third, a form with greatly elongated, almost straight, 
and toothless mandibles, fig. 5; and fourth, a much reduced 
simple type of mandible with at most only a slight enlarge- 
ment where the tooth should be, fig. 2. The first three forms 
are only found in the males and the last is restricted to the 
females. The clypeus shows that it may vary in three distinc- 
tive ways: have a transverse anterior margin, fig. 1; a pro- 
nounced bi-emarginate anterior margin, fig. 3; or be somewhat 
triangular with the middle much produced, fig. 5. The sides 
of the head are almost straight and parallel in a few, with 
the canthus not prominent and not impinging upon the anterior 
portion of the eye, fig. 3; somewhat rounded and with a well 
developed, more or less tuberculous canthus that decidedly 
overlaps the anterior margin of the eye, fig. 1; and quite 
oblique and converging anteriorly, with but a moderate de- 
velopment of the canthus, though with the same slightly im- 


42 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V. 


Apterocyclus and Rhyncogonus. 


Plate I. 





43 


pinging upon the eye, fig. 5. The anterior tibia may have the 
cuter margin multidentate, fig. 8; may be somewhat simple in 
outline, fig. 10; or have the apex decidedly tripalmate, fig. 11. 
Composite types may also be found as in fig. 9. The scutel- 
lum is normally moderately prolonged and evenly rounded at 
the apex as shown in figs. 1 and 2; but in a few it is much 
shortened, greatly elongated and with parallel sides, or quite 
triangular and acute at the apex. The middle and posterior 
tibia may be simple and untoothed as with the majority, or 
provided with an acute tooth at about the middle as was no 
doubt the ancestral condition. Other characters are also vari- 
able, but they are of less value for purposes of differentiation. 
The male genitalia have been carefully studied by Mr. Giffard. 
I have critically examined the mounted dissections which he 
made from various forms, together with his drawings, and 
can find no differentiating characters of moment, though there 
were noted minor modifications. These latter, I believe, are 
mainly due to the changes which have been produced in the 
parts by mounting rather than to any material difference in 
the structures themselves. The male genitalia do, however, 
show distinctive generic characters. Plate II, which is made 
from one of Mr. Giffard’s careful drawings, will give a good 
‘idea of the distinctive features, and enable anyone who wishes 
to contrast them with those found in other genera of the 
Lucanidae. 

Studying the specimens themselves in regard to the struc- 


EXPLANATION: OF PLATE... 
y. 1, Male of Apteroeyclus honoluluensis Waterhouse (typical form). 
Fig. 2, Female of Apterocyelus honoluluensis Waterhouse (typical form). 
3, Head of Apteroeyelus honoluluensis var. waterhousei Sharp (typi- 
cal). 
4, Head of Apterocyelus honoluluensis Waterhouse (atypical form). 
Fig. 5, Head of Apterocyclus honoluluensis var. palmatus n. var. 
6, Submentum, trapezoidal form. 
7, Submentum, simple or arcuate form. 
Fig. 8, Fore tibia, the multidentate form. 
Fig. 9, Fore tibia, a composite form. 
Fig. 10, Fore tibia, a simple or reduced form. 
Fig. 11, Fore tibia, the tripalmate form. 
Fig. 12, Rhyneogonus alternatus n. sp. 


. 


44 


tures indicated above, I found that they could readily be put 
into four main assemblies or groups. Three of these would 
include only males and the fourth only females. The three 
male types are sufficiently distinctive to be listed as varieties. 
The female type is fairly constant, the males less so, some 
being intermediates between two or more of the dominant types. 

The members of the first group, I would in general charac- 
terize as being quite large and robust and with sides some- 
what parallel; the head with moderately well developed and 
toothed mandibles, the clypeus bi-emarginate in front, and 
with the sides almost parallel and with the canthus but moder- 
ately developed and not or but slightly impinging upon the 
eye, fig. 3; a prothorax, large and with sides almost straight; 
the fore tibia large and multidentate on the outer margin; 
the middle and hind tibia each with a well developed and acute 
tooth near the middle, the scutellum of the normal type, fig. 1; 
and the submentum of the trapezoidal type, fig. 6. Two of 
the specimens before me are of this type, both collected by 
Mr. Kusche near the Waialae river, Kauai, and now belong- 
ing’ to Mr. Giffard. <Apterocyclus waterhouset Sharp would 
also belong here. The elytra in this last are spinous at the 
sutural apex and the anterior margin of the clypeus somewhat 
. truncate according to the illustration, but these are divergent 
and individual characters and of less value than are the charac- 
ters which associate it with the others. The individuals of 
this group I would consider as most generalized and closest to 
the ancestral stock. The large size, more parallel form, smooth 
mahogany colored surface, and many toothed anterior tibiae, 
show that they have departed the least from their progenitors. 
The possession of wings and labrum and the general develop- 
ment which wings would require would make them almost 
typical species of Dorcus. 

The second group, I would consider as including the speci- 
mens approximating the type of the genus, Apterocyclus hono- 
luluensis Water., or like the one outlined in fig. 1. These 
would in general have moderately developed and toothed man- 
dibles, the clypeus with a truncate or straight anterior margin, 
the head with the sides somewhat rounded though slightly 
angulated because of the development of the canthus, which 


45 


always impinges upon the eyes, a submentum with the anterior 
margin arcuate, fig. 7, a scutellum of the usual form, anterior 
tibia with only a single tooth at the middle, fig. 1, or even 
without, fig. 10, and middle and posterior in general without 
the lateral tooth. The beetles included here are the dominant 
forms. They are very dark, almost black, and in general quite 
opaque throughout, only a few showing on the head and pro- 
thorax the smoothness and mahogany color which is so charac- 
teristic of the females and of the members of the first group. 
These I would consider as having become most specialized 
along lines of degeneration. Among the members in this as- 
sembly will be seen the greatest amount of minor variations 
and signs of unstableness. The specimens as a whole show 
a great degree of reduction and simplification of structure as 
well as peculiar modifications and they vary also greatly in 
size, many of the less developed being much distorted and 
asymmetrical. The mandibles may be large or small, have 
a large tooth, fig. 4, or one much reduced but never absent, 
though the usual is with one of moderate size, fig. 1. In a 
few specimens the tooth is short and very broad at base, 
and in a number there is an additional but very small denticle 
not far from the apex of the mandible. The clypeus though 
generally straight along its anterior margin, may in some of 
the larger individuals show a bi-emarginate margin though 
never to such a marked degree as seen in group one, or a 
tendency toward the triangular shape so characteristic of the 
following group. In one or two of the more extreme phases, 
the margin is retracted and emarginate and in several almost 
evenly arcuate. The submentum is trapezoidal in a few of the 
larger specimens, though in the majority, simply arcuate, fig. 7. 
The sides of the head are, as a rule, as shown in fig. 1, though 
there is a great degree of variability as to the details of the 
outline, especially as to the prominence of the canthus and its 
relationship to the eye. The scutellum is generally normal, 
fig. 1, but in a few, great instability is shown by its assuming 
unusual shapes, as when the lobe becomes greatly elongated 
or quite triangular. The fore tibiae are, as indicated, in general 
quite simple as to the shaft but often variable as regards the 
apex. In the middle and hind tibiae, the shaft is usually 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V. Plate IL. 


placid 8 uitoe Veet nO 


median lobe. 


tegmiurtalovs = 2 5 eee oe 
lateral) lobe. 


Vedio meas = eee oe sade € jaculatory 
struts. Bole eke Auct 


basal piece. _ _ 





Male genitalia of Apterocyclus. 


47 


simple, though often definitely toothed. Most of the specimens 
seen came from an altitude of from three thousand to over 
four thousand feet, as from Kokee and Puu Ka Pele, on the 
island of Kauai, and were collected during May or June. [| 
believe that from this group will develop the dominant and 
perhaps stable type of the future if the species persists. At 
present, however, there is great instability. Among the de- 
scribed forms I would assign to this group besides Aptero- 
cyclus honoluluensis Water., previously mentioned, 4. munroi 
Sharp, 4. adpropinquans Sharp, A. varians Sharp, and 4. 
deceptor’ Sharp, so-called species which are but slightly dif- 
ferent, each in its own way, from the bulk of this group. If 
I were to name other new forms, basing them upon the same 
degrees of modification, noted for the above, I would need to 
designate at least fifty new forms, for, as I have previously 
stated, hardly any two specimens have the same structures 
modified in the same way and to the same degree. 

The third group will include a number of individuals which 
are primarily characterized by being quite large, robust, and 
decidedly opaque. They have much elongated and untoothed 
mandibles, fig. 5, a triangular clypeus, and fore tibiae very 
robust and markedly tripalmate at the apex, fig. 11. In one 
specimen, the submentum is arcuate anteriorly, in the others, 
trapezoidal. In all other regards, they resemble the members 
of group two and show the same degree of variability as 
regards character. Five specimens of this phase are now be- 
fore me, one belonging to the Bishop Museum, one to Mr. 
Giffard, and three to me, all collected by Mr. Kusche at an 
altitude of four thousand feet on the island of Kauai. This 
very distinct phase, I consider worthy of a name so will call 
it the variety palmatus n. var. and designate one of my speci- 
mens as the type, the other specimens as paratypes. It is a 





EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 


Fig. 13, Male genitalia of Apterocyclus honoluluensis Water., upper side. 
Fig. 14, Male genitalia of Apterocyelus honoluluensis Water., under side. 
Figs. 13 and 14 are copied from drawings made by Mr. W. M. Giffard, 


and the parts are named according to the nomenclature of Sharp and 
Muir. 


48 


form which has become extremely modified along peculiar 
lines and seems to indicate that it is being adapted to a sub- 
terranean life. The long, almost straight, and porrect man- 
dibles and heavy, fossorial anterior tibiae are such as one 
usually finds in insects leading a burrowing life. 

The fourth group includes only females. Those which I 
have seen are of rather small size, averaging 18 mm. in length 
from clypeus to apex of elytra, are somewhat shining and of 
a rich mahogany color, have short and simple or untoothed 
mandibles, the clypeus with a straight anterior margin or merest 
indication of being bi-emarginate, a submentum that is more or 
less trapezoidal, and anterior tibiae that are always well devel- 
oped apically and have a few lateral denticles, fig. 2. In two of 
the specimens under observation, the middle and posterior tibiae 
have a small tooth near the middle, but in the remainder the 
tibiae are simple. These females are also very hairy beneath, 
body as well as legs, and this degree of pilosity is never 
approached by any of the males. Seven specimens have been 
examined, one belonging to the Bishop Museum, one to the 
collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, one to 
Mr. Giffard, and four to me. The second specimen mentioned 
was captured by Mr. H. T. Osborn at Kokee, Kauai, June 11, 
1919, and in company with eleven males of group two. The 
others were found by Mr. Kusche at an altitude of four thou- 
sand feet on Kauai, and in company with specimens of group 
three and a large series belonging to group two. ‘The only 
other female that I know of is the one described as Apiero- 
cyclus feminalis Sharp which, according to the description and 
figure is not appreciably different from those seen by me. 

Thus to sum up, I would state that, according to my judg- 
ment, there is but one species of the family Lucanidae in the 
Hawaiian Islands, A pterocyclus honoluluensis Waterhouse. The 
female of this, separately described as Apterocyclus feminalis 
Sharp, is readily separated from any of the males, by good 
characters, and is also fairly stable. The males, on the other 
hand, are markedly unstable and polymorphic, though as far 
as known examples show, they appear to be specialized in 
general in three ways: first, towards a retention of many of 
the primitive characteristics as is shown by members of the 


49 


first group, which might be designated by the name water- 
housei Sharp and listed as a phase or variety of the species 
honoluluensis Water.; second, along lines of degeneration and 
simplification of structure, including all members of my second 
group, and to be designated as the typical form; and third, 
along lines of great modification as regards the mandibles and 
anterior tibiae, a result, I think, of becoming more adapted to 
a subterranean mode of life, producing a phase which I would 
designate as the phase or variety palmatus n. var. 

For the opportunity to study this most interesting group 
of beetles I must thank the following good friends: Mr. W. 
M. Giffard, Mr. Preston Clark, and Mr. O. H. Swezey. Mr. 
Giffard in particular aided me in every way that was possible. 


A New Species cof Rhyncogonus (Rhynchophorous 
Coleoptera), from the Island of Kauai, 
Hawaiian Islands. 

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE, 

University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 

(Presented by title by W. M. Giffard at the meeting of 
December 1, 1921.) 

Rhyncogonus alternatus n. sp. 

Robust, very convex, blackish-brown, the tibiae and_ tarsi 
scmewhat reddish; head with rostrum slightly longer than 
diameter across the eyes and coarsely, somewhat strigosely 
punctured above, the punctures of the front more rounded, and 
finer posteriorly, the surface sparsely clothed with light-brown 
hair, denser in the supraorbital region, the antennae with the 
first and second joints of the funiculus of about equal length; 
the prothorax broader than long, with sides almost parallel in 
basal half and slightly rounded and convergent anteriorly, the 


‘disc coarsely, cribrately, and irregularly punctured, with a 


smooth median longitudinal line, the surface sparsely pilose, 
like the head but with a tuft of lighter colored hair near the 
posterior angles; the elytra somewhat longer than broad and 
twice as broad as prothorax, very convex, even in the male, 
and with the carinate margin only evident near the humeri, the 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soec., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


50 


disc with rows of large and well-impressed punctures, the inter- 
vals flat except every fourth which is a bit convex and more 
elevated, the surface densely clothed with moderately long 
reddish-brown pile which is inclined to’ be collected into tufts 
and somewhat vittately arranged, the vittae on the more ele- 
vated intervals being especially prominent. Beneath, the body 
is coarsely closely punctured and sparsely finely pubescent. 
Male, length, 10 mm., breadth, 5 mm.; female, length, 12 mm., 
breadth, 6 mm. Plate I, fig. 12. 

This species is evidently somewhat related to Rhyncogonus 
depressus Sharp. and Rhyncogonous vittatus Sharp, differing 
primarily from both by being very convex, also by the color 
of the pile and its arrangement. In depressus, the pile is uni- 
formly arranged and closely appressed; in vittaius, arranged 
in series of somewhat regular vittae; while in alternatus, it 
is not only somewhat longer and coarser, but darker, and in- 
clined to be so dispersed that the covering of every fourth 
interval is more prominent. In drawing up this description, 
I have examined twenty-eight mounted specimens from my 
collection, and previously had seen several times that number, 
all collected near a swamp, at an altitude of about four thou- 
sand feet, on the island of Kauai, during June, 1919, by Mr. J. 
August Kusche. 

Type male and allotype female in my collection, also several 
others designated as paratypes, a pair of which will be de- 
posited in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and the California 
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 


51 


Identity of the Hawaiian Carpenter Bee of the Genus 
Xylocopa (Hymenoptera). 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 


(Presented at the meeting of January 6, 1921.) 


The Hawaiian carpenter bee has been established in the 
Islands for many years, and was first collected by Blackburn. 
F. Smith (Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 14, p. 684, 1879), and 
W. F. Kirby (Entom. Mo. Mag., 17, p. 86, 1880) both identi- 
fied the species as Xylocopa aeneipennis (De Geer), which is 
now commonly synonymized with X. brasilianorum (Linn.). 
This identification has been followed by most later writers, in- 
cluding Perkins (Fauna Hawaiiensis, I, p. 113, 1899) and 
Maid! (Ann. k. k. Naturh. Hofmus., 26, p. 307, 1912). 

In 1899, Alfken (Entom. Nachr., 25, pp. 317, 318) pointed 
out the differences between our insect and brasilianorum and 
identified it with X. chloroptera Lep. from China and the East 
Indies, but later retracted this determination, using the name 
brasianorum in 1903 (Zool. Jahrb., 19, p. 576). 

Our insect, however, is strictly identical with a species 
common in Southwestern United States, which was described as 
X. varipuncta by Patton in 1879 (Canad. Entom., 11, p. 60).* 
Females from Whittier, California, and Hawaiian specimens 
agree exactly even in the minutest details of puncturation. It 
is likely, therefore, that the species was introduced from Cali- 
fornia instead of from South America, as formerly supposed. 
Maidl also records (1. c., p. 264) a female brasilianorum from 
Japan, and it would be interesting to know whether this is also 
varipuncta. 


Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 1, Oetober, 1922. 


* Since this note was presented, Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell has examined 
Hawaiian specimens and pronounces them to be exactly varipuncta, which 
he considers to be distinet from brasilianorum. Mr. S. A. Rohwer has 
also kindly compared specimens with others in the U. S. National Museum 
from Arizona, and finds them to be identical. 





53 


Observations on Xylocopa and Lithurgus (Hymenoptera). 
BY W. M. GIFFARD. 


(Presented at meeting of January 6, 1921.) 


On December 22, Mr. Muir and I were at Waialua and 
observed the males of Lithurgus albofimbriatus swarming 
around the exit holes of Xylocopa varipuncta in part of an 
old tree-trunk, which had been utilized as a fence-post. It was 
quite evident that the males were waiting for the emergence of 
females. At the time no Xylocopa were noticed in the imme- 
diate neighborhood. Five days later, December 27, I again 
visited the place for the special purpose of cutting away a 
portion of the fence-post for further study and examination. 
The swarming of Lithurgus males, previously noticed, had en- 
tirely ceased. In a wait of one hour only two solitary speci- 
mens on the wing were seen in the immediate neighborhood 
(one male and one female), but Xylocopa were flying around 
the post, entering and emerging from their burrows in numbers. 


Bringing the cut sections to Honolulu and bagging them 
for better observation, emergence of both Lithurgus and Xlyo- 
copa began on the day following in large numbers, so that 
at the expiration of seven days nineteen males and twenty-three 
females of Lithurgus and twenty-two males and twenty-seven 
females of Xylocopa had emerged from two sections of post, 
ineasuring in all 214 feet by 8 inches in diameter. (Note—A 
large proportion of the Lithurgus and some of the Xylocopa 
were found to be attacked by large swarms of Acari. ‘These 
had massed themselves in swarms to the propodeum and an- 
terior segments of the abdomen. ) 


Upon opening the sections for further observation, the 
channels of both Lithurgus and Xylocopa were plainly seen, 
together with many old cocoons of the former and others con- 
taining pupae. The larvae of Lithurgus were not observed, nor 
were the pupae of Xylocopa seen. It is safe to say that quite 
a few more Lithurgus would have emerged had the splitting 
of the sections of the post been further postponed. There 


Proe. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


54 


remained in the channels two males and one female, and one 
partly grown larva of Xylocopa. 

In addition to the above Aculeates, the sections of post con- 
tained large swarms of Pheidole megacephala, which had taken 
possession of the old channels of the Lithurgus. It was ob- 
served by Muir and Timberlake at the time the sections were 
split that Lithurgus apparently filled up the most of its old 
channels by the frass taken from those newly constructed, this 
frass even tightly packing up the interior of the old cocoons. 

From beneath the bark and in some of the channels were 
swarms of the Tenebrionid beetle (Alphitobius piceus); also 
one example of Oxydema fusiforme, also a number of small 
Roaches, one Centipede, and the larva of an Elaterid beetle. 


LS at 


5 


Insect Collecting in Zero Weather in Illinois. 
BY O. H. SWEZEY. 


(Presented at meeting of Mareh 3, 1921.) 


The week before Christmas, December, 1920, I spent at a 
farm house near Rockford, Ill. It was hardly a favorable 
time for collecting insects, as for a part of the time the tem- 
perature dropped as low as zero. However, a few interesting 
captures were made, which are now exhibited. 

In a cavity in the center of a block of wood, recently 
brought in from the forest, was found a colony of the large 
black wood ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Deg.), of which 
a series of specimens was secured. Among these ants some 
queer brown insects were noticed, and sixteen of them were 
collected. These proved to be a species of Staphylinid beetle, 
Xenodusa cava (Lec.), which is an inquiline in ants’ nests. I 
had never before seen any of these insects. The ants feed the 
beetles and their larvae, and they in turn lick the clusters of 
hairs on the sides of some of the adbominal segments of the 
beetles. An account of this is given in Wheeler’s Ant Book. 

In another cavity, which was an old channel of some wood 
borer, opening out to the exterior, was a mud nest of some 
wasp, containing several cells in a mass. From this mud nest, 
four pretty, white-marked Ichneumonids * issued the latter part 
of February; also 143 small Tetrastichus issued during the 
middle of the same month. The latter were determined as 
TVetrastichus johnsoni Ashmead, by Mr. Timberlake.‘ One 
wasp, Ceropales fraterna Smith, issued March 3. From what 
has been previously observed of this wasp, it may have been 
a parasite on the wasp which was the builder of the nest. If 
so, the true builder of the nest was not learned, for the total 
emergences are given above. On examination of the eight cells 
of the nest, one cell contained the cocoon of the Ceropales fra- 
terna; four cells contained the cocoons of the Ichneumonids ; 
two cells contained cocoons of the Ichneumonid from which 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 





* Mesostenus discoidalis Cresson, as determined later by R. A. Cushman. 
+ Identification confirmed by Mr. A. B. Gahan by comparison with 
types in the U. 8. National Museum. 


56 


the Tetrastichus johnsom had issued, thus proving the host of 
this parasite; the remaining cell contained a cocoon of the 
Ichneumonid with a dried-up larva. 

It was not possible to determine the host of this Ichneumonid. 
But it must have been either the Ceropales fraterna, or if this 
wasp was a parasite on some other wasp (possibly an A genia) 
that may have built the nest, the _Ichneumonid might have been 
a parasite on the Agenia. 

In similar blocks of wood were found many larvae of 
two or three Longicorn beetles, and possibly of Buprestids as 
well. None were collected, nor were any adults found, or 
remains of any adult beetles that might be a help to the identi- 
fication of the larvae. Beneath the bark where beetle larvae 
had been working, three cocoons were collected, from which 
one Braconid* issued. It probably was a parasite on some one 
ef the beetle larvae. 





{ Atanycolus sp., as determined later by S. A. Rohwer. 


cy 


7 


Insects Attacking Ferns in the Hawaiian Islands. 
BY 0. H. SWEZEY. 
(Presented at the meeting of March 3, 1921.) 

In a recent paper by Dr. Charles T. Brues on “The Selec- 
tion of Food-plants by Insects, With Special Reference to 
Lepidopterous Larvae,” * he says, “The term phytophagous 
with reference to insects is commonly employed in a consider- 
ably restricted and rather inaccurate sense, including only those 
species that feed upon the higher plants, meaning by these the 
ferns and flowering plants. Only an extremely small, almost 
negligible, proportion subsist upon ferns, so that from a practi- 
cal standpoint, we would include only those feeding upon the 
Spermatophytes.” 

It is to be presumed that Dr. Brues has in mind conditions 
of his region, the Eastern United States, when he says an 
aimost negligible proportion of insects subsist upon ferns. Here 
in the Hawaiian Islands a considerable number of insects sub- 
sist exclusively upon ferns, besides quite a number of others 
which are more or less associated with them. 

During the seventeen years that the writer has been engaged 
in economic entomology in the Hawaiian Islands, the study of 
the habits, host-plants, life histories, parasitic relations, etc., of 
the endemic insects have received considerable attention as well 
as have the introduced insects which were of economic impor- 
tance. In becoming familiar with the endemic insect fauna 
of the Hawaiian Islands, one soon learns that the different 
species are largely attached to particular trees or plants, and 
conversely that each species of tree or plant has its own 
peculiar insect fauna—one or more species of insects which 
feed upon it exclusively. Following out this phase of the insect 
relations to the plants, much attention has been given to the 
study of the insect faunas of some of the more important 
native trees which seemed to have a larger insect fauna than 
many of the other species. 

Along these lines, the native ferns in the Hawaiian Islands 
have come in for their share of similar consideration. The 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


} * American Naturalist, LIV:313, 1920. 


58 


Hawaiian Islands are rather rich in ferns, from very small 
moss-like species to large tree-ferns, about 130 species in all, 
and there is found to be quite an extensive insect fauna peculiar 
to these ferns. Perhaps not every species of fern is attacked 
by insects, but there are quite a number which have one or 
more species of insects peculiar to them. Information on these 
insects accumulates slowly, and is as yet far from complete, 
but the following are known at present: 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

Eriopygodes euclidias (Meyrick). [Caradrinidae. | 

This moth is very abundant in the forests where ferns 
abound. Its caterpillar is the cutworm type, though it remains 
on its food-plant in daytime instead of hiding under rubbish 
or in the soil. They feed on many kinds of ferns, and appar- 
ently only on ferns. The caterpillar varies from nearly plain 
green to almost black. 

Scotorythra rara (Butler). [Selidosemidae. | 

Caterpillars of this moth are very polyphagous, mostly feed- 
ing on trees, but they have also been found feeding on ferns. 
They occur on all the islands of the group. 

Batrachedra sophroniella Walsingham. [Hyponomeutidae. | 

The larvae of this moth feed on the sporangia of Aspidium 
cyatheoides, protected by a web. When there are no more 
sporangia, they feed on the undersurface of the frond, eating 
away the parenchyma and leaving the upper epidermis which 
then shows as dead spots. Pupation takes place within a 
cocoon alongside of the midrib of a pinna. This moth is 
known on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. I have taken it at 
Pauoa, Mt. Tantalus, Pacific Heights Ridge, Hillebrand’s Glen, 
Halawa, and Waiawa on Oahu; Keanae, Maui; Waimea, 
Hawaii. 

Batrachedra lomentella Walsingham. [Hyponomeutidae. ] 

This species has similar habits, but the identity of the fern 
to which it is attached cannot be stated with certainty. The 
moth is known on Oahu and Hawaii. I reared it from un- 
identified ferns in Hakalau Gulch, Hawaii; and Palolo, Oahu. 
Batrachedra bedelliella Walsingham. [Hyponomeutidae. ] 


The larvae of this tiny moth feed among the sporangia of 


59 


the birdnest fern, Asplenium nidus. I have reared them from 
Palolo, Oahu, and Hakalau, Hawaii. They no doubt occur 
on all the islands where this fern does. In the Fauna Ha- 
waiiensis the species is recorded from Maui and Molokai. I 
have found larvae feeding among the sporangia of Elaphoglos- 
sum reticulatum in Palolo Valley, Oahu, which I failed to rear. 
It may be the same species, and yet it might be still another 
species of the same genus. 

Batrachedra syrraphella Walsingham. [Hyponomeutidae. ] 

The larvae of this species feed on the sporangia of Drvop- 
teris parasitica. They hide within a white silken tunnel pro- 
duced wherever they are feeding. I have reared it from 
Palolo Valley and from Waianae, Oahu; and have collected 
it besides at Niu, Wailupe, Kaumuahona, Hillebrand’s Glen, 
Waiahole and Kaala, Oahu. In the Fauna Hawaiiensis it is 
also recorded from Kona and Kilauea, Hawaii. 

Batrachedra sp. 

I found fronds of Pteris irregularis on Mt. Tantalus, Oahu, 
very much mined by a small larva which was taken to be of 
a species of Batrachedra, but no adults were reared to prove 
their identity. 

Batrachedra spp. 

There are four other native species of this genus whose 
habits are not known, but it is likely that they may be found to 
be attached to some of the ferns. 

At several places in the mountains of Oahu, Polypodium 
spectrum fronds have been found mined by a lepidopterous 
larva larger than the preceding. None have been reared, how- 
ever, so that the species of moth is yet unknown. 
Euhyposmocoma ekaha (Swezey). [Hyponomeutidae. ] 

The larvae of this moth feed singly on the underside of 
the fronds of Asplenium nidus. They eat off the parenchyma, 
leaving the upper epidermis which shows as dead patches. 
While feeding, the larva is protected by a covering of silk and 
frass, making a sort of covered way connected with a burrow 
in the midrib where the larva stays when not feeding. This 
covered way is shifted as the eaten-off area enlarges in size. 
This moth occurs wherever this species of fern is found in the 


60 


numerous mountain valleys of Oahu, but has not yet been found 
on the other islands. 
Euhyposmocoma trivitella Swezey. [Hyponomeutidae. ] 

The larvae of this moth are miners in the simple sterile 
fronds of Elaphoglossum reticulatum, and have been found 
only on the east side of the mountains of Kauai. 
Hyposmocoma spp. 

Several undetermined species of these tiny moths are asso- 
ciated with ferns. ‘The larvae live in cases, and several kinds 
of these cases have been found on fern fronds or in dead, 
decaying frond-stalks of tree-ferns. Possibly they are not par- 
ticularly attached to the ferns as host-plants. This remains to 


be determined. 
COLEOPTERA. 


Heteramphus filicum Perkins. [Cossonidae. ] 

This weevil is found in rotting tree-fern trunks or stumps 
on Oahu. As yet it is not known to have any other habitat, 
and is considered a fern insect. 

Heteramphus wollastoni Sharp. 
Heteramphus foveatus Sharp. 

These two closely related species are also occasionally found 
in similar situations as flicum on Oahu, but their usual food- 
plant is Astelia veratroides. 

Heteramphus swezeyi Perkins. [Cossonidae. ] 

The larvae of this species are miners in the sterile fronds 
of Elaphoglossum reticulatum, micradenium, gorgonum and 
squamosum. They pupate and develop to the adult beetle 
within the mine. The species has been observed chiefly in 
Palolo Valley, Oahu, but has been taken also at Punaluu 
towards the opposite end of the same mountain range, and 
its mines have been observed at Wahiawa about the middle of 
the range; hence, it apparently occurs throughout the range. 
It has not yet been found on the other Islands. 

Oodemas brunneum Perkins. [Cossonidae. | 

This weevil occurs in dead frond-stalks of Pteris on 
Molokai. 

Oodemas aenescens Bohman. _ [Cossonidae. ] 


This species occurs in dead frond-stalks of Czbotium spp. 


ol 


on Oahu and Lanai. It is not confined to ferns, however, for 
it also occurs in dead branches of many kinds of trees and 
shrubs. 

Pentarthrum prolixum Sharp. [Cossonidae.] 

This elongate weevil is found, often abundantly, in the dead 
frond-stalks of two or three species of Cibotium, tree-ferns. 
It does not occur on anything else. It is common on all the 
Islands. 

Dryophthorus pusillus Sharp. [Cossonidae.] 


This weevil occurs on Oahu, and inhabits decaying tree- 
ferns, Cibotium spp. 

Dryophthorus modestus Sharp. [Cossonidae.] 

This species occurs on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, and is 
rarely found in similar places to the preceding. 
Dryophthorus insignis Sharp. [Cossonidae.] 

This species occurs on all the Islands and is more often 
found on tree-ferns, inhabiting the dead frond-stalks. The 
species of the genus Dryophthorus usually feed in rotten wood, 
and it is likely that some of the other species may also be 
found in decaying fern-stems. 

Pseudolus longulus (Boh.). [Cossonidae.] 

The larvae of this weevil feed in the dead frond-stalks of 
Cibotium chamissot. They also feed in dead bamboo and other 
dead or rotten wood. It occurs on all the Islands. 
Proterhinus longulus Sharp. [Proterhinidae. ] 

This representative of the endemic family Proterhinidae is 
found on tree-ferns (Cibotium chamissoi, C. menziesii). The 
larvae feed in the dead frond-stalks. The species occurs only 
in the forests of Oahu. 

Proterhinus pteridis Perkins. [Proterhinidae.] 

This species occurs on Molokai, in the leaf-stalks of a 
species of Pteris. 

Proterhinus sharpi Perkins. [Proterhinidae. | 

This species occurs on Haleakala, Maui, on a non-arboreal 
fern. A number of other species of Proterhinus are commonly 


62 


swept from ferns, and it is likely that they will be found to 
be attached to them when their habits are fully studied. 
Holcobius hawaiiensis Perkins. [| Ptinidae.] 

This beetle has been taken at base of tree-ferns. 
Nesapterus monticola (Sharp). [Nitidulidae.] 


I found two specimens of this beetle in the dead frond-stalk 
of Cibotium menziesti in Palolo Valley. Otherwise the habits 
of the species are not known. ; 


DIPTERA. 
Drosophila sp. [Drosophilidae. ] . 

An undescribed species of this genus has been reared froin 
living frond-stalks of Sadleria cyatheoides at Niu, Oahu, and 
at Kilauea, Hawaii. The larvae are found in the very young 
fronds. They are very elongate, and tunnel up and down in 
the stem. There is hardly a frond to be found on any plant 
of this fern that has not several of these tunnels, but the fern 
does not seem to be seriously injured by them. 

Agromyza sp. [Agromyzidae.] 

An undescribed species of this genus is a miner in the 
fronds of Marattia douglasst. The mines are often very abun- 
dant, but very few adults have been reared. It. occurs on 
Oahu, and possibly on the other Islands wherever the fern 
occurs. 

Homoptera. 

Oliarus kaonohi Kirkaldy and O. montivagus Kirkaldy of the 
Cixiidae have been reared from nymphs occurring in decay- 
ing frond bases and in the fibrous matter of tree-fern stems, 
and in the dead frond-stalks. It is likely that several of the 
cther species of this genus are also attached to ferns, for many 
of them are taken by sweeping on ferns. It is probable that 
the near-related Jolania perkinsi Kirkaldy may be found to 
breed similarly, for the adults are commonly collected from 
ferns. 


Ilburnia ipomoeicola Kirkaldy. [Delphacidae.] 

This small leafhopper is associated with Sadleria cyathe- 
cides. It oviposits very abundantly in the young tender frond- 
stalks. It has been reported on Cibotium, and also occurs on 


63 


a few other plants. It is known on Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii. 
Ilburnia amamau Muir. [Delphacidae.] 

This species occurs on Sadleria cyatheoides on Haleakala, 
Maui. 

Ilburnia nephrolepidis (Kirkaldy). [Delphacidae. | 

This species occurs on Nephrolepis evxaltata. It has been 
collected at Maunawili, Oahu; Iao Valley, Maui; Ookala and 
Kilauea, Hawaii. 

Nesorestias filicicola Kirkaldy. [Delphacidae. ] 

Has been collected from Elaphoglossum gorgonum, and 
possibly other ferns. Palolo, Pacific Heights and Tantalus, 
Oahu. 

Nesorestias nimbata (Kirkaldy). [Delphacidae.] 

Has been collected on Phegopteris sp. and may occur on 
other ferns. Collected at Kaumuahona, Waiawa, Waiahole 
and Punaluu, Oahu. 

Nothorestias badia Muir. [Delphacidae.] 

Collected on undetermined ferns at Kuliouou, Oahu. 
Nothorestias swezeyi Muir. [Delphacidae.] 

Collected on Aspidium sp. at Makaha, Oahu, 1500 feet 
elevation. 

There are likely other species of Delphacidae yet to be 
discovered that are attached to some of the different ferns. 
Nesophryne filicicola Kirkaldy. [Tetigoniidae. | 
Nesophryne microlepiae Kirkaldy. 

These two species were recorded from Microlepia sirigosa, 
Kalihiwai, Kauai. 

Idiopterus nephrolepidis Davis. [Aphididae.] 

This aphidid is often found on Elaphoglossum reiiculatum 

and some other native ferns, and by some is considered a native 


insect. 
ORTHOPTERA. 


Paratrigonidium filicum Perkins. [Trigonididae.] 

This small cricket was found by Perkins at Olaa, Hawaii 
(two thousand feet), “in dense forest, frequenting a tall soft 
fern, which covers the ground beneath the trees.” 
Paratrigonidium viridescens Perkins. [Trigonididae.] 


This cricket was found in the same locality as the preced- 


64 


ing species, but it “lives among a beautiful creeping fern, 
which clothes the tree-trunks in wet forests.” 
Banza spp. [Locustidae.] 

Adults and young of several species are often found on 


ferns. 
PREDATORS. 


Several species of native Carabidae are always to be found 
in dead or hollow frond-stalks and decaying tree-fern stems, 
where they are in search of prey. An occasional predacious 
bug, and earwigs are also found in these places, as well as 
the peculiar crickets Prognathogryllus and allies. 

None of the native insects occurring on ferns in the Ha- 
waiian Islands are particularly injurious to the ferns which 
they infest. There are parasites working on them, which largely 
accounts for their control. There is no telling, however, but 
what they might prove serious pests, if by any chance some of 
them became introduced into other countries, just as the Aus- 
tralian fern-weevil has done in Hawaii. 

Besides the endemic insects, a few others are sometimes 
found on ferns in the forests of Hawaii; as, for example, the 
wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens Maskell) on Elaphoglossum re- 
ticulatum and other ferns, and some of the other introduced 
scales on different ferns, but none of them are of any con- 
sequence. 

Syagrius fulvitarsis Pascoe. [Molytinae.] 

This is known as the Australian fern weevil,* which first 
appeared in fern-houses in Honolulu, and then a little later 
(about 1904) became established in the open and spread to a 
considerable extent in the mountains in the immediate vicinity 
ef Honolulu, practically exterminating one of the most abun- 
dant ferns (Sadleria cyatheoides) and a species of Asplenium, 
but not harming the tree-ferns (Cibotium spp.) nor other ferns. 
The chief injury is done by the feeding of the larvae in the 
frond-stalks, killing them prematurely, and eventually causing 














* Ischiogonus syagrii Fullaway, a parasite on the fern weevil, was 
(discovered in Australia by C. E. Pemberton in April, 1921, and intro- 
duced to Hawaii. It became established quickly, but it yet remains to 
be demonstrated whether it will become as effective here as in Australia 
in controlling the pest. 


65 


the death of the whole plant. In 1909, it was found to have 
become established in a fern-house in Hilo on the Island of 
Hawaii. Attempts were made to eradicate it there, but later 
on it was found generally spread throughout the town, and by 
1920 had extended its spread to some distance outside. A con- 
siderable colony was found at a distance of twenty-nine miles 
and at an elevation of nearly four thousand feet, near the 
volcano Kilauea, where there are extensive tree-fern forests, in 
places chiefly composed of Sadleria, which were thus threat- 
ened with destruction as they had been in the mountains near 
Honolulu. Strenuous measures were employed by the Terrt- 
torial Board of Agriculture to eradicate the weevil in that 
place, with as good success as has ever been attained in the 
destruction of an insect pest that has once become thoroughly 
established. 


Pa oe aie 


oer) PR 





67 


Description of a Cuckoo-wasp from the Hawaiian Islands 
(Hymenoptera). 
BY S. A. ROHWER. 
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 
(Presented at the meeting of August 4, 1921.) 

So far only one species of Chrysididae has been recorded 
from the Hawaiian Islands, and it seems to be undescribed. 
It has, however, been known to the entomologists of the Islands 
only since June, 1914, when a specimen was taken by Mr. 
Potter and formed the basis of a short note presented by 
Swezey to the Hawaiian Entomological Society (see Proc. Haw. 
Ent. Sec. Vols 3, Nor2) 1915, ps 71). Since then the species 
has. become more abundant, and in Proceedings of the Hawaiian 
Entomological Society (Vol. 3, No. 3, Sept., 1916, p. 142) 
Mant exhibited a number of specimens. The species has never 
been identified, but it has been assumed that it was introduced. 
In 1917 (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc:, Vol. 3,. p. 288), Bridwell re- 
cords having found adults of this Chrysidid in nests of Sceli- 
fhron at Diamond Head, Oahu. To accompany a letter dated 
June 4, 1921, P. H. Timberlake sent six specimens of this 
wasp to the United States National Museum for identification 
and referred to them as follows: 

“T also send six specimens of a Chrysidid which was first 
taken here in 1914, and is now fairly common in Oahu. It 
has not been taken on the other Islands, although Mr. Swezey 
saw one on Kauai last summer, but was unable to catch it. It 
is known to parasitize the common Sceliphron caementarium.” 

It is unfortunate that there are no records which would 
indicate the native home of this species. At first thought one 
would think that it had been introduced with its host, but this 
cannot be the case because there is no Chrysidid of the sub- 
genus Pentachrysis known from the native home of Sceliphron 
caementarium. Certain species of Chrysidids* are known to 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 1, Oetober, 1922. 


* Besides those mentioned by Dalla Torre (Catalogue Hymenopter- 
orum vol. 6, 1892) and Kohl (Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, bd. 32, 1918, 
p. 167) the following may be added: Chrysis (Hexachrysis) durga Bing- 
ham on Sceliphron intrudens Smith and Chrysis (Trichrysis) tridens 
Lepeletier on Sceliphron caementarium (Drury). 


68 


parasitize species of Sceliphron, and as the genus Sceliphron 
is known to occur in all zoological regions and the habits of 
many of the species are similar, it is fair to assume that if 
a Chrysidid parasitic on any species of this cosmopolitan genus 
was introduced into Hawaii it would easily adapt itself to the 
common species of the Islands. 

I have compared the specimens before me with the descrip- 
tions of all the species assigned to the subgenus Pentachrysis, 
and am unable to find any description with which they will 
agree. The new species seems to be closely allied to the Afri- 
can imops Gribodo, but the transfrontal carina is much more 
deeply emarginate than it is in that species. 


Chrysis (Pentachrysis) extraniens new species. 

Female. Length 9.5 mm. Clypeus shining, with sparse distinct pune- 
tures, the apical margin with a deep, broad angulate emargination; fron- 
tal basin closely and rather finely punctured; at the sides the punctures 
are somewhat confluent and the surface is striato-punctate; across the 
top of the frontal depression there is a low nearly straight transverse 
ridge and above this a stronger, more complete ridge which is angulately 
emarginate medianly, and when seen from above appears as a deeply 
emarginate transfrontal carina; the area between these two carinae pol- 
ished, impunctate; two irregular, raised lines extending dorsad of the 
frontal carina and enclosing the anterior ocellus in a large horse-hoof- 
shaped area; frons above carina and vertex with large, close punctures 
which are even closer in the postocellar area; posterior orbits with large 
punctures, the carina strong (less so dorsally) and extending to about 
the middle of the eye; malar space granular, its length subequal with 
the width of mandible at base (or length of pedicellum); antenna stout, 
the third joint subequal in length with four plus five, pronotum with 
its median length subequal with the medium length of the seutellum, the 
dorsal and anterior surfaces with large rather close punctures, the two 
surfaces not sharply separated, dorsally with a median longitudinal de- 
pression; pronotum longer laterally, the lateral and dorsal surfaces sep- 
arated by a sharp carina, sides shining but with large punctures dorsally ; 
scutum shining, with large punctures which are more widely separated 
than those of the pronotum; notauli straight, well-defined and foveolate; 
scutellum, postscutellum and middle area of propodeum forming a con- 
tinuous surface which is covered with large, close (somewhat more widely 
separated on scutellum) punctures; lateral-dorsal area of propodeum 
granular basally and punctured apically; upper part of mesepisternum 
with large, close punctures; sides of propodeum striate; tergites shining, 
with rather large, well-defined punctures which are separated by a dis- 
tance at least equal to their diameter; second and third tergites with an 
indistinct raised line medianly; the third tergite gently concave dorsally, 


69 


the subapical pits well defined, eight on each side of median ridge; 
apical margin of tergite with five triangular teeth of uniform size, the 
distance between the lateral teeth slightly greater than the distance be- 
tween an intermediate and median tooth; seen from the side the ventral 
margin of the third tergite is straight. 

Greenish-blue, with a bluish reflection on third tergite, a copperish 
reflection on sides of second tergite, and a dark purplish spot around 
ocelli and one covering the median area of the scutum; antenna beyond 
third joint black; legs entirely green; wings brownish-hyaline; venation 
black; head, thorax and legs with sparse gray hair. 

Paratype females have the blue color of the body more pronounced 
than in the type and might be called blue-green. The subapical pits may 
be reduced to fourteen. 

Male. Length 6 mm. Agrees well with the above characterization of 
the female, but the end of the third tergite is more pointed and the 
apical teeth are lower and more obtuse. 


Ty pe-locality— Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. 

Alloty pe-locality—Black Point, Oahu. 

Described from five females and one male collected by 
P. H. Timberlake. The type female was collected on the 
laboratory window August 15, 1916. The allotype male was 
collected September 10, 1916. Three paratype females were 
collected at Honolulu on May 15, 1918, May 15, 1920, and 
June 22, 1919. The other female is labeled “Ex Sceliphron 
cells,” “Diamond Head, Oahu, May, 1919.” 

Type, Allotype and Paratypes—Cat. No. 24,645, U. S. 
Nat. Mus. 


: ‘mai cabal 





71 


Conditions of Entomological Work in India. 


BY K. KUNHI KANNAN, 
Government Entomologist, Bangalore, India. 


(Presented at the meeting of August 4, 1921.) 


The development of Economic Entomology as a branch of 
Scientific Agriculture is so largely due to the United States, 
that in countries where its importance was recognized only - 
later there has been a pronounced tendency to adopt methods 
and results obtained in. the States without reference to their 
suitability to local conditions. India is no exception to the rule. 
The importance of the investigation of crop pests was recog- 
nized only late in the eighties of the last century, but the duty 
was left in the hands of men who were engaged in Museum 
work and who were, therefore, not able to investigate the pests 
reported to them. It was inevitable, therefore, that recom- 
mendations were made based on results obtained in the States, 
and that several of them proved useless. It was not till 1901 
when the Department of Agriculture was reorganized and an 
Agricultural Research Institute established in Pusa, that a full- 
time officer for the study of pests was appointed. Since then 
the work has rapidly developed. Two of the Provinces have 
entomologists of their own, and there is in all the Provinces 
a staff of subordinate officers. In Mysore, one of the native 
States, an entomologist was appointed as early as 1908. The 
Entomological staff in India is still unequal to the immense 
task before it, but in the next few years a more rapid increase 
in the staff is likely to take place. 

Entomological work in India is largely determined by the 
local conditions, and these are different from those of most 
other countries. India is a land of peasant proprietors. The 
average size of holdings is only four acres against sixty or 
eighty in the United States, and the yield from an acre repre- 
sents on an average only what an American farmer would 
willingly spend in spraying alone. Any costly remedies such 
as those employed in the States are, therefore, entirely out of 
question except in regard to crops like coffee and tea, in which 
the yield per acre is sufficiently high. The consequence is that 


Proe. Haw. Ent. Soec., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


V2 


the entomologist has to devise methods which are within the 
very small means of the Indian farmer, and spraying, as a 
general proposition, cannot be considered at all. Such remedies 
are being devised, with the increasing recognition on the part 
of Indian entomologists of the profound difference in Indian 
conditions from those of most Western Countries. Provided 
the remedy satisfies the requirements indicated above, the In- 
dian farmer can, as a rule, be easily persuaded to adopt them. 
Indeed, he himself has not been slow to devise certain ingenious 
remedies. The insecticidal property of mercury was long 
known to him, and it was not before it was proved by me * 
that any entomologist thought of the value of the metal in that 
connection. So, too, in regard to the storage of pulses he has 
hit upon devices which stood the test of scientific investigation. 
The simple method of putting a layer of sand on top of stored 
pulses, which I have suggested as an effective means of safe- 
guarding them from the Bruchids, was derived from a study 
of the local methods of storing them. 

Fumigation, as a method, is inapplicable to conditions in 
India, where each farmer stores his own pulses for the year, 
and where villages are so far apart and have such crude facili- 
ties of transport that distribution of the chemical could not 
be done on any large scale. Nor could the farmer be entrusted 
with so dangerous a chemical. The different method required 
of storing pulses in India is an illustration of the lines the 
entomologist has to proceed in India. The remedies that are 
now being devised take into account this fundamental fact. In 
my own State several remedies have been devised which are 
of a very simple character. The treatment of Nymphula de- 
junctalis, an amphibious caterpillar pest of rice, with kerosen- 
ing the water in the fields, was proved simple and popular. 
Another serious caterpillar pest which devastates many dry 
crops of the state is being controlled by the handpicking of 
the moths, which are conspicuous objects in the bare field, and 
easily caught and killed by the children of the village. More 
examples need not be given to show how very different are the 
lines in which entomological work has to be carried on in 





* It has recently come to our notice that in a ‘‘ Treatise on the Cul- 
ture of the Pineapple,’’ by William Speechly, published in London in 
1821, on pages 321-329, is an account of a method of using quicksilver 
for the destruction of scale insects on pineapple. [Ed.] 


73 


India. If in all work relating to the control of pests in India, 
regard be had to the attenuated and fragmentary character of 
the holdings of the farmer and his very small means, often 
hardly adequate to bare livelihood, there can be no doubt that 
the diffusion of knowledge of Economic Entomology will be 
as quick and widespread as in the States. 




















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75 
Notes on Immigrant Coleoptera. 
BY D. T. FULLAWAY. 
(Presented at the meeting of October 6, 1921.) 


It is gratifying to be able to refer by name to a number 
cf beetles which have rested in our insect cabinets for some 
time unidentified. ‘he determinations which follow have been 
secured through the kindness of Mr. G. E. Bryant, of the 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology, to whom examples of the 
different species were referred for identification. The citation 
of previous references to the species is made as an additional 
means of recognition. In several cases the present reference 
is the first that has been made to the occurrence of the species 
in Hawaii. Immediately following the list of determinations 
is an extended list of species which have been known in 
Hawaii for some time without published notice. The biblio- 
graphical references furnished have been gained from Gem- 
minger & Harold’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera, Junk’s Cata- 
logue of the Coleoptera, Leng’s Catalogue of North American 
Coleoptera and other miscellaneous sources of information, as 
indicated. 

These additions to our knowledge of the local Coleoptera 
have resulted from a brief study of the literature and collec- 
tions of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and_ the 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


RECENT DETERMINATIONS. 


ANTHRIBIDAE. 
? Lawsonia sp.* 
mie the (6), prCxeeve:, Pr: EivS.\3, ip. 273: 
First record, April 6, 1916. 
Earliest specimen collected by D. B. Langford in May, 
1910. 
Locality: Horolulu (Oahu). 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 





* Specimens referred by Mr. Bryant to Dr. Karl Jordan, a specialist 
upon this group of beetles, have been recently identified as a new species 
belonging to the genus Lillis, and will shortly be deseribed and published. 


70 


LAMIIDAE. 
Sybra alternans Wied. 


mde Pr: KS. 33p.1oees 4s Pps oo, Oc: 

First record, July 6, 1917. 

Collected: Honolulu (Oahu). 

S. alternans credited to Eschscholtz im litt. (cf. Lacord. 
Gen. Cok UX, p, Glo, 1872); in Go & Ee CS Si 0t): 

No reference to Wied. Locality, Malacca. Bridwell 
(supra, p. 82) recognized the species in material col- 
lected by Williams in the Philippine Islands. 


OEDEMERIDAE. 


Ananca ? sinensis Gemm. 

widex ho bieal (6) ip. CX EE 

Earliest specimen collected by Swezey at Puako, Hawaii, 
May 12, 1905. A second specimen captured by Swezey 
on steamer at Hilo, Hawaii, May 24, 1915, and an- 
other taken by Ehrhorn on wharf in Honolulu, June 
Ono tie 

Ananca sinensis Gemm. Coleop. Heft. VI, 1870; chinensis 
Boheme Res) EnugensslS58o ip, Ti i(Gac Ee wall, 
p: 2169): 

Locality: Hong Kong. 

ANTHICIDAE. 
Anthicus floralis L. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected by Giffard, December 1, 1907. 

Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). 

Anthicus floralis L. Fauna Suec. 1761, p. 228; Syst. Nat. 
ed. 125 -p, 68h, (Gi-& Eiaavail 2005: ) 

This catalogue gives a lengthy synonomy and the follow- 
ing distribution: Lombardia, Gallia, Anglia, Italia, 
Germania, Chili, Am. bor. Junk (Anthicidae, p. 47) 
adds Erythrea and Leng (p. 163) considers it cos- 
mopolitan. 


: XYLOPHILIDAE, 
Xylophilus sp. 


Not previously recorded. 
Earliest specimen collected by Swezey, October 17, 1905, 
on mulberry in Honolulu. 


f/ 


The species has also been taken by Swezey on Hawaii, at 
Hilo, October 26, 1908, and on Kauai at Lihue, March 
S119? KO? tet? 

TENEBRIONIDAE. 
Platydema subfascia Walker. 

mde. Pr HE 9.135. p- 4. 

Earliest specimen collected by Giffard on Tantalus Mt., 
back of Honolulu (Oahu), December 26, 1904. ‘This 
species has also been taken by Terry at Kealia, Kauai, 
October 21, 1905, and by Swezey on Maui, in Iao 
Valley, July 29, 1906. 

First record, September 4, 1913. 

Platydema subfascia Walker Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) I, 
1858, p. 284. (Junk’s Cat. Col. Tenebrionidae, p. 377.) 

Localities: India, Sunda Islands, S. China, ete. 

Blapstinus ? dilatatus Lec. 

Maesere t. B.S. 35) ps.373: 

Earliest specimen collected by Swezey at Waipahu, Oahu, 
August. 25, 1904. The species has also been taken 
by Swezey on Hawaii, at Kawaihae, September 5, 
191% First record, March 1, 1917. 

Blapstinus dilatatus Lec. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. V, 1851, 
ps 146.9) Gas: Mon: pa 430) 12-4, f1. “(junk’s “Cat. 
Col. Tenebrionidae III, p. 298.) 

Localities: Arizona and Southern California. Cited, also, 
by Leng (p. 231). 

Conibius sp. nr. brunnipes Champ. 

Not previously recorded. _ 

Earliest specimen collected by Ehrhorn, August 16, 1917. 

Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). ? 

Conibius brunnipes Champ. Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. IV, I, 
18S0, spp:, 183, 3230; t. 6, £2.12. (Junks’ Cat.» Coll: 
Tenebrionidae, II, p. 302.) 

Locality: Central America. Leng (p. 231) gives locality 
alee CUS 2 )2 

DERMESTIDAE. 
Telopes undulata Motsch. 
Not previously recorded. 
Earliest specimen collected by Terry, December, 1908. 


78 


Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). 

Telopes (Aethriostoma) undulata Motsch. Etud. Ent. 1858, 
p47. 1 eG. (ee etn epee 

Locality: India Or. Listed also by Junk (Dermestidae, 
p. 60.) 


THROSCIDAE. 
Trixagus sp. 
wide Pr. bt eS ope Len. 
First record, October 5, 1916. 
Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). 


STAPHYLINIDAE. 
Osorius rufipes Motsch. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected at Olaa, Hawaii (collector’s 
name not given), in April, 1918. The species has also 
been taken by Fullaway on Oahu, in Honolulu, Sep- 
tember 9, 1919. 

Osorius rufipes Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1857, IV, p. 508. 
(Gite HiT ps 647.) 

Locality sailadiay Or: 

Lithocharis ochracea Er. 


Not previously recorded. 

‘Specimens without date label. 

Collected: Honolulu (Oahu). 

L. ochracea credited to Gravenhorst in G. & H. (I, HU, 
p. 622) and=Leng’s Cat: (Gol:cN-e Ax (p03); 

Localities: «(G:  & EE) Taite, Chili, Germania; (Leng) 
Michy Har, (& Ne gae velae 


DyTISCIDAE. 
Hydrovatus confertus Sharp. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected by Terry in Honolulu (Oahu), 
June 12, 1904. The species has also been taken by 
Swezey on Hawaii at Olaa, April 19, 1920. 

Hydrovatus confertus Sharp, Tr. Dublin Soc. (2) II, 
p. 329; 1882: 

Locality: Siam. 


eee 
. 


ra 


79 


ee ARABIDAE. 
Bembidium sp. C 


Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected at Honolulu (Oahu). Labeled 
“Kewalo.” By Swezey, July 24, 1913. 

The species has also been taken by Swezey on Maui, at 
Waihee, July 11, 1920. 

Perigona nigriceps Dej. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected at Honolulu (Oahu). Labeled 
Pond’s Dairy, Kapahulu, ex cattle ordure. By Terry 
and Swezey, May 15, 1907. 

P. nigriceps Dejean Spéc. gén. des Coleop. V, 1831, p. +4 
(Leng, p. 64). 


Localities given: Southern California, Africa, Asia. 


HypDROPHILIDAE. 
Cercyon sp. 


Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimens collected at Honolulu (Oahu), by 
Swezey? April, 1910. 

TROGOSITIDAE. 
Lophacateres pusillus Klug. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimens collected by Swezey at Honolulu (Oahu), 
October 2, 1914, in rice-hulls. 

Lophacateres pusillus Klug. Jahrbicher der Insectenkunde, 
Berlin, 1834, p. 159 (Leng, p. 194). 

Localities given: Siam, S. C., Texas. 

CLERIDAE. 
Thaneroclerus buqueti Lef. 

Not previously recorded. 

Earliest specimen collected by Swezey at Lihue (Kauai), 
September 11, 1907. 

The species has also been taken by Swezey at Honolulu 
(Oahu), August 18, 1913, ex rotten board on ground, 
September 7 and 27, 1914, at light. 

Thaneroclerus buqueti Lefebvre. Ann. Fr. 1835, p. 582, 
t. 16, f. 4. Westw. Introd. I, 1839. (G. & H., V-VIL 
fe lao.) 

Locality: India Or. 


80 


Marshall says: “An introduced insect, being known at 
present only from India and Ceylon.” 


ADDITIONAL SPECIES, NOU HIER TO, CREDIT ED 
LO> EW 


CURCULIONIDAE. 
Imaliodes pusillus Karsch. 

Earliest specimens secured in October, 1906, from seeds of 
Saraca imdica. Also reared from seeds of Castanos- 
permum australe. 

Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). 

Imaliodes pusillus Karsch._B. E. Z. XXV, p. 10, pl. 1, 
fies oN 

Locality: Marshall Islands. 

‘TENEBRIONIDAE. 
Gnathocerus maxillosus Fabr. 

Earliest specimen collected by Terry, October 19, 1906. 

Locality: Honolulu (Oahu). 

,Gnathocerus maxillosus Fabr. Syst. El. 1, 1801, p. 155. 

Localities: America, Madeira, Canary Islands, S. France. 
(Junk, Tenebrionidae III, p. 392.) 


DERMESTIDAE. 
Anthrenus thoracicus Melsh. 
Earliest specimen collected by Langford July 7, 1909. 
mae An. Reps UL Si Exp, Sia. 1904, 
Locality: Honolulu (Oahu) ? 
Anthrenus thoracicus Melsh, Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. I, 
1844, p. 117. ; 
Locality: Middle and Southern States of the U. S. dis- 
tinct from A. scrophulariae (Blatchley. Col. Indiana, 
O, SNe 
COCCINELLIDAE. 
Stethorus vagans Blackburn. 
Earliest specimen collected by Austin, August 20, 1904. 
Locality: Oahu. 
Stethorus vagans Blackburn Tr. R. Soc. S. Australia, XV, 
p. 248. 
Locality: Australia. 


8l 


Pullus sp. 
Earliest specimen collected by Terry at Lihue, Kauai, 
April, 1905. 
This species has also been taken by Swezey on Oahu, at 
Honolulu, September 13, 1905, and on Hawaii, at 
Honokaa, August 11, 1915. 


LATHRIDIIDAE. 
Coninomus constrictus Gyll. 
Earliest. specimen collected by Swezey in Honolulu, March 
11, 1921, on Lantana flowers. 
Coninomus (Latridius) constrictus Hummel Ess. Ent. IV, 
1824, ps 1g: Gyll: Ins. Spec: 1V; 1827, p. 138: Cos= 
mopolitan (G. & H., III, IV, p. 896). 


CUCUJIDAE. 
Silvanus planatus Germ. 

Earliest specimen collected by Terry at Aeia, Oahu, April 
Z, 1906. 

Silvanus planatus Germ. Ins. Spec. Noy. 1824, p. 466. 

Locality: Am.-Bor. (G. & H. III-IV, p. 879). Possibly 
female of bidentatus. (Blatchley, Col. Ind., p. 562.) 

Silvanus bidentatus Fab. 

Earliest specimen collected by Swezey in Honolulu, April 
Te L917. 

Silvanus bidentatus Fab. Syst. El. I, p. 317 (G. & H. III- 
IV, p. 879). 

Locality: Europe. 

STAPHYLINIDAE. 
Aleochara puberula Klug. 

Earliest specimen collected by Swezey at Waialae, Oahu, 
july “gl, 1915: 

Aleochara puberula Klug. Ins. Madag., p. 139. 

Locality: Madagascar, Madeira, Gallia. “A true cosmo- 
politan Aleochara of the subg. Xenochara, first de- 
scribed from Madagascar, although occurring almost 
everywhere” (Fenyes in litt.). 

Gibbium psylloides (Czemp.). 
Earliest specimen collected by Swezey in Honolulu, April 


21, 1909. 


82 


Gibbium psylloides (Czemp.) Dissertation inauguralis 
Vienna, 1778) p. 51; ‘scotias ‘Fabr. Spec. Ins” 1781, 
p. 74. Cosmopolitan. Introduced into the U. S. A. 
(Leng, p. 240). 


83 


Note on the Isopod Known as Geoligia Perkinsi Dollfus 
(Crust.). 
BY CHAS. CHILTON, 
Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, New Zealand. 


(Presented at the meeting of October 6, 1921.) 


Pt 


In the Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. 2, p. 525, Monsieur A. Doll- 
fus described, under the name of Geoligia perkinsi, a terres- 
trial Isopod which had been collected at several localities in 
the islands of Hawaii and Kauai at heights varying from two 
to four thousand feet above sea level. The genus Geoligia, to 
which he referred the species, had been established by him in 
the year 1893* for a species found at a height of 1200 metres 
in the forests at Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela. He defined 
the new genus as follows: 

“Coxopodites (épiméres des auteurs) non distincts. Le 
reste comme dans le genre Ligia. Espéces terrestres.” 

The new species from Hawaii, which is described in some 
detail, gave Dollfus an opportunity to revise the characters of 
the genus, and he points out that the line of separation between 
the epimera and the segments exists on the segments posterior 
to the first, but is scarcely distinct. ‘To the generic characters, 
however, he adds that the branches of the uropods are articu- 
lated. Consequently, he redefined the genus as follows: 

“Coxopodites (épiméres) non ou trés-peu' distincts. Appen- 
dices des uropodes articulés. Le reste, et notamment les par- 
ties buccales, comme dans le genre Ligia. Espéces terrestres.” 

The species Geoligia perkinsi is described at some length, 
and it is stated that the pleo-telson has the posterior margin 
provided with five blunt teeth similar to that of Ligia erotica 
Roux. 

Some years ago some terrestrial Isopoda were sent to me 
from Honolulu and Puuloa in the Hawaiian Islands by the late 
G. W. Kirkaldy as Geoligia perkinsi. On examination, how- 
ever, they proved definitely to be examples of Ligia erotica 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


* Voyage de M. E. Simon an Venezuela; Isopodes terrestres, Ann. Soe. 
Entomol. de France, vol. LXIT, p. 343. 


84 


Roux, a species which is stated by Miss Richardson? to occur 
at “Honolulu, Hawaii.” I have dealt fully with this species 
in my report on the Isopoda from the shore of Chilka Lake, 
India (Memoirs Indian Museum, Vol. V, p. 462),-and in it 
have pointed out that in the male the epimera are completely 
united with the segments in all segments, the junction being 
indicated only by a faint line, but that in the adult females a 
suture is fairly distinct on segments 2, 3 and 4, and that there 
appears to be much variation in the distinctness of the epimera 
in different species of Ligia. It is clear, therefore, that this 
character alone is not sufficient for the establishment of the 
genus Geoligia, as has been admitted by Dollfus himself in the 
revised diagnosis. There remains, therefore, only the articula- 
tions of the branches of the uropods. This character is, as 
Dollfus states, very remarkable, and I have beeen anxious, 
therefore, to get specimens showing it. These I have so far 
failed to obtain. While in Honolulu, in 1920, I collected some 
specimens of Ligia on the edge of a fresh-water swamp at Hono- 
lulu, but these proved to be Ligia exotica. From the Bishop 
Museum, by the kindness of Mr. O. H. Swezey, I got also 
some specimens labeled “S. FE. Koolau Mts., Oahu,” collected 
by J. C. Bridwell. These also proved to be undoubtedly Ligia 
exotica, having the branches of the uropods non-articulated. 
The height at which these specimens at Koolau mountains were 
obtained is not stated. Subsequently, Mr. Swezey has sent me 
other specimens from two places at Waialae, one at a sand 
bank on the edge of a spring near the seashore, and the other 
at the edge of a fresh-water lagoon near the seashore. All 
of these prove to be Ligia erotica. 

From the great resemblance of Geoligia perkinsi in most 
characters to Ligia exotica, and from the fact that .I have been 
unable to obtain any specimens from the Hawaiian Islands 
with the rami of the uropods articulated, I am inclined to be- 
lieve that there must be some mistake about this character. In 
the list of localities and specimens from which Geoligia per- 
kinst were obtained, M. Dollfus mentions only one male with 
a complete uropod, and Mr. Swezey tells me that there are 


+ Monograph of Isopods of North America, p. 676. 


85 


at present no specimens of Geoligia perkinsi in the Bishop 
Museum with uropoda attached. 

If this character is based on a single specimen, as appears 
to be the case, it seems probable that the articulation of the 
branch of the uropods was either abnormal or perhaps that 
the appearance was caused by the very slender rami having 
been bent at certain points. This is easily possible, and has 
actually occurred in at least two of my specimens, giving an 
appearance somewhat like articulations. Dollfus, however, defi- 
nitely states that the exopod is three-jointed and the endopod 
six-jointed, and this is shown in his figure. The shape of the 
terminal segment is, as he says, similar to that of Ligia erotica, 
and the other drawings of the head, antennae, lower lip and 
inandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds correspond precisely with 
those of Ligia exotica. Ligia exotica is primarily a species of 
the seashore, but it is known to occur on the edges of fresh- 
water streams and lagoons at considerable distances from the 
shore, and there seems to be no reason why it may not reach as 
high as the localities given for Geoligia perkinst. To test the 
truth of my suggestion that Geoligia perkinsi is the same as 
Ligia exotica, I wish, of course, to get specimens from the 
same localities as those given for Geoligia perkinsi, and I shall 
be greatly obliged to any naturalist who can assist me in doing 
so. ‘The specimens at present at my disposal are not sufficient 
to show to what height Ligia exotica extends, but it certainly 
does live in the Hawaiian Islands on the edge of fresh-water 
springs and lagoons, as shown by the specimens that I have 
mentioned above, and presumably those from the S. E. Koolau 
mountains must have been obtained at some considerable height 
above the sea level. 

The tube labeled “Geoligia perkinsi, Puuloa,”’* which was 
sent to me by the late G. W. Kirkaldy in 1908, contains seven 
specimens of which two still have the uropoda complete. These 
are non-articulate, and the specimens are undoubtedly Ligia 
exotica, quite similar to the other specimens from on and near 
the seashore. 


+ The place where these specimens were collected is near the mouth of 
the channel from Pearl Harbor, Oahu. 


86 


In the type species of the genus, Geoligia simoni from 
Venezuela, only the outer branch of the uropod was present, 
and it is non-articulate. The articulation of the branches of 
the uropods in G. perkinsi, if it really occurs, would, as far 
as I know, be the only instance in the family and should be 
supported by stronger evidence than that at present existing, 
for this appears to be based on a single specimen in which the 
uropods had possibly been injured. 


Addenda: From the facts given above I was quite convinced that 
Geoligia perkinsi Dollfus was identical with Ligia exotica Roux, but for 
complete confirmation of this conclusion it was necessary to prove that 
L. exotica extends to heights above sea level comparable to those recorded 
for Geoligia perkinsi. Through the kindness of Mr. O. H. Swezey this 
proof is now supplied. I have just received two specimens collected by 
him at the base of leaves of Astelia plants at ‘‘Summit Camp,’’ Kauai, 
at an altitude of 2000 feet. These two specimens are quite the same as 
those found near the seashore and are certainly Ligia exotica. The 
uropoda are detached from the body, but fortunately two complete 
uropoda are in the tube and these have the branches uniarticulate and 
agreeing closely with the description I have given for the Lake Chilka 
specimens of Ligia exotica. Mr. Swezey has also sent me two other 
specimens from Kauai collected by Mr. J. A. Kusche at an altitude of 
4000 feet. These prove to be also Ligia exotica, fortunately having two 
uropods present with the uniarticulate branches usual in that and other 
species and showing no sign of the articulation described for Geoligia 
perkinsi. These specimens show that Ligia exotica occurs as a terrestrial 
species in the Hawaiian Islands up to an altitude of 4000 feet and con- 
firm my conelusion that Geoligia perkinsi is the same species and that 
the articulation of the branches of the uropods described by Dollfus was 
based on a damaged specimen. Moreover, this is not the only ease where 
a species of Ligia commonly found on or near the seashore extends to 
considerable altitudes, for in Lord Howe Island Ligia australiensis, which 
is common on the seashore in the eastern parts of Australia, occurs in 
fresh waters up to a height of 700 feet. Similarly in the Juan Fernandez 
Islands the shore amphipod Orchestia chiliensis is also found at altitudes 
of 1500 feet; in the Hawaiian Islands Orchestia platensis is found from 
the seashore up to very considerable heights, and numerous other exam- 
ples of the same kind could be given. 

(Dr. Charles Chilton, Canterbury College. June 20, 1922.) 


87 


A New Hawaiian Delphacid (Homoptera). 
(Presented at the meeting of June 2, 1921.) 
BYS SE NUR. 
Nothorestias swezeyi sp. n. Figures 1 and 2. 

Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.4 mm.; tegmen, 1 mm. Vertex very 
slightly wider than long, apex round, projecting beyond eyes, base slightly 
in front of middle of eyes; length of frons twice the width, median 
carina forking a little beyond the middle; antennae reaching slightly 
beyond base of clypeus, second segment 1.8 times the length of first. 
Tegmina short, reaching to posterior margin of third abdominal segment, 
coriaceous. 

Opening of pygofer about as long as wide, round, ventral margin 
preduced into a short, stout, pointed process; anal emargination large, 
anal angles rounded; armature of diaphragm forming a rounded projec- 
tion reaching nearly to orifice of diaphragm,- shagreen. Anal segment 
large, anal spines large, bases far apart, eurved, diverging, their bases 
swollen. Genital styles flat, outer margin concave on apical half, convex 
on basal half, inner margin slightly sinuous, apex truncate, corners 
slightly produced, outer one more so than inner. Aedeagus flattened 





Fig. 1 and 2. Pygofer, full view, and aedeagus, lateral view, left side 
view, left side of Nothorestias swezeyi. 

laterally, deep at base, orifice at apex which is slightly turned yentrad, 

five or six small spines forming a circle near orifice. 

Dark brown or nearly black; antennae, legs and dorsal part of apex 
of abdomen light. Tegmina dark brown, a black mark at apex of clavus. 

Female. Brachypterous; length 2.6 mm.; tegmen 1 mm. 

Similar in color to male, but the legs are darker. 

Described from two males and one female from Makaha, 
Oahu, 1500 feet elevation, off Aspidinm sp. (Swezey, March 
27, 1921). Type deposited in the H. S. P. A. Collection, 
No. 1001. 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 





88 


This species comes nearer to Nesorestias filicicola Kirk. 
than it does to Nothorestias badia Muir, showing that the 
condition of the median frontal carina is not a good phylo- 
genetic character. 


89 


An Interesting New Derbid Genus (Homoptera). 
BY F. MUIR. 
(Presented at the meeting of November 3, 1921.) 
Anomaladerbe gen. nov. 

Tegmina large, broad, surface undulating. Media forking from radius 
after the basal median sector (M4). Media with three sectors of four, 
if the small vein at apex be counted. Clayus not distinctly open, but 
claval vein extending some distance beyond and in intimate connection 
with cubitus. The second branch of ecubitus (Cula) bent and touching 
Cul for a short distance; Cul also bent and nearly touching M4, which 
in turn is bent towards M3. The apices of Se and R thickened consider- 
ably. Hind wing half the length of tegmen, anal area well developed 
with distinct anal veins, margin of anal area corrugated to form stridu- 
lating organ. Head produced dorsally, in lateral view conical, flattened 
laterally. Vertex nearly upright, pointed at apex, excavate; face linear, 
lateral carinae meeting together from base to near apex; clypeus with 
two short lateral carinae at base, no median carina; eyes subreniform; 
antennae large, slightly longer than face, flat, thin with a slightly thick- 
ened margin; no subantennal process. Pronotum very short, upright in 
middle fitting into base of vertex, no shoulder keels. Mesonotum rounded, 
wider than long, lateral carinae very faint, but each carina produced in 
middle into a rounded knob. 

This genus holds an anomalous position. By the length of 
the wing it approaches the Zoraidinae, but the presence of a 
well developed anal area and anal veins prevents it from being 
piaced in the subfamily. In this respect it is like Symidia 
Muir. The clavus is not distinctly open, and so it should be 
placed in the Cenchreini, but the bending of the cubitus and 
M4, and the formation of false cross-veins parallel to the mar- 
gin places it in the Otiocerini. In that tribe it comes next to 
Platocera, but is distinguished from it by the short wings, 
enlarged apices of subcosta and radius, the greatly elongated 
head, the two small knobs on the mesonotum and the incom- 


Anomaladerbe pembertoni sp. n. Figures 1, 2, 3. 

Female. Length, 2.8 mm.; tegmen, 7 mm. Pregenital plate broader 
than long, hind margin broadly angularly produced from the sides to the 
middle, the apex of production curved slightly dorsad. Anal segment 
broader than long, apex broader than base, truneately sinuate. Yel- 
lowish; legs lighter; antennae, head and base of mesothorax tinged with 
red; basal abdominal tergites red. Tegmina and wings slightly opaque, 
veins yellow, basally tinged with red; a slight infuseation along the veins 


in apical half of tegmina. 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


90 


plete opening of the clavus and the arrangement of the cubitus. 
Described from one female from Lami, Viti Levu, Fiji 
(C. E* Pemberton, 1920). Types in: Ee Ss Pi experiment 
Station collection No. 1002. 
The tegmen and wing of Symidia fava Muir is figured for 
the first time. It holds the same position in the Cenchreini as 
clnomaladerbe does in the Otiocerini (figures 4, 5). 


5S 7 Pe. 





EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 
Tegmen of Anomaladerbe pembertont. 
Wing of Anomaladerbe pembertoni. 
Lateral view of head and pronotum of Anomaladerbe pembertoni. 
Tegmen of Symidia flava. 
Wing of Symidia flava. 


oO Fe Wh 


_ 


91 


New and Little Known Hawaiian Delphacidae (Homoptera). 
BY F, MUIR. 
(Presented at the meeting of December 1, 1921.) 

The present paper deals chiefly with Delphacidae from the 
island of Kauai collected by Mr. O. H. Swezey, and a few by 
Mr. J. A. Kusche. They are of interest, because much less 
collecting has been done on that island than on the others, and 
we were unable to state whether the few species known from 
there indicated a natural paucity or only the limited amount 
of collecting. 

The present collection was over a wide enough area to give 
us some better idea, and the fact that all the known Kauai 
species except three, as well as nine species described as new, 
were taken indicate that it is fairly representative. It consists 
of nineteen species in all, the Leialoha group with ten, the 
Aloha group with eight, and one Kelisia. An equal amount 
of collecting in Oahu, Maui or Hawaii would have produced 
a much larger number of the Aloha group. I think we are 
justified in considering Kauai as poor in Delphacidae and hav- 
ing a higher proportion of the Leialoha group than the rest 
of the archipelago. 

Mr. Swezey’s collections were made at the following eleva- 
tions: Alakai swamp, 4000 feet; Nualolo, 3000; Kalalau, 
Kumuwela, Kokee, Halemanu, and Kauaikinana, 3500 feet. 

Types deposited in the H. S. P. Experiment Station Col- 
lection. 

Leialoha Kirk. 

The present collection contains some long series of species 
of this genus, the study of which has decided me to consider 
as species forms I have described as subspecies. The amount 
of evolution that has taken place in the Leialoha group is not 
near so great as in the Aloha group, and the differentiation of 
the male genitalia has not proceeded so far. We must not, 
therefore, expect the same amount of specific difference in these 
organs in the former as in the latter. 

Leialoha lehuae Kirk. 

Two male specimens from Kokee, Kauai, and one from 

Alakai swamp (Swezey, August, 1921). 


Proec., Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


92 


Leialoha oceanides (Kirk.). Figure 1. 
Aloha oceanides Kirk. Faun. Haw. II, 6, p. 580. 


One male specimen that I identify as this species taken on 
Waialeale Trail, Kauai, elevation four thousand to five thou- 
sand feet (J. A. Kusche, May, 1920). One male Kalalau, 
Kauai, off Osmanthus, and one female from Alakai swamp 
(Swezey, August, 1921). The aedeagus is thin, cylindrical, 
very slightly curved, the apex produced into a curved spine; 
slightly basad of apex. There is a long, curved spine, and still 
more basad is another much shorter and slightly curved. 


Leialoha suttoniae sp. n. Figure 2, 2a. 

Male. Macropterous; length, 2.3 mm.; tegmen, 3 mm. Length of 
vertex equal to width, slightly broadest near apex, apex rounded or 
bluntly conical, base about middle of eyes. Length of face 1.6 times 
the width, widest in middle, sides slightly curved, two distinct median 
carinae. Antennae reaching to base of clypeus, first joint annulate, 
second three times the length of first. 

Opening of pygofer subdiamond shape, wider than long, margins entire, 
anal emargination large, anal angles large, considerably produced and 
truncate at apex, surrounding about three-fourths of anal segment. 
Aedeagus long, cylindrical, thin, slightly curved, apex bent at right angle 
to form a crook which is fairly straight to near tip, which is curved 
and acute, with some minute teeth along it; slightly basad of the crook 
is a small spine. 

Vertex and nota black or dark brown, clypeus lighter brown, face, 
genae, antennae, lateral portions of pronotum, tegulae and legs yellow 
or very light brown; abdomen dark brown with yellow pleura. Tegmina 
hyaline, a dark fuscous mark from base to apex over median and cubital 
area, including the apical radial cells, veins same color as membrane, 
tubercles small, numerous. Wings fuscous, veins dark. 

Female. Macropterous; length, 2.7 mm.; tegmen, 3.5 mm. Similar to 
males but lighter in color, some specimens being reddish yellow, the fus- 
cous on tegmen very faint and the veins reddish. 


Described from five males and thirteen females from Kala- 
lau, Kauai, off Suttoma sandwicensis (Swezey, August 20, 
1921). ‘There are also four males and two females from Nua- 
lolo, Kauai, off the same plant, which are all lighter in color 
with red veins, a dark spot at apex of clavus, and the hind 
femora and apex of tibiae black or dark fuscous. These speci- 
mens are not included in the type material. The nymphs vary 
in color, becoming darker as they increase in size, the larger 


Sh 


ones having the thorax and wing pads brown or mottled with 
brown. This species comes near to L. kauaiensis. Type 


No. 1049. 


Leialoha scaevolae sp. n. Figure 3. 

Male. Macropterous; length, 2.6 mm.; tegmen, 3 mm. Vertex slightly 
longer than broad, broadest at apex which is rounded or broadly conical. 
Length of frons nearly twice the width, broadest in middle, sides slightly 
eurved, two distinct median carinae. Antennae reaching slightly beyond 
base of elypeus, first segment annuliform, second nearly four times the 
length of first. 

“Shape of pygofer similar to L. suttoniae, but the anal angle not so 
broadly truncate, more angular; genital styles slightly more acute at 
apex than in L. suttoniae. Aedeagus somewhat similar, but the apex 
more rounded and the crook at apex thinner, more curved and without 
teeth, the small subapical spine slightly curved. 

Vertex, median portion of pronotum, the mesonotum, dorsum of abdo- 
men and the pygofer dark brown; face, clypeus, antennae, legs, lateral 
portions of pronotum and ventral surface of thorax and abdomen yellow. 
Tegmina hyaline, milky white, a small black mark at apex of clavus, the 
apical cells and the apical margin slightly fuscous, veins and tubercles 
same color as membrane, tubercles very minute. Wings hyaline, milky 
white, veins slightly fuscous. 

Female. Macropterous; length, 3 mm.; tegmen, 3.6 mm. 

Similar to male, but slightly lighter in color; the ovipositor dark 
brown. Many of the females are uniformly yellow or with a slight infus- 
cation on thorax; the ovipositor is always darker. 

Described from thirteen males and thirteen females from 
Kumuwela, Kauai, off Scaevola chamissoniana (Swezey, Au- 
gust 28, 1921). There are also two females from Kalalau, 
Kauai, one off Osmanthus and the other off Coprosma, neither 


of which do I consider as food plants. Type No. 1050. 


Leialoha kauaiensis Muir. 

Two males and one female from Alakai swamp off Ohia 
lehua; one male from Kalalau off Suttonia; one male and two 
nymphs from Nualolo off Ohia lehua; one male and two 
females from Kokee off Ohia lehua. The one on Suttonia 
is evidently accidental, Ohia lehua being the food plant. 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé) hula (Kirk.). Figure 4. 

Six males and two females from Kokee off Sideroxylon 
(Swezey, August 28, 1921); six males and five females from 
Kalalau off Osmanthus sandwicensis (Swezey, August 20, 


O4 


1921); one male from Nualolo off Phyllostegia, and one female 
off Pelea and two females off Suttonia. 

These all conform to the original description. The aedeagus 
has the crook at the apex at about 45°, with its apex expanded 
and curved. 


Nesodryas (Nesothoé) seminigrofrons sp. n. Figure 5. 

Male. Macropterous; length, 2.8 mm.; tegmen, 2.9 mm. Vertex dis- 
tinctly broader than long, apex slightly rounded, produced beyond eyes 
but slightly, same width as base, base anterior to middle of eyes. Length 
of face 1.8 times the width, sides slightly curved, median carina slightly 
obseure at base. Antennae reaching to base of clypeus, first segment as 
wide as long, second three times the length of first. 

Anal angle of pygofer rounded, slightly produced. Genital styles the 
typical subsickle-shape. Aedeagus tubular, thin, slightly curved and re- 
eurved, apex produced into a long, acute process and from its base, on 
margin of orifice, a T-shape process arises, the cross-piece at apex curved, 
crescent shape. 

Face except apical third, genae except apical half, clypeus and thorax 
dark brown or nearly black, pronotum with a series of light dots along 
lateral carinae to behind lateral angles, vertex and frons with light dots, 
three pairs of dots on face slightly raised and showing signs of forming 
transverse bands, apical portions of face and genae creamy white; legs 
light with fuscous marks; first segment of antennae dark, second segment 
light. Tegmina hyaline slightly stramineous, slightly fuscous at base, an 
irregular eurved fuseous mark from middle of clavus to near base of costa 
extending irregularly along radial cell to apical, median and cubital cells, 
a small dark mark at apex of clavus; veins same color as membrane 
except the apical veins which are dark; tubercles minute, mostly same 
color as veins, but some on the darker veins of corium are light. Wings 
hyaline, slightly fuscous, veins dark. 

Female. Macropterous; length, 3.3 mm.; tegmen, 3 mm. Similar in 
color to male. 

This species comes next to NV. perkinsi (Kirk.), the aedeagus 
of which I figure (Figure 6) for comparison; the apex of the 
‘-piece is much smaller, and the spine at apex shorter and 
more obtuse. 


Described from one male and one female from Kumuwela 
off Campylotheca (Swesey, August 28, 1921). Type No. 1052. 


Nesodryas (Nesothoé) alboguttata sp. n. Figure 7. 

Male. Macropterous; length, 2.2 mm.; tegmen, 2.6 mm. Length of 
vertex subequal to width, apex broader than base, slightly rounded, base 
behind middle of eyes; length of face 1.7 times the width, one distinet 
median carina. Antennae reaching to base @f the clypeus, first segment 
wider than long, second segment more than four times the length of first. 


— = 2 ae 


ore 


95 


Anal angle of pygofer very slightly produced. Aedeagus thin, eylin- 
drical, apex narrowly rounded with the crook about 45° to stem and 
slightly expanded at apex, a small spine slightly below apex. Genital 
styles of the normal subeylindrical shape, characteristic of the genus. 

Vertex brown mottled with lighter brown; face brown with three 
semi-transverse marks and a few small light spots on side, elypeus darker 
brown. Antennae light brown. Pronotum light brown in middle, darker 
on sides with small light marks; mesonotum dark brown; legs brown, 
lighter on hind tibiae. Tegmina hyaline, milky white with brown mark- 
ings as follows: Extreme base, a broad V-shape mark from costa near 
base to near apex of clavus and back to costa before stigma, a broad 
mark from hind margin beyond clavus to apex of radius, the apical veins 
fuscous, tubercles small, white, bearing white hairs. Wings hyaline, milky 
white with darker veins. 


Described from one male from Kokee off Antidesma 
(Swezey, August 19, 1921). This species I consider near to 
N. gulicki, but is distinguishable by tubercles being white in- 
stead of brown, the apex of aedeagus is rounded instead of 
acute, and the shape of the crook is somewhat different. Type 


No. 1051. 


Nesodryas (Nesothoé) semialba sp. n. Figure 8. 

Male. Macropterous; length, 2.6 mm.; tegmen, 3.0 mm. Length of 
vertex subequal to width, apex subequal to base, base about middle of 
eyes; length of face 1.7 times the width, sides slightly curved, median 
carina distinct, the lateral carinae curved inward and meet together 
before the apex of face. 

The genitalia are near to those of N. alboguttata, but the crook of 
the aedeagus stouter, the apex broadened out on the inner corner; there 
is no small spine on the side. 

Head and thorax dark brown or black, first segment of antennae 
brown, second yellow, legs brown, hind tarsi and apex of tibiae lighter. 
Basal half of tegmina similar to N. alboguttata in color, extreme base 
dark brown, then a narrow light mark, then a broad V-shape mark reach- 
ing from costa to hind margin at apex of clavus; the apical half of 
tegmina milky white; veins same color as membrane, apical veins and 
apical margin slightly fusecous, tubercles small, same eolor as veins or 
slightly darker on apical veins. Wings hyaline, slightly fuseous with 
darker veins. 


Described from one male from Kalalau off Osmanthus sand- 
wicensis (Swezey, August 20, 1921), and one female from 
Alakai Swamp (Swezey, August 22, 1921). This species comes 
next to N. alboguttata. Type No. 1057. 

Nesodryas (Nesothoé) dodonaeae Muir. 
Three males and nine females, and a nymph from Kokee 


96 


off Dodonaea; one male from Kalalau off Suttonia; one male 
and five females from Halemanu off Alphitonia (Swezey, 
August 31, 1921); 

One male from Kaholuamano, Kauai, elevation four thou- 
sand feet (J. A. Kusche, April, 1920). 


Aloha swezeyi Muir. 

A series of four males and eight females; six from Kumu- 
wela off Campylotheca; one from Kokee; four from Nualolo 
off Campylotheca; one from Kauaikinana off Lipochaeta. The 
former figure of the aedeagus * was incorrect, so a more cor- 
rect one is given herewith (Figure 9). 

Ilburnia ipomoeicola (Kirk.). 

A long series of both sexes and young off Lythrum, Polygo- 
num, Pipturus and Rumex from Kokee (Swezey, August, 
1921). 

Ilburnia koae-phyllodii (Muir.). 
Three males and one female from Halemanu, and one male 


and one female from Kumuwela off Acacia koa (Swezey, 
August, 1921). 
Ilburnia rubescens (Kirk.). 


A series from Kaholuamano and Waialae falls, four thou- 
sand feet elevation (Kusche, April, 1920). 


Iiburnia kuschei sp. n. Figure 10. 

Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.5 mm.; tegmen, 1.7 mm. Length of 
vertex about equal to the width at base, apex considerably narrower than 
base, projecting in front of eyes, straight with median carina of face 
projecting, base about middle of eyes. Length of face 2.6 times the 
width, sides very slightly curved, widest on apical half, median carina 
simple, but the base thickened with an obscure appearance of a fork. 
Antennae reaching to near middle of clypeus, second segment 2.2 times 
the length of first. Tegmina reaching to apex of sixth abdominal tergite. 

Opening of pygofer a little longer than wide, margins entire, round, 
anal emargination wide, shallow, anal angles slightly produced, dia- 
phragm fairly long, dorsal margin rounded with a slight indentation in 
middle, armature standing out as a rounded projection in the middle. 
Anal segment moderate size, anal spines flattened laterally, median size, 
broad at base, near together. Genital styles not reaching to anal seg- 
ment, apex truncate, corners rounded, slightly narrowed in middle, basal 
angle large, rounded, forming half the inner margin. Aedeagus thin, 


Prop Haw. Ent Soc Milman LONG) pe islaten oss tiosmecie 


o7 


subeylindrical, curved slightly dorsad, broadest at base where it is pro- 
duced on dorsal aspect, a few minute spines about middle. 

Ochraceous, black or dark brown between carinae of face, vertex and 
nota, front and middle coxae dark, some scattered fuscous marks on abdo- 
men. Tegmina hyaline, slightly ochraceous, a dark mark at apex of: 
elavus, veins slightly fuscous in middle, tubercles minute, sparse, bearing 
black macrotrichia. 

Female. Brachypterous; length, 3 mm.; tegmen, 1.9 mm. Lighter in 
color than the male, the black between carinae of head and thorax much 
reduced. 


Described from two males and two females from near 
Waialae falls, Kauai, four thousand feet elevation (J. A. 
Kusche, April, 1920). There are also three females and three 
nymphs, not included in the type series from Kokee, off Cyr- 
tandra (Swezey, August, 1921), which I consider to belong to 
this species. This species I place near J. boehmeriae. Type 
No. 1056. 


Ilburnia campylothecae sp. n. Figure 11. 


Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.1 mm.; tegmen, 1.3 mm. Length of 
vertex 1.2 times the width, apex projecting beyond eyes, rounded, base 
about middle, or slightly in front of middle, of eyes; length of face 2.4 
times the width, sides slightly curved, median earinae obscurely fureate 
at base. Antennae reaching slightly beyond base of clypeus, second seg- 
ment twice the length of the first. Tegmina reaching to posterior margin 
of seventh abdominal tergite. 


Opening of pygofer a little longer than wide, round, margins entire, 
anal emargination wide, shallow, anal angle rounded, not produced; dorsal 
margin of diaphragm produced in the middle, the armature running down 
to the orifice and studded with minute spines. Anal segment on same 
plan as in Aloha ipomoeae, the anal spines large, in full view, strongly 
diverging to apex, wide at base. Genital styles reaching to anal seg- 
ment, truneate and broad at apex, inner angle produced, narrowed in 
middle, anal angle large and quadrate. Aedeagus cylindrical, apex acute, 
orifice on ventral aspect at apex, five or six spines along ventral aspect, 
a few on right side and a few on left. Black between carinae of head 
and pronotum, carinae and antennae light brown or yellow, mesonotum 
black with the hind apex yellow, coxae black, legs sordid yellow, the 
femora with a faint longitudinal fuscous mark. Abdomen dark, yellow 
at base with small light marks on pleura and in the. middle on apical 
tergites, anal segment sordid yellow. Tegmina hyaline, light sordid yellow 
with a large subtriangular fuscous mark in middle, the base of the tri- 
angle is slightly coneave and extends along the nodal line from apex 
of costal cell to apex of clavus, the apex is near base, one side running 
parallel with Se + R and the other across to near apex of clavus; veins 


98 


same color as membrane, tubercles very sparse, minute and bearing black 
macrotrichia. 

Female. Brachypterous; length, 2.2 mm.; tegmen, 1.5 mm. Similar in 
structure and color to male, but the mark on tegmina greatly reduced. 


Described from two males and one female from Kumuwela 
from which the. holotype and allotype are selected, and two 
males from Nualolo, which have the mark on tegmina reduced 
and faint (Swezey, August, 1921), off Campylotheca. ‘Type 
No. 1055. 


Uburnia naenae sp. n. Figure 12. 


Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.4 mm.; tegmen, 1.8 mm. Lergth of 
vertex 1.7 times the width, apex rounded, projecting slightly in front 
of eyes, base considerably behind the middle of eyes; length of face 2.2 
times the width, widest in middle, sides slightly curved, median carina 
simple or slightly thickened at base, but not fureate. Antennae reaching 
to near middle of clypeus, second segment double the length of first. 
Tegmina reaching to base of pygofer. 

Opening of pygofer slightly longer than wide, margins entire, rounded, 
anal emargination large, anal angle not produced. Dorsal margin of 
diaphragm U-shape with a median armature projecting in middle and 
continuing to near orifice, the armature with a row of very fine spines 
on each side. Anal segment medium size, spines flattened laterally, bases 
well apart. In some specimens the anal spines are more acute than in 
the one figured. Genital styles reaching to anal segment, flat, apex trun- 
eate with the apical corners produced, the inner one more so than the 
outer, outer margin slightly concave, inner margin concave on apical half, 
convex on basal half, basal angle obscure. Aedeagus subtubular, slightly 
flattened laterally, slightly curved, a large, broad-based, flattened spine 
arises about the middle of the ventral aspect slightly on the right side, 
the base extending about one-third the length; on the left side there is 
a small spine and a couple of minute ones on apical dorsal and apical 
ventral aspect, orifice at apex on ventral aspect. 

Prothorax and mesothorax, head between ecarinae, front and middle 
coxae black or dark brown. Antennae, carinae of head, legs and hind 
coxae yellow, abdomen black or dark brown with base and small marks 
at side, along posterior margin of segments and the anal segment, yellow. 
Tegmina hyaline with a brown mark at apex of costal cell and another 
at apex of clavus with a very slight infuscation stretching between them; 
veins same color as membrane, tubercles sparse, minute, same color as 
veins, bearing black macrotrichia. 

Female. Brachypterous; length, 3.1 mm.; tegmen, 2.4 mm. In color 
somewhat lighter than male, the carinae of thorax light. 


Described from nine males and seven females from Alakai 
swamp (Szwesey, August, 1921), off Dubautia sp. The native 


28 


name of the various species of this plant, as well as of some 
of the larger Raillardiae, is ‘“naenae.” 

There is considerable variation in color from the darker 
to the lighter forms in both sexes, in some the dark mark on 
tegmen is distinct and runs basad along Sc + R. This species 
I place near J. gerani. The aedeagus recalls that of Nesores- 
tias nimbata. Type No. 1054. 


Ilburnia viridis sp. n. Figures 13, 13a. 

Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.1 mm.; tegmen, 1.5 mm. Length of 
vertex subequal to width, base slightly behind the middle of eyes, apex 
rounded, produced slightly in front of eyes, carinae obscure; length of 
frons 1.8 times the width, widest slightly on apical third, median carina 
obscure. Antennae reaching near to middle of elypeus, second joint 
double the length of first. Tegmina reaching to base of pygofer. 

Pygofer considerably wider than long, ventral margin shallowly and 
roundly emarginate and thickened; lateral margins round, entire; anal 
emargination moderate, enclosing slightly more than half the cireumfer- 
ence of anal tube, anal angles rounded, not prominent. Diaphragm fairly 
long, dorsal margin biconcave, the middle produced into a point, the 
armature forming a thin plate from dorsal margin to orifice, which in 
lateral view has three or four irregular serrations. Anal segment moder- 
ately large, anal spines moderately large, broad, flattened laterally. Geni- 
tal styles narrow, long, reaching to anal segment, diverging, inner margin 
sinuate, outer margin concave in middle, apex truncate, basal angle mod- 
erately developed. Aedeagus long, slender, subecylindrical, the apical half 
straight, basal half slightly eurved upward, a row of small teeth along 
the ventral aspect of apical half or two-thirds, and three or four on dorsal 
aspect in middle, a few small teeth on left side near apex; orifice on 
left side at apex. 

Light green, legs and pygofer slightly lighter in color, arista of an- 
tenna and spines on legs dark brown. Tegmina hyaline tinged with 
green, veins light green. 

Female. Brachypterous; length, 2.4 mm.; tegmen, 1.8 mm. Similar 
in color to male. Ovipositor light brown or fuscous. 


Described from two males and thirteen females from Nua- 
lolo, off Phyllostegia (Swezey, September, 1921). This species 
I place near to J. boehmeriae, but it is quite distinct. Type 
No. 1053. 


Ilburnia pilo sp. n. Figures 14, 14a. 

Male. Brachypterous; length, 2.1 mm.; tegmen, 1.4 mm. _ Vertex 
longer than broad, projecting somewhat beyond eyes, apex broader than 
base, slightly rounded, base considerably behind middle of eyes; length 
of frons twice the width, broadest in middle, sides slightly arcuate. An- 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V. Plate III. 





Male genitalia of Delphacidae. 


101 


tennae reaching to near middle of clypeus, length of second segment 
nearly twice the first. Tegmina reaching to base of pygofer. 

Opening of pygofer longer than broad, margins entire, ventral margin 
very slightly emarginate; anal emargination large, anal angle angular 
but not produced; diaphragm fairly long, dorsal margin broadly U-shape, 
armature forming a broad ridge from dorsal margin to orifice, but not 
greatly produced, surface slightly shagreen. Anal segment large, spines 
large, wide apart, their bases greatly enlarged in lateral view, similar 
to the spines in Aloha ipomoeicola. Genital styles reaching to dorsal 
margin of diaphragm, apex truncate, basal angle not greatly produced, 
slightly narrowed in middle. Aedeagus subtubular, slightly flattened later- 
ally, very slightly curved; in the dorsal aspect of the apical half there 
is a row of about ten teeth, on the ventral apical half a row of about 
two irregular teeth, with a few on the right side. 

Dark brown or nearly black, carinae of head and thorax lighter, an- 
tennae lighter, legs lighter, coxae and femora fuscous; abdomen dark, 
with posterior margin light. Tegmina hyaline, slightly fuscous except 
apical cells and base of clavus, the veins in fuscous area darker, tubercles 
minute, bearing black macrotrichia. 

Female. Brachypterous; length, 2.7 mm.; tegmen, 1.7 mm. Similar in 
color to the male. Tegmina reaching to base of eighth abdominal tergite. 

Macropterous; length, 2.7 mm.; tegmen, 2.6 mm. Similar in color to 
the brachypterous form; the tegmina hyaline with brown veins and no 
fuscous mark, 





PLATE TLE 


LIST OF FIGURES. 

1. Leialoha oceanides, lateral view aedeagus, p. 92. 

2. Leialoha suttoniae, full view male pygofer; a, lateral view aedeagus, 
p- 92. 

3. Leialoha scaevolae, lateral view aedeagus, p. 92. 

4. Nesodryas hula, lateral view of anal segment and aedeagus, p. 93. 

5. Nesodryas seminigrofrons, lateral view of aedeagus, p. 94. 

6. Nesodryas perkinsi, lateral view of aedeagus, p. 94. 

Nesodryas alboguttata, lateral view of apex of aedeagus, p. 94. 

8. Nesodryas semialba, lateral view of aedeagus, p. 95. 

9. Aloha swezeyi, lateral view of aedeagus, p. 96. 

10. Ilburnia kuschei, lateral view of anal segment and aedeagus; a, 
left genital style, p. 96. 

11. Ilburnia campylothecae, lateral view of aedeagus; a, right genital 
style, p. 97. 

12. Ilburnia naenae, lateral view of aedeagus and anal segment, p. 98. 

13. Ilburnia viridis, lateral view aedeagus and anal segment; a, right 
style, p. 99. 

14. Ilburnia pilo, lateral view of aedeagus and anal segment; a, right 
style, p. 99. 


102 


Described from twenty-two males, twenty females, and a 
number of nymphs from Haleakala, 5800 feet elevation, off 
Coprosma ernodeoides (Timberlake, July, 1919), the native 
name of all the species of this genus being “pilo.” 

This species is near /. coprosmicola of Hawaii, but differs 
distinctly in the genitalia. In /. coprosmicola the pygofer is 
more excavate on the ventral margin and the genital styles 
more exposed, longer, apex oblique and reaching to the anal 
segment; the armature of diaphragm is much larger, and pro- 
jects as a thin flange; the aedeagus is more slender, and the 
spines not so stout. Type No. 1058. 


I. ahinahina n. n. 
Iiburnia pulla Muir Pro. Haw. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 98 (1919), 
pre-occupied by J. rubescens var. pulla (Muir). Pro. 
Hawa tant soc. UME nelson Sle): 


Kelisia swezeyi Kirk. 
A small series from Halemanu off Eragrostis (Swezey, 
August, 1921). 


103 


The Distribution and Island Endemism of Hawaiian 
Delphacidae (Homoptera) with Additional 
Lists of Their Food Plants. 


BY WALTER M. GIFFARD. 


Presented at the meeting of December 1, 1921. 
g 


In presenting the following tables as a guide and check list 
to such as may be interested in this group of our endemic leaf- 
hoppers, the compiler wishes to digress somewhat from the 
introductory remarks which such tables might ordinarily occa- 
sion. Because our endemic leaf-hoppers, like some others else- 
where, do not particularly affect agricultural interests, and 
therefore are of no special economic importance, some may 
wonder why so much interest is taken in their biology and 
morphology by our local entomologists. There are several rea- 
sons for this. J irst, because of several very injurious species 
of hoppers, not so very far from our gates, which as yet have 
not reached Hawaii; and, second, because the sugar cane leaf- 
hopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida), which cost this Territory 
losses of many millions of dollars in 1903, 1904 and subsequent 
years, is, as it were, the foundation-stone of economic entomol- 
ogy in Hawaii. Not only was this Delphacid responsible for 
large money losses, but it was also the cause for organizing in 
1903 of a large staff of entomologists for biological research 
and field work in the Territory, and the building up of such 
organizations as the Experimental Station of the Hawaiian 
Sugar Planters’ Association and the Territorial Board of Agri- 
culture and Forestry and its Plant Quarantine and Inspection 
Department. It is therefore not surprising that the many 
families and groups of leaf-hoppers distributed through both 
continents are of more than passing interest to some of our 
systematic as well as economic workers. ‘I'he systematic study 
of these families or groups, whether local or foreign, is quite 
necessary because, with Hawati as the “Cross Roads of the 
Pacific’ and in almost daily steamship communication with 
many tropical or sub-tropical regions, there is always the pos- 
sibility that one or more of several known species of hoppers 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


104 


or other injurious insects may be accidentally introduced. In 
this connection, as an instance, it might here be recorded that 
in 1913 Mr. J. C. Bridwell, while in Nigeria, West Africa, 
collected there among other material for study in Honolulu, 
a small Delphacid, allied to our own sugar cane leaf-hopper, 
which Mr. Muir later described as Megamelus flavolineatus. 
During the past year Mr. Muir has received collections of leaf- 
hoppers from Porto Rico (where insects of some sort are car- 
rying mosaic disease in sugar cane) and among these he found 
this West African species of which Mr. Wolcott, the entomolo- 
gist in Porto Rico, remarks: “The identification of J7. flavo- 
lineatus was especially fortunate, as this is a cane insect which 
may become a serious pest.” The fact, therefore, that these 
insects convey many plant diseases also makes their study 
necessary for economic work. Knowledge acquired purely 
from scientific studies sooner or later is the foundation of 
applied practices, as is well instanced in the “Fauna Hawaii- 
ensis,’ without which we never could have handled our local 
entomological problems with the same degree of certainty. 

The present tables summarize our knowledge of the dis- 
tribution of the endemic Delphacidae in our islands and further 
adds to the lists of their food plants as previously published.* 
As is to be expected, the species having all or many long- 
winged forms have a wider distribution than those having only 
a few or no long-winged forms. The comparative paucity of 
Alohini on Kauai and comparative richness of Leialohini is of 
interest and may indicate that that island was separated from 
the others before the arrival of Delphacidae in the Archi- 
pelago. The distribution shows the value of segregation in 
species formation, which fact is also shown by the lists of 
food plants. ‘Those species living on two or more plants show 
much greater variability than those confined to a single plant. 
When we consider the topography of the islands, the isolated 
distribution of many plants and the fact that so many species 
are represented only by short-winged forms or by only an 
occasional long-winged form, we can see how isolation can 
take place even on the same island. 





* Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. III, No. 4, May, 1917, p. 339 et seq. 


105 


BIBLIOGRAPHY * 


(1) Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1908, Vol. II, Part 6. 
(2) Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 1905-1907, Vol. I, Parts 1-5. 


(2a) op. cit. OOM VOlwun bartes: 

(3) op. cit. TOG) Vols Part 3: 
(4) op. cit. 1917, Vol. III, Part 4. 
(5) op. cit. OTS Voletnty Parti: 
(6) op. cit. TOL Viole hve Partial: 
(7) op. cit. 1921" Vol. EV, Part. 3; 
(8) op. cit. 1922, VOlewVG. barted: 


* The references include only such papers as give descriptions, notes, 
and observations. 


106 


TABI TIE 
Island Distribution of Hawaiian Delphacidae * 















Macrop- || Brachyp- 
terous 


terous 
































ALOHINI | 5|2l-a|..| ‘3 Bibliography+ 
2/S/3| 8/218 
M/O;a/4/a/ca 

Leialoha 
MANUCOMA ese ee oe eee (Kirk) |} X x BPX .|X |](1) p. 580; (8) p. 172 
Meu ae ety tr heel (Kirk) |} X x X |X |...)X ]...1...|1(1) p. 581; (8) p. 172; (8) p. 91 
OSMMeENSISHe sane Muir jj X xX Fy sok hee te, | ae (3) 173; (4) 300 
hawaliensis.......... Muir |} X xX ...|...| X 1](8) 173; (4) 300; (5) 409 
MAUMICNSIS ce eee see Muir || X xX Soll oles lool (ea (CAE) 
lanalensis-c--ne cece. Muir || X xe valle Ale Gallet lee (4) 299 
Kkaalensise eer eae Muir || X Xe x .. (3) 173; (8) 93 
BUbtOnIRe weer ee eye Muir |] X xX x .. AI(8) 92 
ecaevolaess see cess Muir |} X x 5 IPS lhe ce||oos||5culla aallee-||[E)G33 
Ohigern aon eee tas (Kirk) |} X xX alle ESallecallane X |I(1) 581; (8) 174 
foceanidesissss one sees (Kirk) |} X x |X ...[...|...].. 4/1) 580 (Aloha); (3) 174; (8) 92 
Paciicare eases (ark) | ee x 2 720) etcetera ee (1) 581 

Nesodryas 
freycinetiae......... Kirk || X x |X .. {I(1) 596; (3) 175 
CopiemOlasassod ooaoes Kirk |] X ox’ |X .. (1) 597; (8) 175 
elaeocarpl....... ...- Kirk || X axe Als lle caller ellos allen |G) Sis (6) ale} 
eligeniace ene rere Kirk || X axe 5| [22 PS erases (1) 597; (3) 175; (4) 301 
antidesmae.......... Muir |} X x ballOs< lKeeallascllsnallaod|Zdetn0 
Gdodonaesces es nanenas Muir || X xX ME |Ibeclloocllsncllecalleed|(G)) Uetae (Ch) 

Nesodryas (Nesothoé) 
Hetusis..coeene ee (Kirk) |] X XK Jo..]...]X |X |... 1(1) 592; (3) 176; (4) 302; (6) 87 
cryope-he ee ene en Kirk x x EGS XG ..| X (1) 597; (3) 176; (4) 301; (5) 409 
Agee rere Muir || X xX ..| X |I(7) 509 
FING Lon poucooodecs Muir || X xX Asie X |...| X |}(4) 303; (6) 87 
DUlickiteeeerereeeeree Muir |} X x Wools eeallecellonalle-< (Gy lee (Ed exkols (Ev 
alboputtatas.c.-s0-2e Muir |] X Soe >. Cal ame [eset [ait [eal [aa (8) 94 
semialbay.,..ciern sacar Muir || X XxX >. G| eteas | [Pea tevin (eral tree (8) 95 
COLE YM e ene (Kirk) |} X x a2: | lapel lanal lead look (1) 594; (4) 301 
bobeses- eee eree (Kirk) |} X x AEA ee a eee ee (1) 593; (3) 177 
Dil amieege eee eee (Kirk) |} X x 51:6 112s€ no siloue (1) 594; (3) 178; (4) 301 
MaAaclatancas-eeienens Muir xe xe Slee se Xe eee (PX IC)) Liat (4) 5 302"1(5) F409 
MperkuMsieeem ee eke es (Kirk) |} X X Meas| SK | Sera [becoeel| (eeeal ape (1) 598; (3) 178 
seminigrofrons.......Muir |} X x Ga ae | Cyr lsat leven (8) 94 
gt eso Aainac Om Aen Oe (Kirk) |} X x 5 eee eel eel te sella (1) 592; (3) 178; (8) 93 
lakes) kerk ator (Kirk) |} X >, S| | [ioe chee | lineal ete s| eae fae A](1) 594; (3) 178; (6) 87 








*Islands showing ? mark opposite three species are included in the summaries and tables of 
island endemism. 
{See page 105 for list of references. 








ALOHINI 


Nesodryas (Nesothoé)—contd. 


Dluvislise. 3... <2 (Kirk) 
SILVeStrisin. .ciry oct (Kirk) 
poratehWiys oe ee ae oe (Kirk) 
Aloha 
JpPOMOEeRE....... 52.0. -- <0 Kirk 
myoporicola......... Kirk 
plectranthi-eseeeee Muir 
kankal divicewnsecee es Muir 
BWEZOVice bo 2 Jab cus oe Muir 
flavocollaris...... .-Muir 
dubautiae........... (Kirk) 
artemisiae.......... (Kirk) 
campylothecae....... Muir 
Nesorestias 
SULiciCola pre ec arccis ae Kirk 
Libbrel ofr) ee ee ase (Kirk) 
Nothorestias 
DACRE ate oe ce Muir 
BWOZOV TS atari bis votes e's Muir 
Dict yophorodelphax 
mirabilis...........Swezey 
BWEZEY1sn. 25 tens, Bridwell 
pracdicta....c0c0-- Bridwell 
Ilburnia 
KOMOl on aittra ss pot (Kirk) 
rubescens........... (Kirk) 


koae-phylodii...... (Muir) 
DUO ates ca ot cate Muir 

coprosmicola........ Muir 

pseudo-rubescens. .. (Muir) 
BWOROVI ha sevice: (Muir) 
AUCOPS sc... 6 A (Muir) 
nephelias........... (Kirk) 
MIGTICEPS 52-24 hes (Muir) 
eyrtandricola....... (Muir) 
dubautiae........... Muir 


107 


TABLE I—Continued. 





Macrop- || Brachyp- 









terous terous 
Form ane 
seal om | Ble 
Ses es 
a a ° a 
S/O} a|4 
eee: (ie: Sil | (A eee Ieee X ae 
Pe cil Vek. eel | ices) Ba ae | eee eae Pe x 
hae >. Gan | D; a PD. Gal Pil >. @ 
Been cee x a (aes ca Pe 
bate Setsig.s x x al \P.€ 
roe ee xX >. | al >. 
x DG] | PsP. REY feral bre 
Me auetellingeieier x x S/O 
Aci late x x wal BS 
Be reeed eae x x sal [Pes 
Bera \eaheers x x |X 
Pe] ee elles 
a fasin| e\RRave.s |X 
Sa iarersl| Senate | [meee [teterses | axe 
Bt ie eo .. |X 
Sen] osivse pre 
Pee (cea BaP .6 
Pole alts aleee 
ecratersl| tehatere 2 ><a) >, <a) ae) eee 
eae aoe Par |(- <a| [eee Fea |e 
Sap yar'| baaraa Ki 2 
NOR er oh | ne 
eects (ears Ol | (ees awe ete SIM | | Salida |e x 
ie celle. wicker a P.¢ 





Bibliography 


|| (1) 595; (3) 178 


(1) 595; (3) 178 
(1) 593; (3) 178 


(1) 581; (3) 178; (6) 88 
(1) 581; (3) 179; (4) 303; (6) 
410; (7) 510 


.. |] (3) 179 
|] (3) 180 


(3) 180; (4) 303; (5) 410; (8) 96 


.. J (8) 181 

...|| (1) 583 (Nesopleias); (3) 182 

.|...]] Qa) 118 (Nesopleias); (3) 182 
|| (3) 183; (4) 303 ~ 


.. | (1) 583 
.|| (1) 582 


.. || (4) 304 
|} (8) 87 


.. .]] (2) 104; (3) 184; (4) 279 
.. |] (5) 386 
|] (6) 72 


(1) 583; (2) 161, 208 fig.; (3) 
185; (5) 410 

(1) 584; (2) 202; (5) 411; (6) 
90; (8) 96 

(3) 186; (5) 411 


.- |] (3) 186; (8) 96 
|| (8) 99 


(6) 103; (7) 516 
(3) 186; (5) 411; (6) 88 


|| (3) 187 


(3) 187; (5) 411 

(1) 588; (3) 197; (4) 308 
(4) 308 

(5) 406, 412 


|} (7) 510 


(1) 585; (3) 188; (4) 304 


|} (6) 102 


ALOHINI 


Tburnia—continued 


mesopele).s.-eecaasas Muir 
oahuensis........... (Muir) 
stenogynicola........ Muir 
campylothecae...... Muir 
MAIMAKC cess erate Muir 
cyrtandrae.......... (Muir) 
timberlakei......... (Minin) Eee 
phyllostegiae........(Muir) 
Kkokolaubiencdeeecasee Muir 
neocyrtandrae.... ...Muir 
Fouldise-eeseee ee ee (Kirk) 
nephrolepidis....... (Kirk) 
blackburni..........(Muir) 
CUBVAta see aes Muir 
VIGNE A ante Smee Bicone Muir 
perkinsi.............(Muir) 
nesogunnerae........(Muir) 
gumnerae............ Muir) 
disjuncta............ Muir) 
IAA AU te yess e ere Muir 
DAMN cps e eos ae Muir 
neowailupensis.. .... Muir 
lobeliae... S007. s2de5 (Muir) 
waikamoiensis....... Muir 
wailupensis......... (Muir) 
boehmeriae.......... Muir 
VATU CLUS rat cissarcieateisrsiavers Muir 
use helteactic. 3 sascoce Muir 
DPIPCUrIe. sass Osr (Kirk) 
chambersi.......... (Kirk) 
OSWOrDIe. je tes ek (Muir ) 
ACULAN ee nclclesntait tee Muir 
PeraMie eee es Muir 
MAENAC HE eee ee Muir 
Cyathodis=. sees a... (Kirk) 
var. fullawayi..... (Muir ) 
var. lanaiensis. ...(Muir) 
var. nigrinervis....Muir 
Var. eeke.. wash. oe Muir 
incommoda... ..... (Muir ) 
ahinahina. ....-+.-ne Muir 
mauiensis...... ..Muir 
BUICALES ee ae ee Muir 
leah. a 22 Sean (Kirk) 


108 


TABLE I—Continued. 


Macrop- 
terous 
Form 








Brachyp- 
terous 
Form pa 
x 3 
a] a|e]3 
Fe-|},.3|"3| ‘S| & 
male O}a}H 
x x Alea 
x x 5 [2:6 
x ||P 
xX x 
x “| Bete 
XE |oader|fpoc|l2s 
x axe 
x x 
x x 
x axe |x 
x x - | 
5 || Dx |x 
Gra en el |e 
x xX 
>. Gad abot 5| (ae 
x x Al eo Is asl P= S 
x ox ex Allee 
x Xe a DXe 
x D.C! (eas esl eee 
x x leon 
x x 4|[2¢ 
Xe Xe a P.¢ 
x x a eee 
x x |x 
x G [IL alek 
aXe xX |X 
xX xX |X 
x >€ mE [DK 
x xX 
x Xe pl eral crcl ttre | eee 
xX x 
x xK |X 
xX 9. GN | eee llEeesitae| bac noe 
x x 
x xe al los 
x x 
x aX Allee 
x sxe AIDE 
XS Wiave rare | [Mev st| eet efeseell tere 
x x 
xX DC aBlie 
x D,@ || D-G3 19; 


Bibliography 


|] (7) 511 


(3) 188 
(6) 94 
(8) 97 


|} (6) 101 


|| 3) 189 


(4) 304 
(5) 405, 412 


|} (6) 95 


|} @) 100 


(1) 586; (3) 189 

(1) 586; (2) 203; (3) 189 

(3) 189; (4) 308; (5) 411; (6) 
108; (7) 514 


|} (6) 96 


(7) 513 


|} (3) 190 


(4) 305 
(4) 305 
(4) 306 
(7) 512 


|} @) 102 


(3) 191 (N. wailupensis); (6) 
108 


|] (8) 212; (4) 306; (6) 108; (7) 520 


.. |] (6) 97; (7) 514 
.. |] (8) 181 (Aloha) 
.. |] (7) 514 
.. |] (8) 99 

|] (8) 96 


(1) 584; (1) 202; (3) 191 
(1) 590; (1) 202; (3) 192; (7) 515 


|} (3) 192; (6) 99 


—1@ 96 
AW @ 515 
Il (8) 98 


(1) 589; (3) 192; (6) 91 
(3) 192; (6) 91 


|} (4) 309; (6) 92 


|} 92 
.. Al (6) 92 
(3) 193 


1 98 (pula); (8) 
—@ 99 
Il a 516 


Ent. 1904 p. 176 (Megamelus) 
(2) 202; (3) 198 


109 


TABLE I—Continued. 


Macrop- || Brachyp- 
terous terous 
Form Form = 
ALOHINI a = 2 lle 3 Bibliography 
Male vba Male ~~ 81413) 8isls 
Ilburnia—continued 
MODLCOIA.. «oc <5 5s (Kirk) xX x -|X |. ../] (1) 591; (3) 197; (6) 90 
MALUATGIAG + = o.0 <icis ox (Kirk) x x x .|X |] 1) 590; (2) 203; (3) 194; (4) 
309; (7) 516 
coprosmae........... Mone oe alacice x x |X |...|] (6) 93 
neoraillardiae........ Mii si een lace: x De be |X |] (7) 517 
ipomoeicola......... (Kirk) |} X x x D.Ge || >.< 1S al |aeae .|X || (1) 586; (2) 202; (3) 194; (5) 
412; (7) 517; (8) 96 
NODEIPES sd.22 <6 donde Maes eee | seco: x x alee alle |X |. ..|] (6) 93 
LEGA pa 2 Oe tac (Barks) ilies -onlke o x x Fal De .. A] (1) 584; (2) 202; (3) 194 
Biftar ites omer (Muir) ]].....].... ey |X BAl\>:< .. |} (3) 194 
montis-tantalus.....(Muir)]}.....|.... x x Be |. 4 .. A} (3) 195 
Bharplseesceceee see Qiivite))| | eel lb oer|[ie<9 11 ).< 3 2\>:8 .. |} (3) 195 
BBtElAG. 5 .<6d cca: (ii) hse || sane Ey. |x ae 9.4 .. |] (4) 307 
koebelei... 5. sic oe. (G0 Girt) | BRAG lena x 2 5| .. |] (4) 308 
IVANGEA 75. as eeon, Lihtshe || egal lence Der eae sa] |>.€ SS GOL 
TOOK ccpe eee erasers (Muir) xX x |X ...].. 1] (8) 196 
haleakala............ (Barks) |l-= = 2lbes llgae. xX .|X |...) (1) 587; (8) 197 
argyroxiphii......... (020d) || Pearl oes. x xX eR. xX j] (1) 590; (2) 203; (3) 197; (6) 89. 
procellaris....0+.2.-:: (Bark) i) |Ceec. exe 226 SI 1.) | Ate Rear Eg (1) 588; (3) 197 
MIM PLAGICS «esa. o< (Kirk) |} ? ? ? ? Al ae |X |] (1) 585 
hamadryas......... (Kirk) ]]..... B.A ec a sia | i el | eas 2.@| |e |] (1) 587 
malustris....:..<.:.- (harks) 5 Pecos eee 0. (eee | ae |e 3S eel | aad hee (1) 589; (2) 202 
NO) (RSs pee oe ees yeh @ <b a:9)))] | IR | en Dg Leer | (eel lee D.C aed Fee [ee (1) 589 
DMIDTICOLA§...5.o.c.<m 2% (Karki lies. ale ae.<<ll) 3 ne |X |...]} (1) 590 
(20) RF ee ier Quin) |e ieee, OX Gall ee eae x |] (4) 307 
BAIN AUA Sas cases 55% (Minir})|||See oc leeee. Re | AX > | Se (4) 309 
tetramolopii......... Marin |]52os|2 aes: x x X |...|} (6) 88 
brid wellic > «5 2.2<. on Mann: ies. ees. x x X |...|} (6) 90 
OLVIN PICA. 5 vcs oes oes A hts | Lael lane x x Da .. {| (7) 520 
RVIOMI Ts scictars sisi s.ssnieicis Maria |iee sees D.C ||b.€ |X |} (6) 104 
DELPHACINI 
Kelisia 
sporobolicola.........Kirk |]..... DM | E>; GON) (RSA | DG 1G) FAR FR X |X |] (1) 578; (4) 310; (6) 86; (7) 509 
var. immaculata...Muir |].....]..... x x 2 ae Sy Ms al bomen (| WO) 
ChE ee Karks lle... . ee | PK EX _. {| (1) 578; (4) 310; (7) 509; (8) 102 
eragrosticola......... Moir” |iEos -. x x x LA. X |...1} (6) 85 
PINOLONS . eicietcine scot Lhe | Pees] See x x |X ...{] (4) 311 
tpaludum............ iieid'e |Loss salle eee x x al)>.¢ |] (1) 579; (4) 310 
Perkinsiella 
tsaccharicida......... Kirk |] X De) ||P D:€% || P:Sal D- a D-) P:Sa] |.<Ga) 1. @ 
Peregrinus 
PRIIAICIG... <1... wens (Ashm.)I| X | X II X DSP PB. eI P-S) >. al B: 


tIntroduced species. 


110 


TABLE I—Continued. 


Summary of Genera and Species Described from all Islands 


Genera Species 
1G (tA (0) 0 eae Ae NS eens Red” Wit ch a RED Aron RR Siege rg Shs I ar ies GR ia on i il AB Mor 12 
IN (201s WA Re ROE Ie ao aE DIED cod fhot Ameo cets Ghie te Mae hats nates ote Steely att emer ryc5, 62 aye 6 
INesodiyasi(Nesounoe) <8 citys ere ee re aT eR cn cee CC REE ete eee 18 
I NVC 01: Wee Se le SCE SR tie > I Min Bie ed SAORI BiG GBS USD Oe A Ca Gy CDE oes Gao 9 
INCSOFESHIAS cic itoeteratie- srr mepdetetee ore hts Be de S 8 Be cated coat sau Hoon Cod bunsee Sr site tae 2 
INGUHOLestiaSer c.cton cc cone Eero ote eae oetvakaeet oe Cae tay ans rec Me ans PRE Sid MOST OG Tora aL LNG eleeeye 2 
ID sCoxmifoy alate) vote (2) 0) Vs) cea AMA as SRL, inte eM Pen OR Ae AE oh ey Ene Ma MISO GC SONAL 3 
DO Gyo nara eee Oe eee 2 NR. Mee hl 8 Oe, rt OR on GEE try 9 cae ais one ot ye aE eae apt aE EA cic 87 

GH CGAL ETE: Vs chen RARER IRSORERS earth ci SEES air Al GO eee 8.0 cacdin G Shteb bas ORO ESOS ae aISIeRe Picia eat chemrscoca Pr 6 
SPerkinsicl] aera: Sot siete ict Aa ke eer tae ee ne ORH one as ea Ade Berd Srerkattc Ee eerie’ iil 
MPeresrinussrr se nee oct hin Lk ees aes 8 Ekg ct OT AOE ie RE ae SA Sitar eee Sint 1 

BC teed le ay enchant ae sf hc EOE Ee ee eee ie tmal 147 


*Recent introduction. 


tOne species (K. paludum) cosmopolitan. 


TABLE II. 


Total Species on Each Island 


Genera Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii 
Terslohaiies oo. sek Ane Se len acto deer 7 4 1 3 1 3 
INGSOUT YAS ea nie ne tek ete eLE 1 5 0 1 0 0 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé)............... nee 6 5 1 5 2 6 
ING) NG aero a kB Bink oe eR 2 8 1 2 1 3 
Nesorestias...... BS. Ae At, eS eee 0 2 0 0 0 0 
INGthorestiais:aiiee.033 See ee eee Eset ae 0 2 0 0 0 0 
Dictyophorodelphax=s----4---..52---: 0 2 0 0 1 0 
MUMIA ese eee oe eee eae 9 30 5 6 35 19 
JQ U Eee eee ES AN i 2 4 0 0 2 2 
Perkinsiella 5... 5,cnthen pelea 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Pereprinus 32 .c2c.. ces econ 1 1 1 1 1 1 

29 64 10 19 44 35 


TABLE III. 


Single Island Endemism* 


Islands Leialoha Alohae Delphacini Tota 
1G EN ae nc Ae a ote cae SR A Ae tL cron’ Bap obs den bat 10 4 0 14 
COE a Rapetes see ars o eet och ahs aT Ae EC ein Ia tts Mies Eas ERR 6 33 2 41 
MOOK a1 eater toes Meee see ate oh pisieuchamiaore eater oe ene ee Rice aoe Ee 0 3 0 3 
GAMA See Sar seer Farce ee ee ace rans Ae atte ro Ea ee Oe ere ae vee 2 5 0 a 
MUD rior rcinkie haktors ticttle flere he cates a ee eT ee ee nee. 2 31 1 34 
ES WADI ok eect ee ctr ee Eero e ER eee ence ne et Be eR nes 3 13 1 17 

23 89 4 116 


*The tables of Island Endemism include Kelisia paludum, a cosmopolitan species, but not the recent 
introductions, Perkinsiella saccharicida and Peregrinus maidis. 


aki 


TABLE IlI—Continued. 


Species Included in Single Island Endemism 


Genera Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Total 
Leialoha... Mac crvoeras stale a eetalene eave iste 4 0 0 1 1 1 7 
Nesodryas.. : 1 4 0 0 0 0 5 
Nesodryas (Nesothoé)... 5 3 0 1 1 2 12 
LNG) AVS ak ge Re aca ae, 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 
Nesorestias... 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 
Nothorestias.... - 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 
Dictyophorodelphax.......... 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 
MD UPnIAee ot ee ees ae eee rap th 20 3 ii) 30 13 75 
Kelisia. ... ; Sah tee: Renee es oe 0 2 0 0 1 1 4 

14 41 3 7 34 17 116 


Species Included in Two Island Endemism 


Nesodryas 

Leialoha Nesodryas (Nesothoé) Aloha Ilburnia Kelisia Totals 

Kauai -=-JOashthese.cseacde.s. 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 
Kauai + Molokai.............. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 
Oahu + Molokai............ f 0 0 0 1 0 1 
Oahu (Wana 5452. ks ae | 1 0 0 0 0 2 
Oahu + Hawaii....... GAT ote Fe at 0 1 0 2 0 4 
Molokai + Lanai...............'. 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 
Molokai -+-"Maui......::......... 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 
Nean aie =o Maiica cs orca. ccs). ee 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 
Lanai + Hawaii............... 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 
Maui += awall'.s,. $053.22 -566 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 
3 1 5 2 7 1 19 


Species Included in Three Island Endemism 


Leialoha Aloha Ilburnia Total 
a Atma ODN Water WANIAT ~,., cee, s cleltlnids Sditlece cuclorsictarhvere ahercwoavelere owe 4M eres 
Kauai + Oahu + Hawaii... ee aoe Lae 
MS) EUR} MOU =} HEL UWA 2 ais cforaovetars wie eve era See chavaire ic a taysmetn ootersia ah 


wl ormm 
rH lore 
SS al as 
ee || eer 


Species Included in Four Island Endemism 


Ilburnia Kelisia Total 
emer <A ate WEA UM mts EVA WAL orc cic. c csccafevarevaveieceig orstaile/risiovotevesalslavavalevers,vyansvetereters 1 1 2 


Species Included in Six Island Endemism 
Aloha 
Kauai + Oahu + Molokai + Lanai + Maui + Hawail...............cccce cece eee eeceeeeeeees 1 


12 


TABLE IV. 


*ADDITIONS TO REFERENCE LIST OF HAWAIIAN DELPHACIDAE WITH THEIR 


Foop PLANTS.7} 
Leialoha. 

L. oahuensis Muir. Metrosideros polymorpha (4) long series, 
Munro, December, 1916. 

L. mawiensis Muir. Coprosma montana (6) series both sexes and 
young, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

L. lanaiensis Muir. Metrosideros polymorpha (4) Munro, No- 
vember, 1916. 

L. kauaiensis Muir. Metrosideros polymorpha (3) Swezey, Feb- 
ruary; (8) Swezey, August, 1921. 

L. hawaviensis Muir. Metrosideros collina polymorpha (4) long 
series, with young, January, 1917. 

L. suttoniae Muir. Suttonia sandwicensis (8) series both sexes, 
Swezey, August, 1921. 

L. scaevolae Muir. Scaevola chamissoniana (8) long series, both 
sexes, August, 1921. 

Nesodryas. 

N. giffardi Kirk. Cyrtandra sp. (4) Rollandia grandiflora (4) 
Giffard, October, 1917. 

N. fletus (Kirk.). Antidesma platyphyllum (6) one female, May, 
1918, Giffard and Fullaway. 

N. gulicki Muir. Euphorbia sp. (6) series, Giffard and Muir, 
December, 1918; Metrosideros collina polymorpha var. glaber- 
rima (6) large series both sexes, August, 1918, Giffard. 

N, perkinsi (Kirk.). Metrosideros polymorpha var. (4) small 
series, Giffard and Fullaway, November, 1916. 

N. munroi Muir. Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata (6) long series 
both sexes and young, Giffard, July, 1918. 

N. piilani (Kirk.). Osmanthus sandwicensis (6) Munro, Decem- 
ber, 1916. 

N. haa Muir. Antidesma platyphyllum (7) large series both 
sexes, August, 1918; January, September, 1919, Giffard. 

N. laka (Kirk.). Sida sp. (5) small series both sexes and young, 
Bridwell, August, 1918. 

N. hula (Kirk.). Sideroxylon sp. (8) series both sexes, Swezey, 
August, 1921; Osmanthus sp. (8) series both sexes, Swezey, 
August, 1921. 

N. seminigrofrons Muir. Campylotheca sp. (8) one female, one 
male, Swezey, August, 1921. 


* Continued from Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe. III, 4, 1917, p. 339 et seq. 

+ (3) refers to Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 1916, III, 3; (4) op. cit. 1917, 
1A ZoE ()) Ojos Gries, WIE, INO Hs (GS) @oe Chie I, In ile (A) Oo» Gir 
IAL IDS BEC) Ooh Chis ULRBL We il 


Ni 


DLS 


alboguttata Muir. Antidesma sp. (8) one male, Swezey, 
August, 1921. 


. semialba Muir. Osmanthus sp. (8) one female, one male, 


Swezey, August, 1921. 

dodonaeae Muir. Dodonaea sp. (8) three males, nine females; 
Alphitonia sp. (8) one male, five females, Swezey, August, 
1921. 


Aloha. 

A. ipomoeae Kirk. Ipomoea pentaphylla (6) series both sexes, 
Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

A. swezeyi Muir. Cheirodendron gaudichaudii (5) long series 
both sexes and nymphs, Giffard, August, 1917; long series 
both sexes and nymphs off Bidens pilosa (5) Giffard, August, 
1917; Campylotheca sp. (8) series both sexes, Swezey, 
August, 1921. 

Nothorestias. 
N. swezeyi Muir. Aspidium sp. (8) Swezey, March, 1921. 
Dictyophorodelphax. 

D. swezeyi Brid. Euphorbia celastroides (5) small series, May, 
1917; large series both sexes and young, February, 1918, 
Bridwell and Swezey. 

D. praedicta Brid. Euphorbia hookeri integrifolia (6) large series 
both sexes and young, August-September, 1918, Bridwell. 

Tiburnia. 

I. phyllostegiae (Muir). Phyllostegia racemosa (5) long series 
both sexes and young, Giffard, August, 1917. 

I. cyrtandricola (Muir). Cyrtandra sp. (5) long series both sexes 
and young, Giffard, August, 1917. 

I. anceps (Muir). Freycinetia arnotti (5) four females and 
four males, Giffard, August, 1917. 

I. monticola (Kirk.). Coprosma montana (6) long series and 


young, Bridwell, August, 1918. 


. tetramolopii Muir. Tetramolopium humile (6) long series and 


young, Bridwell, August, 1918. 


. bridwelli Muir. Argyroxiphium virescens (6) small series and 


young, Bridwell, August, 1918. 

longipes Muir. Cyrtandra mauiensis (6) small series both 
sexes, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

coprosmae Muir. Coprosma montana (6) long series both 
sexes, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 


. stenogynicola Muir. Stenogyne kamehamcehae (6) series both 


sexes, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 


. kokolau Muir. Campylotheca sp. (6) one male, two females, 


Bridwell, August, 1918. 


. dubautiae Muir. Dubautia plantaginea (7) Timberlake, July, 


1919. 


114 


. nesopele Muir. Astelia veratroides (7) series both sexes, Tim- 

berlake, July, 1919. 

. amamau Muir. Sadleria sp. (7) very large series both sexes, 

and young, Timberlake, July, 1919. 

. aku Muir. Cyanea tritomantha (7) series both sexes, Giffard, 

January, 1919. 

. boehmeriae Muir. Boehmeria sp. (7) small series and young, 

Swezey, August, 1919. 

. geranii Muir. Geranium arboreum (7) large series both sexes 

and young, Timberlake, July, 1919. 

. sulcata Muir. Cyrtandra sp. (7) small series both sexes and 

young, Timberlake, July, 1919. 

. blackburni (Muir). Charpentiera obovata (5) series both sexes 
and young, Giffard, August, 1917; Strongylodon lucidum (5) 
series both sexes, Giffard, August, 1917; Touchardia latifolia 
(5) small series both sexes and young (dark form), Giffard, 
August, 1917; Cyanea hammatiflora (6) small series both 
sexes, Rock, August, 1918; Clermontia coerulea (7) series 
both sexes, Timberlake, August, 1919; Urera sandwicensis 
(7) series both sexes and young, Giffard, August, 1918. 

neoraillardiae Muir. Lipochaeta subcordata (7) very large 
series both sexes and young, Giffard. 

. gigantea Muir. Pritchardia sp. (7) one male only, Swezey, 

August, 1920. 

. olympica Muir. Lobelia sp. (7) small series both sexes, Swezey, 

August, 1920. 

. chambersi (Kirk.). Raillardia ciliolata (7) small series, Giffard, 
July, 1919. 

cyathodis var. lanaiensis (Muir). Cyathodes sp. (6) small 
series, Bridwell, August, 1918. 

. cyathodis var. nigrinervis Muir. Cyathodes sp. (6) long series, 
Bridwell, August, 1918. 

cyathodis subsp. eeke Muir. <Argyroxiphium sp. (6) long 
series, Rock, August, 1918. 

. curvata Muir. Cyrtandra sp. (6) one female only, Giffard 

and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

. acuta Muir. Cyrtandra mawiensis (6) small series both sexes, 

Bridwell, August, 1918. 

. waikamoiensis Muir. Cyanea aculeatifiora (6) small series and 

young, Rock, August, 1918; Cyanea sp. (7) series both sexes 

and young, Timberlake, July, 1919. 

. ahinahina Muir. Argyroxiphium sp. (6) (8) one male only, 

Rock, August, 1918. 

. mauiensis Muir. Campylotheca mauwiensis (6) very long series 

both sexes and young, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

. neocyrtandrae Muir. Gunnera petaloidea (6) long series, Rock, 

August, 1918. 


1b) 


I. mamake Muir. Pipturus sp. (6) long series and young, Rock, 
August, 1918. 

I. raillardiicola Muir. fRaillardia menziesii and R. platyphylla 
(6) long series and young, Bridwell and Swezey, August, 
1918. 

I. raillardiae (Kirk.). Raillardia scabra and R. ciliolata (7) long 
series and young, Giffard, July, 1918. 

I. painiw Muir. Astelia veratroides (6) small series both sexes, 
Bridwell, August, 1918. 

I. coprosmicola Muir. Coprosma ernodioides (6) long series both 
sexes and young, Giffard, August, 1918. 

IT. ulehihi Muir. Smilax sandwicensis (6) three females and three 
males, Giffard, August, 1918. 

I. nephrolepidis (Kirk.). Nephrolepis exaltata,* January, August, 
1918, January, August, 1919, series both sexes and young, 
Giffard. 

I. ipomoeicola (Kirk.). Gouldia elongata, Antidesma sp., and 
Cyrtandra sp. (5) small series with young in instances, Gif- 
fard, August, 1917. (probably accidental captures) ; Strongy- 
lodon lucidum (5) long series both sexes and young, Giffard, 

August, 1917; Mucuna gigantea (7) series both sexes and 
young, Giffard, August, 1918; Polygonum sp., Pipturus sp., 
and Rumex sp. (8) long series both sexes and young, Swezey, 
August, 1921. 

I. lobeliae (Muir). Kadua glomerata (6) small series both sexes, 
Timberlake, September, 1918. 

I. viridis Muir. Phyllostegia sp. (8) small series both sexes, 
Swezey, August, 1921. 

T. naenae Muir. Dubautia sp. (8) series both sexes, Swezey, 
August, 1921. 

I campylothecae Muir. Campylotheca sp. (8) small series both 
sexes, Swezey, August, 1921. 

T. kuschei Muir. Cyrtandra sp. (8) three females and young, 
Swezey, August, 1921. 

I. koae-phyllodii (Muir). Acacia koa (8) small series, Swezey, 

August, 1921. 

pilo Muir. Coprosma ernodioides (8) very large series both 

sexes and young, Timberlake, July, 1919. 


= 


Kelisia. 
K. sporobolicola Kirk. Eragrostis atropioides (6) long series, 
Bridwell, August, 1918; Hragrostis sp. (7) one female, one 





*The full series were taken two or three at a time on several ocea- 
sions on several large plants growing in the ‘‘ Algae steam crack’’ on the 
larva flow, within a few hundred yards of the active crater. The heat 
near steam vents in the crack prevented close collecting. This so-called 
algae steam crack was since covered by the flow of 1920. 


116 


male, Swezey, September, 1920; series, Timberlake, July, 
1919. 

K. eragrosticola Muir. FEragrostis variabilis (6) long series 
both sexes and young, Giffard and Fullaway, May, 1918. 

K. swezeyi Kirk. EHragrostis sp. (7) small series, Swezey, Sep- 
tember, 1920; Hragrostis sp. (8) small series, Swezey, Au- 
gust, 1921. 

K. sporobolicola immaculata Muir. Deschampsia australis (7) 
long series both sexes and young, August, September, 1919, 
Timberlake, Giffard; Vincentia angustifolia (7) series both 
sexes and young (dark var.), Giffard, September, 1919. 

Perkinsiella. 


* P. saccharicida Kirk. (Sugar cane leaf hopper.) Widely dis- 
tributed on sugar cane since 1902. 
Peregrinus. 


*P, maidis (Ashm.). (Corn leaf hopper.) Widely distributed on 
Indian corn or maize since about 1880. 


TABLE V. 


ADDITIONS TO ALPHABETICAL List ** oF KNOWN HAWAIIAN FOOD-PLANTS t 
AND OF THE DELPHACIDAE ATTACHED THERETO. 
Alphitonia excelsa Reiss. (Kauila). Nesodryas dodonaeae Muir. 
Antidesma sp. (Hame). Nesodryas alboguttata Muir. 
Antidesma platyphyllum Mann (Hame or Haa). WNesodryas  fletus 
(Kirk.); Nesodryas haa Muir. 


Argyroxiphium virescens Hbd. (Ahinahina). Ilburnia bridwelli Muir. 
Argyroxiphium sp. (Ahinahina). JI. cyathodis subsp. eeke. Muir; 
I. ahinahina Muir. 
Astelia veratroides Gaud. (Painiu). I. painiu Muir. 
Bidens pilosa li. Aloha swezeyi Muir. 
Boehmeria stipularis Wedd. (Akolea). I boehmeriae Muir. 
Campylotheca mauiensis Hbd, (Kookolau). J. mawiensis Muir. 
Campylotheca sp. (Kookolau). I. kokolauw Muir; Nesodryas seminigro- 
frons Muir; I. campylothecae Muir. 
Charpentiera obovata Gaud. (Papala). I. blackburni (Muir). 
Cheirodendron gaudichaudii (D. C.) Seem. (Olapa or Kauilamahu) Aloha 
swezeyt Muir. 
Clermontia coerulea Hbd. (Haha). JI. blackburni (Muir). 
Coprosma ernodioides Gray (Kukainene) (gen. Pilo). JI. coprosmicola 
Muir; J. pilo Muir. 
* Accidentally introduced. 
** Continued from Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc. III, 4, 1917, p. 345 et seq. 
+ Specific and native names after Hilbd. Flora Haw. Is. 1888; Rock, 
Indig. trees of Haw. 1913; Rock, Bot. Bull. No. 2, Bd. Ag. and For. 1913. 


17 


Coprosma montana Hbd. (Pilo). Leialoha lehuae mauiensis Muir; TI. 
coprosmae Muir; I. monticola Muir. 

Cyanea aculeatiflora Rock (Haha). J. waikamoiensis Muir. 

Cyanea hammatiflora Rock (Haha). JI. blackburni (Muir). 

Cyanea tritomantha Gray (Aku). JI. aku Muir. 

Cyathodes tameiameiae Cham. (Pukeawe or Maieli). J. cyathodis var. 
fullawayi Muir; var. lanaiensis Muir; var. nigrinervis Muir. 

Cyrtandra mauiensis Rock I. longipes Muir; I. acuta Muir. 

Cyrtandra sp. I. cyrtandricola Muir; I. sulcata Muir; I. curvata Muir; 
I, kuschei Muir. 

Deschampsia australis Nees. Kelisia sporobolicola var. immaculata Muir. 

Dodonaea viscosa L. var. spathulata Sm. (Aalii or Kumakani). Nesodryas 
munroit Muir. 

Dodonaea sp. (Aalii). Nesodryas dodonaeae Muir. 

Dubautia plantaginea Gaud. (Naenae). J. dubautiae Muir. 

Dubautia sp. (Naenae). J. naenae Muir. 

Eragrostis variabilis Gaud. (Emoloa or Kalamalo). Kelisia eragrosticola 
Muir. 

Eragrostis atropioides Hbd. (Emoloa). Kelisia sporobolicola Kirk. 

Eragrostis sp. (Emoloa). K. sporobolicola Kirk; K. swezeyi Kirk. 

Euphorbia hookeri integrifolia Hbd. (Akoko). Dictyophorodelphax prae- 
dicta Brid. 

Euphorbia celastroides Boiss. (Akoko). D. swezeyi Brid. 

Euphorbia sp. (Akoko). Nesodryas gulicki Muir. 

Freycinetia arnotti Gaud. (Ie-ie). J. anceps (Muir). 

Geranium arboreum Gray (Nohuanu). I. geranii Muir. 

Gunnera petaloidea Gaud. (Apeape). I. neocyrtandrae Muir. 

Ipomoea pentaphylla Jacq. (Kuahulu). Aloha ipomoeae Kirk. 

Eadua glomerata Hook & Arn. (Pilo? or Au?) J. lobeliae Muir. 

Lipochaeta subcordata Gray (Nehe). I. neoraillardiae Muir. 

Lobelia sp. I. olympica Muir. 

Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. vars. (Ohia lehua). JL. lehuae mauiensis 
Muir; L. lehuae lanaiensis Muir; L. lehuae kauaiensis Muir; L. 
lehuae oahuensis Muir; Nesodryas perkinsi (Kirk.). 

Mucuna gigantea D. C. (Kaeéé). I. ipomoeicola (Kirk.). 

Nephrolepis exaltata Schott. (Okupukupu, Nianian or Pamoho). J. ne- 
phrolepedis (Kirk.). 

Osmanthus sandwicensis (Gray) Knobl. (Pua or Ulupua). Nesodryas 
piilant (Kirk.); Nesodryas hula (Kirk.); Nesodryas semialba Muir. 

Pelea sp. (Alani). Nesodryas hula (Kirk.) (one specimen only). 

Phyllostegia sp. (Ulihi). J. viridis Muir; N. hula (Kirk.) (one speci- 
men only). 

Phyllostegia racemosa Benth. (Kiponapona). J. phyllostegiae Muir. 

Pipturus albidus Gray (Mamake). J. mamake Muir; I. tpomoeicola 
(Kirk.). 

Polygonum sp. (Kamole). JI. ipomoeicola (Kirk). 

Pritchardia sp. (Loulu and Hawane). JI. gigantea Muir. 


118 


Raillardia ciliolata D, C. (Kupaua?). I. chambersi (Kirk.); I. raillardiae 
(harks); 

Raillardia menziesii Gray (Kupaua?). I. raillardiicola Muir. 

Raillardia platyphylla Gray (Kupaua?). I. raillardiicola Muir. 

Raillardia scabra D. C. (Kupaua). TI. raillardiae (Kirk.). 

Rumex sp. (Pawale or Uhauhako). JI. ipomocicola (Kirk.). 

Sadleria sp. (Amaumau). J. amamau Muir. 

Saccharum officinarum WL. (Ko) Sugar Cane. Perkinsiella saecharicida 
Kirk. 

Scaevola chamissoniana Gaud. (Naupaka). Leialoha scaevolae Muir. 

Sesbania tomentosa Hook & Arn. (Ohai). Aloha ipomoeae (Kirk.). 

Sida sp. (Ilima). Nesodryas laka (Kirk.). 

Sideroxylon sp. (Alaa, Aulu or Kaulu). Nesodryas hula (Kirk.). 

Smilax sandwicensis Kth. (Uhi, Ulehihi & Pioi). I wlehiht Muir. 

Stenogyne kamehamehae Waw. (Puaainaka, Maohiohi or Mohihi). J 
stenogynicola Muir. 

Strongylodon lucidum Seem. (Nukuiwi or Kaiwi). J. blackburni (Muir) ; 
I, ipomoeicola (Kirk.). 

Suttonia sp. (Kolea). N. Jwla (Kirk.) (two specimens only); WN. do- 
donaeae Muir (one specimen only). 

Suttonia sandwicensis (A. D. C.) Mez. (Kolea laulii). Leialoha suttoniae 
Muir. 

Tetramolopium humile Hbd. TI. tetramolopii Muir. 

Touchardia latifolia Gaud. (Olona). TI. blackburni (Muir). 

Urera sandvicensis Wedd. (Opuhe). TI. blackburni (Muir). 

Vincentia angustifolia Gaud. Kelisia sporobolicola immaculata Muw. 

Zea mays L. (Maize or Indian Corn). Peregrinus maidis (Ashm.). 


Notes and Observations on Parandra Puncticeps Sharp 
(Coleoptera). 
BY W. M. GIFFARD. 
(Presented at the meeting of October 6, 1921.) 

In July, 1921, the writer found in the dense, inside forest 
above the “twenty-nine mile” region in Olaa, Hawau, at ap- 
proximately 3800 feet elevation, a particularly rotted stump of 
Suttonia, which had been attacked by this Cerambycid. Due 
to its decayed condition and the absence of all bark, adult 
beetles were not seen, but a large number of the larvae and 
pupae were taken. The most part of these were preserved in 
alcohol for future study, but a number of the pupae were 
kept alive to be reared, and were later placed in a glass jar 
filled with the dry but rotted tree loam from the stump. By 
the end of August, eighteen adults (nine males and nine 


Proc. Haw. Hunt. Soe., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


119 


females) had been reared from these pupae. In order to 
make a partial test of the longevity of the adult beetle, the 
last six specimens reared were kept under observation for four 
weeks, and later killed. This period could have been extended, 
as the beetles continued to exhibit considerable activity when 
emerging from the soil after dark. Their tendency during the 
night was to fight and mutilate each other, however, and it 
was deemed necessary to either kill them or have them ruined 
for specimens. During the period of observation, it was noticed 
that the beetles appeared above the coarse loam in the jar only 
after dark, and retired from one to two inches below immedi- 
ately at or before dawn. During their activity at night, efforts 
were repeatedly made to keep them under closer observation, 
using for this purpose the ordinary 40-watt electric lamp in 
ordinary household use. On every occasion, however, within 
three minutes of their exposure to light, the whole six speci- 
mens had “dug in” and would not reappear until after the jar 
had again been placed in the dark. Because of these nocturnal 
tendencies it was not possible to observe whether copulation 
took place during the period of their captivity. Most probably 
not, due to the unnatural conditions of their close confinement 
and to the exceptional activity previously referred to. 

A series of fifty-three specimens of this indigenous Ceram- 
bycid (including the eighteen examples reared above) collected 
on the Islands of Hawati, Kauai, and Oahu, at elevations from 
1500 to 4000 feet, have been studied and the genital organs 
dissected out by the writer from three males and one female 
from Kauai, two males and one female from Hawaii, and one 
male from Oahu. Although these dissections may, for ‘the 
present, be considered as a preliminary study, still, so far as 
can be seen at this time, the variations noticed by comparison 
of the genitalia of the “examples from each of the islands 
named, present nothing of real specific value. The same may 
be said more positively of the body characters. Although the 
mandibles and the lateral margins of the thorax are extremely 
variable in male examples from each island, there are inter- 
mediate forms which connect these extremes. This is quite 
noticeable both as to structure and sculpture in the eighteen 
reared specimens from Hawaii previously referred to. The 


120 


smaller series taken “in situ’”” on Oahu and Kauai present the 
same tendencies. The representative collections of this Ceram- 
bycid have heretofore been very sparse in individual specimens, 
and in consequence many of the variations noticed from time 
to time have led some to suspect the possibility of more than 
the one species described. Examination and study of a series 
like the present one, however, tends to lessen any such sus- 
picion unless some other important but constant character than 
‘is yet known can be found by further study of larger series 
from all the islands in the archipelago. 

The males of this beetle are easily separated from the 
females by the difference in structure of the mandibles and in 
the shape of the fifth abdominal ventral segment, which in 
the male is well rounded, while in the female it is flattened. 
Among fourteen specimens recently collected on Kauai by 
Mr. O. H.. Swezey was found a small but starved example, 
the mandibles of which indicated the female sex, while the 
fifth ventral segment of the abdomen was that of a male. 
Upon dissection of the genitalia it was found to be a male, 
as suspected. This tends to show that in this variable species 
the use of the ventral segment, when separating the sexes, is 
perhaps more reliable than the mandibles. 

While collecting the Kauai specimens above referred to, 
Mr. Swezey informs me that he observed the eggs of Parandra 
puncticeps inserted into the hard outer surface of the wood of 
a koa trunk, where the bark had loosened from the tree but 
had not yet fallen away, there being space enough beneath the 
bark for the female to perform: the process of oviposition. 
He brought samples of these eggs “in situ” to Honolulu. This 
is believed to be the first record of finding the eggs of this 
interesting Cerambycid. 


121 


ANNUAL ADDRESS 


Observations on the Phenomena of Heredity in the 
Ladybeetle, Coelophora Inaequalis (Fabricius). 
BY P. H, TIMBERLAKE. 

(Presented at the meeting of December 1, 1921.) 

It has long been known that certain species of ladybeetles 
of the family Coccinellidae exhibit marked colorational dimor- 
phism or even polymorphism. Among North American species 
Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) and Olla abdominalis (Say) are 
known to have a predominantly black phase besides the much 
more abundant paler form. Mr. A. F. Burgess appears to 
have been the first American entomologist to make observa- 
tions on the phases of Coccinellidae, and in some breeding 
experiments that he conducted with Adalia bipunctata found 
that the black and normal phases, when mated together, pro- 
duced both phases again not only in the first, but in the second 
generation.* 

In experiments carried on at Whittier, California, in 1912, 
and again in 1915 at Salt Lake City, Utah (using beetles, how- 
ever, from Brownsville, Texas, collected by Mr. M. M. High), 
I found a similar set of phenomena in regard to the heredity 
of the black and normal phases of Olla abdominalis. Through- 
out the experiments a perfect segregation of the phases was 
obtained, but there were no other evidences of Mendelian inheri- 
tance in respect to the dominance of one phase over the other, 
or in the sequence and proportions of the phases when interbred. 
It even seemed next to impossible to get pure stock of the 
black phase by breeding, for when this phase was mated to- 
gether for two or more successive generations, the offspring 
was quite as apt to belong to the normal as to the black phase. 

In 1912, I had the opportunity of experimenting with an 
Oriental Coccinellid Cheilomenes sex-maculata (Fabricius), 
which was brought by Mr. R. S. Woglum from India to the 
United States. Of this species I received originally eight 
females and one male which were all of the normal se.r- 
maculata phase. As soon as they began to lay eggs the females 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


*U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. 17, pp. 59, 60, 1898. 


122 


were isolated, and the offspring of each were thus kept under 
observation. Much to my surprise one of the females pro- 
duced offspring of three types, the normal phase like the parent, 
a red phase with only the inner margin of the elytra black, and 
a black phase with a red cross-band behind the humeral angle 
of the elytra. JI experimented with these forms as much as 
the time at my disposal and the ill-effect of inbreeding would 
permit, but could discover no evidence of Mendelian inheri- 
tance except in the perfect segregation of the phases. A com- 
plete set of data obtained from these experiments with Cheilo- 
menes was submitted to a well-known student of Mendelian 
inheritance, Dr. John Detlefsen of the University of Illinois, 
and he was unwilling to venture any explanation of the 
phenomena presented, although loath to admit that the inheri- 
tance was not amenable to Mendelian laws. 

Having seen from my own experiments and from those of 
other workers, including Mr. A. F. Burgess, Professor R. A. 
Johnson, and Miss Miriam Palmer, that while the inheritance 
of ladybeetles is often segregative, its phenomena are not other- 
wise easily amenable to Mendelian interpretations, I was sur- 
prised and delighted to find a case of simple Mendelian in- 
heritance in the Australian ladybeetle, Coelophora inaequalis 
(Fabricius). This inheritance was coupled, moreover, with an 
example of a segregative but apparently non-Mendelian inheri- 
tance in an illuminating manner. 

Coelophora inaequalis, so well known to Hawaiian  ento- 
mologists, was an early introduction of Albert Koebele’s into 
these islands from Australia. As found here it exhibits a 
remarkable uniformity of markings, and shows no trace of the 
range of variation credited to it elsewhere? and, in fact, it 
represents the normal and most abundant of the three phases 


7 The geographical range of this species is reported to extend from 
Japan and the Philippines through the East Indian Islands to New 
Caledonia and Queensland, but I am convinced that the Philippine form 
really represents a similar but quite distinct species from the Australian. 
The fact that there are two species confused under this name only par- 
tially explains the reputed variability of inaequalis, as I have reason to 
believe that both have a similar range of variation, and that similar 
color phases are common to both. 


125 


that I shall discuss later. It is bright red in color, with heavy 
black markings on the elytra and with the pronotum mostly 
black except on the anterior margin (Figure 1). 

In July, 1919, Dr. F. X. Williams, on returning to Honolulu 
from Queensland, brought back a few beetles of Coelophora inae- 





Fig. 1. Normal phase of Coelophora inaequalis. 


qualis, which furnished the original stock of beetles with which 
I experimented during the greater part of the following year. 
In this stock was included two forms, and a third soon appeared 
in breeding, which to the uninitiated eye appeared to repre- 





» 


Fig. 2. Eight-spotted phase of Coelophoria inaequalis. 


sent three distinct species, but which by their behavior and 
ultimately by their heredity were shown to be but one species. 


124 


Besides the normal phase of inaequalis there was a paler red 
form with four round black dots arranged in an oblique-sided 
quadrangle on each elytron, a common dot on the elytra near 
their apex, and usually two similar dots near the middle of 
the pronotum. This form, represented in Figure 2, may be 
called the nine-spotted phase from the nine dots on the elytra. 
The dots vary a little in size, but there has been observed no 
tendency whatever for this form to intergrade with the normal 
phase. 

The third form was solidly black with only the anterior 
corners of the pronotum red, and I shall refer to it as the 
black phase (Fig. 3). It was the rarest from at first, although 
later obtained in number. It apparently was not included 
among the original lot of beetles which came from the Herbert 
River, Queensland, but two specimens were reared in the first 
generation from the stock supply of beetles, and thus of 
unknown parentage. 

My first experiments were directed towards finding out the 
behavior of the nine-spotted and normal phases towards each 
other in heredity. Consequently, on August 26, three nine- 
spotted females were isolated in vials, and a record kept sep- 





Fig. 3. Black phase of Coelophora inaequalis. 


arately for each beetle of the number and character of the 
offspring which were reared to maturity. ‘These beetles were 
from the stock supply, and had mated repeatedly and indis- 
criminately after the manner of Coccinellidae. The number of 


125 


offspring reared in these and later experiments may appear 
trivially small, but this is due to the exacting nature of their 
voracious appetite and the time and care that has to be be- 
stowed upon each larva to bring it to maturity. 


HEREDITY OF THE NINE-SPOTTED PHASE. 


The offspring obtained from the three nine-spotted females 
were as follows: 


Female Offspring reared 
No. 1. Male parentage composite 4 nine-spotted and 15 normal 
No. 2. Male parentage composite 9 nine-spotted and 15 normal 
No. 3. Male parentage composite 20 nine-spotted and 20 normal 
Totals 33 nine-spotted and 50 normal 


The breeding together of the nine-spotted offspring gave 
the following results in the next generation: 


Parent Parent 
Pair of female of male Offspring reared 
No. 6 No. 1 No. 3 10 nine-spotted and 6 normal 
No. 7 No. 3 No. 2 16 nine-spotted and 3 normal 
No: <9 No. 1 No. 2 6 nine-spotted and 1 normal 
No. 10 No. 2 No. 3 10 nine-spotted and 2 normal 
Totals 42 12 


The nine-spotted offspring of the second generation were 
again mated together, and gave these results: 


Parent Parent 
Pair of female of male Offspring reared 
No. 12 INOS 7) No. 6 13 nine-spotted and 0 normal 
No. 18 No. 6 No. 10 12 nine-spotted and 5 normal 
Totals 25 nine-spotted and 5 normal 


The results of similar matings for the succeeding genera- 
tion were as follows: 


Parent Parent 
Pair of female of male Offspring reared 
No. 21 No. 12 No. 18 0 nine-spotted and 2 normal 
No. 27 No. 18 No. 12 8 nine-spotted and 5 normal 
Totals 8 nine-spotted and 7 normal 


It thus appears that into the fourth generation the nine- 
spotted phase, when bred in a direct line, still produced normal 


126 


offspring, and, in fact, produced a larger proportion of normal 
beetles in the fourth than in the third generation. This, how- 
ever, may have been at least partly due to the smaller number 
of offspring of the fourth generation reared to maturity. It 
is possible, but we will not say how probable, if the breeding 
of this phase in a direct line had been continued longer, that 
ultimately the production of a practically pure race would have 
been reached. 
HEREDITY OF THE NORMAL PHASE. 


No attempt was made to breed the normal phase in the 
direct line, as we already know that this phase was introduced 
into the Hawaiian Islands years ago, and that it has bred true | 
to itself here since that time. The heredity of beetles of the 
normal phase derived from the nine-spotted form, however, may 
be considered. 

Pair No. 8 of normal beetles were reared from the nine- 
spotted females No. 1 and 2, the character of whose offspring 
we have already seen. From this pair were reared eleven 
normal offspring. 

Both beetles of the normal pair No. 24 were reared from 
the nine-spotted pair No. 18, and hence the parentage had been 
nine-spotted for three preceding generations in the female line, 
and at least for two generations in the male line of descent. 
From this pair seven normal. beetles were reared. 

Although these experiments are not extensive enough to be 
conclusive they seem to indicate that the normal phase is more 
stable than the nine-spotted phase. Presumably, however, the 
production of the nine-spotted phase from such parentage is 
possible, and at least occasionally takes place, although more 
rarely than the production of the normal phase from nine- 
spotted parentage. 


HEREDITY OF THE NORMAL CROSSED WITH THE NINE-SPOTTED 
PHASE. 

One mating was made to determine whether either the nor- 
inal or nine-spotted phase were dominant over the other in 
heredity. Pair No. 31 consisted of a female of the nine-spotted 
phase reared from pair No. 12 and a normal male of Hawaiian 
stock. [from the account already given of the heredity of the 


[27 


iine-spotted phase it is apparent that pair No. 12 were the 
nearest approach to a pure race of their kind achieved during 
the course of the experiments, as their offspring, thirteen in 
number, were all nine-spotted, and we already know that the 
Hawaiian beetles are at least presumptively of pure normal 
stock. ‘The offspring of this interesting pair were seven nine- 
spotted and eight normal beetles. 

There is thus no evidence to show that either the normal 
or the nine-spotted phase is dominant over the other in heredity, 
and the results of the various matings are not easily inter- 
preted according to Mendelian laws. It is apparent, however, 
that the normal phase is considerably more stable than the 
nine-spotted form, as would be naturally expected from its 
much greater abundance. That the nine-spotted phase is able 
to maintain itself when it is both less stable and much less 
numerous than the normal phase is quite likely due to some 
other factor of heredity intervening which has not been con- 
sidered as yet. Otherwise, it would seem inevitable that the 
nine-spotted phase would be finally swamped and eliminated. 


HEREDITY OF THE BLACK PHASE. 


The black phase was not represented in the original lot of 
beetles that reached Honolulu alive, but two specimens appeared 
about September lst in the first generation of offspring emerg- 
ing in the jar in which the mixed lot of nine-spotted and nor- 
mal beetles were kept. These were left in the breeding jar for 
a few days after reaching sexual maturity, and mated indis- 
criminately with each other and the other beetles. On Sep- 
tember 12 one of- the black beetles was removed and isolated 
in a vial as female No. 5, and for a mate was given a normal 
male of Hawaiian stock. But the fact that this female had 
mated previously with both the black and nine-spotted phases 
was apparent from the character of its offspring, as 3 black, 
3 nine-spotted, and 16 normal beetles were reared from its 
eggs. Subsequently the offspring of female No. 5 were bred 
through five generations, and the black phase was found to be 
recessive to both the normal and nine-spotted forms and recur- 
ning in alternate generations in true Mendelian proportions. 


128 


HEREDITY OF THE BLACK CROSSED WITH THE NINE-SPOTTED 
PHASE. 


In considering these breeding experiments in detail let us 
first take up the results of the crosses of the black with the 
nine-spotted phase. Pairs No. 16 and 17 consisted of black 
females reared from female No. 5 mated with nine-spotted males 
reared respectively from the nine-spotted pairs Nos. 6 and 9. 
From female No. 16, 6 nine-spotted beetles, and from female 
No. 17, 19 beetles of the same form were reared without either 
normal or black offspring. The reciprocal cross No. 35 had 
similar ancestry, the female having been reared from the nine- 
spotted pair No. 27, the black male from the F: generation 
of female No. 17. This crossing gave twenty-three nine-spotted 
beetles.* We see, therefore, that the nine-spotted phase is 
dominant over the black. 

If the cross of black and nine-spotted forms is truly Men- 
delian in inheritance, as indicated by the dominance of the 
nine-spotted form over the black, the mating together of the 
nine-spotted offspring of this cross should produce in the fol- 
lowing generation both nine-spotted and black forms in the 
proportion of 3 to 1. Consequently, three matings were made 
of the offspring of pairs No. 16 and 17, numbered respectively 
19, 20, and 22. The results are conveniently given in tabular 


form. 
Female Male Phase of 
Pair No. from from parents Character of offspring 
ig No. 17 No. 17 Nine-spotted 15 nine-spotted, 5 black 
20 No. 17 No. 17 Nine-spotted 3 nine-spotted, 2 black 
22 No. 17 No. 17 Nine-spotted 4 nine-spotted, 1 black 
Totals 22 nine-spotted, 8 black 


We see, therefore, that the black phase reappeared in IF. 
generation approximately in the correct Mendelian proportion. 





+ Towards the end of this breeding experiment one normal and one 
black beetle issued from two lots of larvae reared to maturity, but there 
is considerable probability that these had gotten mixed in by mistake. 
If large numbers of larvae are handled at the same time, a small per- 
centage of mixture of the different lots must be expected to occur occa- 
sionally, even if great care is taken to prevent this mishap. 


14g) 


The assumption follows that the nine-spotted and black phases 
behave as a simple allelomorphic pair. 


HEREDITY OF THE BLACK CROSSED WITH THE NORMAL 
PHASE. 


The inheritance of the black crossed with the normal phase 
was next studied. A black female reared from pair No. 19 
was mated with a normal male of Hawaiian stock as pair 
No. 33. From this mating nineteen normal beetles were reared 
and no black offspring, thus showing that the normal phase is 
dominant over the black. A reciprocal cross No. 34 was also 
made, using a normal female reared from pair No. 27 (parents 
and grandparents for three generations being nine-spotted) and 
a black male from pair No. 20. This mating produced twenty- 
six normal offspring, and thus also showed complete dominance 
of the normal phase. 

The normal offspring of these two crosses were next mated 
together and the following results were obtained: 


Female Male Phase of 
Pair No. from from parents Character of offspring 
38 No.. 33 No. 34 Normal 22 normal, 7 black 
39 No. 33 No. 34 Normal 36 normal, 9 black 
Totals 58 normal, 16 black 


We thus find an approximate Mendelian proportion of the 
black offspring to the more numerous normal beetles, and the 
conclusion is forced upon us that the black and normal phases 
form a simple allelomorphic pair quite the same as the black 
and nine-spotted phase. It would seem better, however, to 
consider the normal and nine-spotted phases taken together as 
forming one unit of the allelomorphic pair, and the black phase 
as the other unit. 


THE HETEROZYGOUS NORMAL PHASE. 

In the F: generation of crosses between the black and 
normal phases about three-fourths of the offspring are normal, 
ot which one-fourth should be pure normal and one-half heter- 
ozygous or carrying both the black and normal factors of 
inheritance. During the course of my experiments I discov- 


130 


ered that the heterozygous normal beetles differ slightly in 
coloration from the homozygous normals, and that they could 
be distinguished without fail. The homozygous beetles have the 
black of the pronotum extending out at the base clear to the 
lateral margins, whereas in the heterozygous beetles the pro- 
notum is pale at the sides, and the femora and underparts of 
the thorax are paler (Fig. 4). Pair No. 42 of these normal 








Fig. 4. Heterozygous normal phase of Coelophora inaequalis. 
but heterozygous beetles selected from the offspring of pairs 
No. 38 and 39 produced 60 offspring of the F: generation; 
of these 47 were normal and 13 belonged to the black phase. 
On the other hand, no difference was detected between the 
homozygous nine-spotted beetles and those of the same phase 
which are heterozygous for black. 


HEREDITY OF HETEROZYGOUS NORMAL AND NINE-SPOTTED 
BEETLES IN CROSSES. 

If normal and nine-spotted beetles which are heterozygous 
for black are mated together we would expect to find segrega- 
tion of all three phases in the offspring, and that the normal 
and nine-spotted taken together, outnumber the black offspring 
about 3 to 1. We would also expect the nine-spotted and 
normal phases to be produced in about equal numbers, or pos- 
sibly with a preponderance in favor of the normal as the more 
stable phase. A cross of this kind was actually made, and 
we consequently are able to consider the outcome as expressed 
in the character of the offspring. 

The female of pair No. 37 was a heterozygous nine-spotted 
beetle raised from pair No. 35 (nine-spotted X black), and the 


_ 


134 


male a heterozygous normal beetle from pair No. 34 (normal 
X black). A total of 59 beetles were raised from this pair, 
of which 14 were normal, 28 nine-spotted, and 17 black. 
The blacks were produced, therefore, in true Mendelian pro- 
portion, but there was an unexpected preponderance of the 
nine-spotted over the normal. 

If the ancestry of pair No. 37 be examined, the nine- 
spotted phase will be found greatly in the ascendency, the 
direct female line of descent having been nine-spotted for five 
preceding generations, and the direct male line also nine-spotted 
for the first four generations. This, perhaps, is the true ex- 
planation of the predominance of the nine-spotted phase in the 
offspring of this pair. 


NINE-SPOTTED PHASE MorRE STABLE WHEN CrosSSED WITH 
THE BLACK. 


But, on the other hand, when the nine-spotted phase is 
crossed with the black, as in pairs Nos. 16, 17 and 35, and in 
pairs Nos. 19, 20, and 22 of the F: generation, the nine-spotted 
phase is evidently stabilized, as from these pairs as many as 
seventy nine-spotted offspring were reared without the appear- 
ance of the normal phase except in one instance which may 
have been due to a mixture of lots. In crosses between heter- 
ozygous, and presumably homozygous nine-spotted beetles, a 
large percentage of the offspring were nine-spotted. The data 
on these crosses may be conveniently tabulated: 


Pair Female Male Character Character of 
No, from from of parents offspring 


black X 


15 No. 10 9-spotted No. 5 normal 9-spotted 7 9-spotted 4 normal 


black X black X 


23 No.17 9 spotted No. 18 9-spotted %-Spotted 14 9-spotted 1 normal 


black X 
26 No.18 9-spotted No.16 9-spottea %-Spotted 


bo 


9-spotted 0 normal 


black X 
28 No.12 9-spotted No.16 9 spotted 9-Spotted 19 9-spotted 6 normal 


29 No.15 9-spotted No. 17 Rene ier 9-spotted 14 9-spotted 4 normal 


36 No. 22 9-spotted No. 23 9-spotted 9-spotted 19 9-spotted 4 normal 
Totals 75 9-spotted 19 normal 

There is some evidence, therefore, that the nine-spotted 
phase is given greater stability when crossed with the black, 


132 


and this may be the explanation of the preponderance of the 
nine-spotted phase in the offspring of pair No. 37. We have 
also already seen that in crosses between the nine-spotted and 
the normal phase there is a distinct tendency for the former 
to be gradually eliminated, as it is less stable than the normal. 
lf it is true that the nine-spotted phase is constantly stabilized 
by crosses with the black, the one tendency counteracts the 
other, and the nine-spotted phase is thus able to maintain itself 
under natural conditions. 


HEREDITY OF HETEROZYGOUS BEETLES CROSSED WITH BLACK. 


In crosses where one parent is recessive and the other 
heterozygous, the offspring should be produced in the ratio of 
one recessive to every dominant. ‘Two crosses of this nature 
were made and produced results given here in tabular form: 


Pair Female Male 


No from from Character of parents Character of offspring 
; ; - 1 l 
4) pNo.258 No.200 | Vie eee ats | 41 ao sblatcixjansa) Seepobted 
eter lf 
Als) DNou34¢y Ney20 et eo uecus ermal feuiale) eeipluck 4 /25enormel 


We thus observe that the expected proportion of the phases 
was nearly perfectly attained in the offspring. 


HEREDITY OF THE BLACK PHASE CROSSED WITH BLACK. 


As the last link in the chain of evidence to prove that the 
black phase is a simple Mendelian recessive, the cross was 
made of black with black, using a female reared from pair 
No. 38, and a male from pair No. 39. From this union (pair 
No. 43) were reared a total of sixty-two beetles, all of which 
were black like the parents, showing that the black phase 
breeds true to itself as a recessive should. 


CONCLUSIONS. 


From the data now presented to you it is evident that the 
black phase of Coelophora inaequalis is a Mendelian recessive 
to the dominant normal and nine-spotted phases, that it breeds 
true to itself, and when crossed with either of the dominant 
forms is produced in Mendelian proportions in alternate 
generations. 

The relationship of the normal and nine-spotted phases is 


133 


difficult of Mendelian interpretation, although they are per- 
fectly segregative in inheritance. On the whole the evidence 
in this species and in other species of Coccinellidae with cor- 
responding forms, would indicate that the inheritance of these 
forms is not Mendelian and that the laws governing its mani- 
festations are not yet discovered or understood. Taken to- 
gether, however, the normal and nine-spotted phases form one 


unit of the allelomorphic pair of which the black phase is the 
other unit. 





135 


Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hawaiian 
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), III. 
BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 
(Presented at the meeting of December 1, 1921.) 


The present paper completes the consideration of Hawaiian 
Encyrtidae so far accumulated, except the endemic species of 
Anagyrus. The genera here treated all belong to the Mirini 
and the new species are apparently endemic. The types have 
been deposited in the collection of the Hawaiian Entomological 
Society. 

Coelopencyrtus Timberlake. 

The discovery of a fourth species of this interesting genus 
seems to indicate that our knowledge of its extent is far from 
complete. Of the described species three have been reared 
from Odynerus nigripennis (Holmgren) and only one from all 
the other species of Odynerus, although Dr. Perkins has re- 
corded one or two probably undescribed species from the larvae 
of Odynerus montanus Smith and O. oahuensis Dalla ‘Torre.* 
The preponderance of material reared from nigripennis is 
probably due to the fact that the nests of this species are much 
more frequently found than those of any other species of 
Odynerus, which are perhaps just as frequently parasitized. 


The females of Coelopencyrtus are not easily distinguished 
as a rule, whereas the males show good characters in the struc- 
ture of the head and antennae. The following table of the 
species may be found useful, although no characters have been 
discovered which will distinguish the females of odyneri and 
swezeyi in all cases. The distinctions given for these two 
species apply only to specimens from Oahu, as specimens of 
sweseyi from Hawaii have the characters, given for odyneri, 
except that the eyes are considerably more sparsely pubescent 
than in specimens of either species from Oahu. 


FEMALES. 
1. Head not greatly wider than long, if at all; the frontovertex nearly 
thrice as long as wide; the eyes distinctly pubescent............ 2 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 








* Fauna Hawaiiensis, Introduction, Vol. I, part 6, p. xevii, 1913. 


bo 


ee) 


136 


Head considerably wider than long; the frontovertex much wider or 
about twice as long as wide; the eyes bare.-.°-.......-. orbi Timb. 


Head about as long as wide; the clypeal margin produced medially ; 
middle tibiae yellowish brown, except towards the base......... 3 

Head somewhat wider than long, the clypeal margin roundingly 

arcuate, not distinctly produced medially; middle tibiae. wholly 
blackish; frontovertex narrowest in front of the anterior ocellus. . 
mauiensis n. sp. 


Clypeal margin abruptly produced medially into a broadly rounded 
process; frontoyertex narrowest at a point about halfway between 
the anterior and posterior ocelli, and strongly bluish in color. 

odyneri Timb. 

Clypeal process less abruptly produced and somewhat subangulate at 
apex; frontovertex narrowest at the anterior ocellus and with a 
more or less o2reemish MISten.ccleteee also eee peril swezeyi Timb. 


MALES. 


Frontovertex either distinctly longer than wide or considerably pro- 
Ghu@eelvahn. siriohes Ort Mute CVE sono coeasocoboomanct ope cocopds bc 3 
Frontovertex no longer than wide and only slightly produced in front 
OME MEV ES Sikes Rees eS Ba clear sie Top Srey sieNora te, ole. er ors olpeneyar-yoratarerhoenek 2 
Frontovertex a little wider than long, the frons weakly protuberant; 
pedicel of antennae with a basal conical process above. 
orbi Timb. 
Frontovertex as long as wide, the frons rather strongly protuberant; 
pedicel expanded on dorsal side at apex so that it is twice as 
WHO Bin AO EIS Big les coo odoo ood oDOD ND ID AD SDE mauiensis n. sp. 
Anterior ocellus on a line with the anterior margin of eyes in dorsal 
view of head; pedicel no wider than long; the first funicle joint 
with a lamelliform process above at base........... odyneri Timb. 
Anterior ocellus in front of a line connecting the anterior corners 
of the eyes in dorsal view of head; pedicel considerably wider 
than long; the first funicle joint patelliform, produced above as 
a thin plate and as a short ramus on the outer side; the second 
Tunicle joint produced into a short ramus on the outer side. 
swezeyi Timb. 


Coelopencyrtus sp. 


A single female reared from the mud cell of Odvnerus 


oahuensis Dalla Torre, collected at Makua, Oahu, in 1900 by 
Messrs. Koebele and Perkins, seems to represent a new species, 
but in the absence of the male it would be inadvisable to for- 
mally name and describe it. In the above table of species 1t 
would run to odyneri, except that the frontovertex is propor- 
tionately wider, being hardly over twice as long as wide. The 


137 


head is somewhat thinner fronto-occipitally than in odyneri, a 
little wider than long, and the eyes appear to be somewhat 
more densely pubescent. The coloration agrees very well with 
odynert. 


Coelopencyrtus mauiensis n. sp. Figures 1-3. 

Female. Similar to odyneri, but the head is somewhat thieker fronto- 
oceipitally, and a little wider than long, with the clypeal margin sub- 
truncate and rounding towards the sides, the medial process practically 
absent; frontovertex narrower, being narrowest at a point a little in 
front of the anterior ocellus, the inner orbits of the eyes, therefore, some- 
what diverging posteriorly throughout a greater part of their length; 
ecelli in an equilateral triangle with the anterior ocellus somewhat behind 
the center of the frontovertex. (In specimens of odyneri of about the 
same size as the types of mawiensis the frontovertex is noticeably wider 
and the ocellar triangle is larger but still equilateral as the anterior 
ocellus is placed farther forward either at or before the center of the 
frontovertex, whereas in much larger specimens of odyneri the ocellar 
triangle is noticeably still more acute.) In other structural details and 
in sculpture and vestiture practically as in odyneri. 

Coloration also about the same, except in regard to the legs and 
wings; the former are nearly wholly blackish, with the front and hind 
tarsi brownish, the middle tarsi and tibial spur brownish yellow, the 
aniddle tibiae also more or less brownish yellow, narrowly at apex on the 
under side; wings hyaline, with the smoky stain found in odyneri fainter, 





Fig. 1. Coelopencyrtus mauiensis. Antenna of female. 


except across the dise opposite the apical third of the venation and 
abruptly terminating in a straight line parallel with the speculum and 
somewhat more basal, the base of the wing being perfectly clear except 
for a short, smoky streak near the posterior margin. 

Length of body, (0.91 to) 1.21; length of head, 0.419; width of 
head, 0.466; width of vertex at posterior ocelli, 0.117; width of mesos- 
cutum, 0.417; length of forewing, 1.00; width of forewing, 0.440 mm. 

Male. Similar to odyneri in general characters, but the head is only 
twice as thick dorsally as at the oral margin, less distinctly longer than 
wide, and more rounded in frontal view but not so distinetly so as in 


138 


orbi; frontovertex as long as wide and only slightly produced in front 
of the eyes with the frons nevertheless rather strongly protuberant; ocelli 
in a right-angled triangle, the anterior ocellus placed just behind a line 
connecting the anterior corners of the eyes, the posterior pair situated 
about one-half more than their own diameter from the occipital margin. 
Scape as wide as in odyneri and shaped nearly as in swezeyit and orbit, 
with the dorsal margin even more deeply concave and the ventral margin 
evenly and strongly convex, the inner margin near the base provided 
with a minute nipple-like process; pedicel comparatively large, flattened 





Fig. 2. Coelopencyrtus mauiensis. Antenna of male, lateral view. 
g ; 





Fig. 3. Coelopencyrtus mauiensis. Antenna of male, dorsal view. 


and produced above at apex so that in lateral view it is much wider 
at apex than at base and wider than either the scape or club; first and 
fifth funicle joints subequal in length and somewhat longer than the 
other joints, the second and third shortest; in lateral view of the funicle, 
al! the joints more or less transverse, the first joint much wider at apex 
than at base and a little wider than the three following joints, but some- 
what narrower than the fifth, the sixth distinctly smaller than the fifth, 
but appearing somewhat thicker in dorsal view; club somewhat shorter 
than the last three funicle joints combined, distinctly wider than the 
funicle and strongly obliquely inclined as in odyneri. 

Face above antennae with a median carina, which reaches upward 
almost to the middle of the eyes; whole face above antennae shagreened 
or without smooth and polished areas found in the males of the other — 
three species, being finely reticulate on the. upper part between the eyes 
and rugulose-reticulate below, more roughly in the lower part of the 
scrobal impression or just above the strong transverse protuberance below 
and partly between the antennal sockets, considerably more smoothly in 
the deepest parts of the scrobal impressions opposite the upper half of 
the median carina; area of differentiated sculpture on either side of 
face between the antennal sockets and the eyes is very finely lineolate- 
reticulate and sharply defined below from the rugulose area of the middle 
of the face, but intergrading above next to the eyes with the reticula- 
tions of the upper part of the face, this area also much smaller than 
in odyneri or swezeyi and leaving a much wider median interspace; fronto- 
vertex duller or with the reticulations more rugulose than in odyneri. 


139 


Seulpture otherwise not differing materially from odyneri, and similar to 
the female. 

The suberect pubescence on frontovertex and upper part of face 
rather dense and long, or about as in odyneri; the tuft of fine pubescence 
on the pedicel confined to the apex on the dorso-anterior margin; the 
short, erect pubescence of eyes rather dense as in odyneri. 

Coloration as in the female except that the antennae are somewhat 
more brownish. 


Length of body, (1.09 to) 1.19; length of head, 0.487; width of 
head, 0.471; width of vertex at posterior ocelli, 0.223; width of mesos- 
eutum, 0.450; length of forewing, 0.992; width of forewing, 0.447 mm. 


Described from 76 females, 7 males (holotype, allotype and 
paratypes), reared July 22, 1920, from a larva of Odynerus 
nigripennis (Holmgren), collected on the ditch trail near 
Keanae, Maui (O. H. Swezey). 

Nesencyrtus kaalae (Ashmead). Figures 4, 5. 

This species seems to have been unusually common in the 
fall of 1919 and following winter, as large series were reared 
at that time from the larvae or pupae of Nesoprosopis fusci- 
pennis (Smith) and a small species which was probably N. koae 
Perkins, collected in the mountains back of Honolulu by 
Messrs. Bridwell and Williams. 

From a pupa of what was probably Nesoprosopis koae, col- 





Fig. 4. Nesencyrtus kaalae. Antenna of female. 


lected by Mr. J. C. Bridwell in a rotten stump at the base of 
the Thurston trail, Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, on October 19, 1919, 
1 male and 17 females issued on November 1-2, and 5 living 
females were also taken in the debris of the same stump. 
From three larvae of Nesoprosopis collected in a living con- 
dition by Mr. Bridwell from the same stump, and later exposed 


140 


by me to the parasites, there issued from the first, after it had 
pupated, 60 males and 25 females on November 15-16; from 
the second 1 male and 17 females on November 15-16; and 





Fig. 5. Nesencyrtus kaalae. Antenna of male. 


from the third 1 male and 45 females about November 24. 
Presumably, these were already parasitized when exposed to the 
parasites from October 25 to November 7. The parasitized 
pupa above noted was so closely packed with the pupation cells 
of the parasite that even the front femora were utilized. 

From a parasitized larva of Nesoprosopis fuscipennis col- 
lected by Dr. F. X. Williams December 14, 1919, on the Manoa 
Cliff trail, Oahu, there issued 62 females on December 26. 

From the larva of a small Nesoprosopis sp. possibly N. koae 
Perkins, collected by Dr. Williams, January 4, 1920, on the 
waterfalls ridge, Manoa Valley, Oahu, at about 1600 feet eleva- 
tion, and which did not show parasitism when found, there 
issued 16 males and 10 males on January 27-29. 

The Oahu males, which had not been seen previously, 
proved to be identical with the males from Kilauea, Hawaii, 
described in these Proceedings, Vol. 4, p. 223. The Kilauea 
females, however, have the head somewhat thinner fronto- 
occipitally and the frontovertex proportionately wider or about 
one-half longer again than wide instead of about twice as long 
as wide as in the Oahu specimens. ‘The frontovertex is also 
deeper blue, but the coloration does not differ materially other- 
wise. 

Wesencyrtus sp. 


One female collected at a steam crack near Kilauea, Hawaii, 


141 


3800 feet elevation, September 6, 1919 (W. M. Giffard), is 
apparently a new species, but it would be inadvisable to name 
it at this time as the males in this genus show better distin- 
guishing characters than the females. It differs from Kilauea 
specimens of kaalae in having a slightly different shaped head 
and longer ovipositor and paler legs. The apex of the front 
and hind tibiae, the middle tibiae, and all the tarsi except the 
apical joint are brownish yellow, whereas only the tarsi and 
apical half of the middle tibiae are pale in kaalae. 


Nesencyrtus sexramosus n. sp. Figure 6. 

Male. Head somewhat thinner fronto-occipitally and of different 
shape than in the male of kaalae; as seen from above it is very strongly 
transverse or about three times wider than long, the anterior margin 
almost straight, the sides rounded, the occipital margin concave; as seen 
from the side it is only slightly thicker fronto-occipitally above than 
at the oral margin, the occipital margin appearing convex and the face 
coneavye above the antennal sockets; as seen from in front it is slightly 
wider than long and has roughly the shape of a keystone, being well 
rounded above, and with the sides converging from about the middle 
of the eyes nearly in a straight line to the broad oral margin; occiput 
sumewhat concave; eyes small, very broadly ovate, only slightly longer 
than wide; frontovertex about a half wider again than long, its anterior 





Fig. 6. Nesencyrtus sexramosus. Antenna of male. 


margin not produced in front of the eyes; ocelli considerably smaller 
than in kaalae and arranged in an obtuse-angled triangle, the anterior 
ocellus about its own diameter from the anterior margin of the frons, 
the posterior pair about one-half their own diameter from the eye margins 
and three times as far from the occipital margin; cheeks longer than 
wide and somewhat longer than the eyes; face broad, convex below the 
antennal sockets and rather deeply concave above them to form a large 
scrobal impression. 

Antennae inserted far apart a short distance from the oral margin, 
of similar structure as in kaalae, but the scape is not twisted and in side 
view is rather strongly coneave above and convex on the ventral margin, 


142 


and as seen from above considerably thickened at base; pedicel a little 
Icnger than wide, not produced on inner side as in kaalae; funicle joints 
all ramose on the inner side, the branches of the two middle joints 
longest, those of the first and sixth joints shortest, the sixth joint being 
similar to the fifth joint of kaalae; club a little longer and narrower 
than in kaalae. 

Scrobal impression finely lineolate-reticulate and somewhat more 
coarsely and evidently sculptured than the frontovertex, the fine lines 
more or less concentric around a pair of small triangular more deeply 
impressed smooth areas placed on either side of the short median carina 
on lower half of the impression, this earina not expanding above as in 
kaalae. 

In other characters of form, sculpture and pubescence not materially 
different from kaalae. 

General color moderately shiny black, the face below antennae and 
the frontovertex bluish black, the axillae and scutellum slightly bluish, 
the scrobal impression and mesoscutum with a dark greenish luster; 
antennae blackish, the scape and pedicel shining, the flagellum dull and 
more brownish; legs black with a luster like that of the body, but all 
the tarsi and the spur of the middle tibiae brownish yellow, with the 
apical joint of the tarsi more or less infuseated; wings hyaline, the veins 
dark brown. 

Length of body, 1.13; length of head, 0.438; width of head, 0.483; 
thickness of head, 0.221; width of vertex at posterior ocelli, 0.228; width 
of mesoscutum, 0.438; length of forewing, 1.11; width of forewing, 
0.499 mm. 


Described from one male (holotype) collected in the Kau 
desert, near Kilauea, Hawaii, at 3800 feet elevation, September 
13, 1919) GW. Wes Gittancd): 


Hypergonatopus n. g. 


Female. Head subhemispherical, with the face moderately inflexed; 
eyes rather large and the frontovertex moderately to strongly narrow, 
ranging from about two and one-half to six times longer than wide, the 
vertex with a distinct small fovea in each posterior corner; the oceelli 
arranged in a more or less acute-angled triangle, the posterior pair close 
to the eye-margin and more or less removed from the occipital margin; 
face with a broadly ovate or subcireular shallow scrobal impression, 
divided longitudinally by the broad, low protuberance between the an- 
tennae. Antennae inserted far apart close to the clypeal margin; the 
sockets more than twice their own length apart; scape slender, reaching 
considerably beyond the serobal impression; pedicel obeonical, about as 
long as the first three funicle joints combined; flagellum moderately 
clavate, the funicle joints short, mostly about as long as wide or a little 


143 


transverse and increasing gradually in thickness distad; club three- 
jointed, rather large, about as long as the funicle and obliquely truncate 
at apex. Mandibles narrow at apex with three more or Jess unequal acute 
teeth, the inner tooth smallest and the middle longest, sometimes con- 


Fig. 7. Hypergonatopus hawaiiensis. Mandible of female, interior and 

dorso-anterior views. 
siderably longer than the other two; base of mandible broad and ex- 
panded nearly in the same plane with apex. Palpi short, the maxillary 
pair four-jointed, the two middle joints about as long as thick, the bagal 
joint one and one-half to two times as long, the apical joint about three 
times as long; labial pair with three nearly equal joints, each about as 
long as thick. 

Thorax of about the usual size and robustness, the mesoseutum 
strongly transverse, twice or more wider than long; axillae short and 
transverse, meeting or nearly meeting at their inner tips; seutellum longer 
than wide, rounded at apex, and more or less longer than the seutum; 
propodeum short and declivous, but lengthening towards the sides, the 
spiracles minute and circular. Abdomen ovate, depressed or often more 
or less deeply sunken in behind the first tergite, nearly as wide at base 
as the thorax and about one-half to two-thirds as long; ovipositor not 
protruded and enclosed to the apex of the abdomen by the ventrites. 

Legs normal, the middle tibiae enlarging towards apex, the middle 
tarsi stout at base but tapering towards apex, the spur as long as the 
first tarsal joint. Wings either of the hemipterous type or fully de- 
veloped; in either case the marginal vein is elongate or usually about 
three or four times as long as the rather short stigmal vein, the post- 
marginal somewhat shorter than the stigmal or sometimes a little longer 
in the hemipterous wing. 

Seulpture throughout is excessively fine or microscopic, the fronto- 
vertex having extremely fine, shallow, thimble-like punctures; the face 
and cheeks much smoother or hardly perceptibly shagreened under high 
magnification; the mesosecutum with very fine scale-like reticulations, the 
axillae and scutellum with similar sculpture but nevertheless duller, 
although not opaque; the mesopleura anteriorly with very fine reticulate 
shagreening, but becoming much smoother on the posterior half; the 
abdomen entirely smooth and _ polished. 


144 


~Pubescence of head unusually sparse, the eyes being perfectly glabrous, 
but the frontovertex has an orbital row on each side of a few fine setae 
‘set in minute pin-punctures, and there is a row of very fine setae on each 
side of the face at the outer margin of the scrobal impression, each row 
encircling the antennal sockets and ascending on each side of the facial 
prominence to about opposite the upper end of the sockets; mesonotum 
including seutellum with more or less numerous reclinate setae of normal 
structure, which are scarcely seriately arranged; abdomen with a row of 
fine setae on each side of the basal tergite and rather sparsely pubescent 
on the sides towards the apex; legs and antennae with the usual amount 
of pubescence; pubescence of the body dark-colored throughout, and not 
conspicuous. ’ 

Coloration of body usually bluish-black, with more or less purple 
luster on the head and abdomen; the mesoseutum and often the fronto- 
vertex, metallic green; wings typically more or less deeply infuscated 
at extreme base and on the apical two-thirds, but the cloud becomes 
gradually fainter towards the apex, and is interrupted by a hyaline area 
at the end of the stigmal vein and by another area on the opposite 
margin of the dise. 

Male. Differs from the female mostly in the structure of the head 
and antennae. The head is much thinner fronto-occipitally, the eyes con- 
siderably smaller, the frontovertex much broader or hardly longer than 
wide; the face with a similar serobal impression which reaches upward 
‘between the eyes. Antennae inserted just below a line connecting the 
lower corners of the eyes; the scape rather short but reaching beyond 
the scrobal impression; pedicel not over twice as long as thick at apex 
and much shorter than the first funicle joint; flagellum slender and 
cylindrical, clothed with long, scattered, semi-erect setae; the funicle joints 
all much longer than thick, the club elongate and about equal to the last 
two funicle joints combined. Sculpture, pubescence and coloration of 
the same type as in the female, but the wing pattern is much fainter, 
although usually apparent. 


Genotype: Echthrogonatopus hawatiensis Perkins. 


This genus is closely allied to Echthrogonatopus Perkins, 
which in turn is similar to Epiencyrtus Ashmead, but Echthro- 
gonatopus as represented by its genotype, E. evitiosus Perkins, 
has no foveae on the vertex, the eyes are slightly pubescent, 
the mandibles with the teeth nearly equal, the scutellum densely 
and opaquely sculptured, the mesoscutum with appressed, rather 
dense whitish pubescence, the middle tibiae less enlarged at 
apex, and the middle tarsi less thickened at base, the wings 
wholly hyaline, the dise ciliated throughout, the basal area 
being but little more sparsely pubescent, the speculum narrow 
and reaching from the stigmal vein obliquely nearly to the 


145 


cpposite margin.’ In the male the-scrobal impression: is deeper 
and less ' rounded above, the antennae somewhat shorter; the 
pedicel longer, stouter and equal to the first funicle joint in 
length, the head much more coarsely sculptured. 

To Hypergonatopus belong two species, hithertofore placed 
in Echthrogonatopus, viz. E. hawatiensis Perkins and Microter\s 
molokavensis Ashmead. I am greatly indebted to Dr. James 
Waterston of the British Museum for carefully comparing 
specimens of hawatensis from the Hilo district of Hawaii with 
Oahu specimens, and for furnishing copious notes drawn up 
irom the type of molokaiensis. It is hardly necessary to add 
that his assistance has greatly facilitated my work on the genus, 
which otherwise could not have been carried out as fully. 
Much more recently Dr. Perkins has returned the female type 
of hawatiensis to the Islands, and I have thus had opportunity 
to study it personally. 

The following synoptic tables may help in distinguishing 
the species. 

FEMALES. 
1. Head unusually thick; the wings truncated at apex of the stigmal 


vein and reaching only to the middle of the abdomen; legs 
ONO MIM ich ra eaee CNS Sonia chanel cs pstar on MMIC tc ete eGR Pate ote s carole Sersta tiene 6 
Head moderately thick; the wings fully developed; legs mostly 
Inlalckashyetaexcicrsccie = e's att. SGA OCA CIO OSH OD Oe As DOOR ON ASA ADEA oOsie6cc 2 
2. Wings comparatively broad, about 2.6 to 2.7 times longer than 
wide; frontovertex about two and one-half times longer than 
UAC] GPE ot Secret abo RANT. ccs cea sae cote Mica a auerrenstei Sealy ars pcrajs ie. ie ate Tae Ms Gea atens 3 
Wings very narrow or about 2.9 times longer than wide; front- 
overtex about thrice as long as wide,. marginal vein about thrice 
as long as the stigmal; apex of middle tibiae and middle tarsi 
brownish yellow, knee-joint of middle legs, apex of front and hind 
tibiae and corresponding tarsi brownish or sometimes somewhat 
CLO WUS TI aie ny sVorsia satiate: ke wrcrtaas gt anche leas Fea et hawatiensis (Perkins) 
3. Legs distinctly brownish, somewhat paler towards the tips of the 
tibiae and on the tarsi, the apical third of middle tibiae and the 
MA CIORtREST VellLOWISR. oa aita ails fe Satine ys. <ciseea ts Soe ee Wate: 5 
Legs almost wholly blackish, except middle tarsi. and tibial spur; 
the. apex: of middle tibiae only slightly yellowish................ 1 
4. Facial ridge between antennae not completely dividing the scrobal 
impression; scutellum abruptly declivous at apex, its dise more 
densely pubescent; marginal vein typically about twice as long as 
the stigmal vein, the latter nearly straight and not greatly en- 
LAR OCC e ah OR am antec ANGE % Sic a iais lg Sas ofa's > vuleanus n. sp. 


o 


bo 





146 


Facial ridge between antennae extending the whole length of the 
serobal impression; scutellum more uniformly convex and gradu- 
ally declivous at apex, its dise more sparsely pubescent and bare 
at the sides; marginal vein about three and a half times as long 
as the stigmal, the latter enlarged towards apex and curved 
LOWATGS \COSGAL MAO te te «idee Seis) <a e nl beers aa oahuensis n. sp. 

Wings with faint brownish markings, the discal setae in the basal 
area weak and colorless, excepting a row next to the submarginal 
vein; marginal vein about two and one-third times as long as the 
stigmal rte MeN ST VTE UE ee FRE OED Heaekee Pui brunneipes n. sp. 

First funicle joint somewhat longer than wide and subequal to either 
of the last two funicle joints in length; metallic luster of body 
brilliant, the antennae and legs wholly yellow........ flavipes n. sp. 

First funicle joint hardly longer than wide and distinctly shorter 
than the fifth or sixth funicle joint; metallic luster of body com- 
paratively weak; antennae dark brown or fuscous, the scape some- 
what yellowish except at base, the last two funicle joints dusky 
yellow; legs yellow, with the hind tibiae fuscous except at base 


Chive lbrW o\e>- cent ameter ora mints co mickertis Goes Ciclo dom ora core hemipterus n. sp. 
MALES. 
Antennal seape and legs largely black; scutellum duller than the 
IMESOSCULUMM  srepcvene ena le crereieneieieiens ciehenctcies moet eer uct ear renee 2 
Antennal seape and legs, including coxae yellow; mesoscutum and 
scutelluam metallic green with a brassy luster......... flavipes n. sp. 
Wings about 2.5 to 2.6 times. longer than wide..............-..0.. 3 


Wings narrower, about 2.7 to 2.9 times than wide; with faint mark- 
ings and without a differentiated clear spot beyond apex of the 
stigmal vein; fifth funicle joint about 1.35 to 1.4 times longer 
than the first joint, the club hardly or not at all wider than the 
funicle and slightly longer than the first two funicle joints combined. 

hawatiensis (Perkins) 

Wings without a differentiated clear spot beyond apex of the stig- 
MAL VOU sais jeys, bie a's arailoue @ ede slouepoia here kar ops Stete near an~ okie taeieved euro ene A 4 

Wings with a clear spot beyond apex of venation set with weaker 
hyaline setae; marginal vein about four times as long as the stig- 
mal; fifth funicle joint about 1.5 times longer than the first, the 
club very slightly longer than the first two funicle joints combined.* 

molokaiensis (Ashmead) 

Wing pattern distinct, the area just beneath the marginal and stig- 
mal veins deeply stained; medial setae of the basal area of dise 
strong and pigmented; fifth funicle joint about 1.33 times as long 
as the first, the club about one-fifteenth longer than the first two 
UNI OMS COMbINe diy. -ryetwenon reader nace iret ere vulcanus n. sp. 

Wing pattern faint and indistinct, except in a small area just be- 


*These characters are based on Dr. Waterston’s examination of the 


147 


neath the marginal and stigmal veins; medial setae of the basal 
area of dise weak and hyaline; fifth funicle joint about 1.55 times 
as long as the first, the club about one-ninth longer than the first 
twox funiele: jointsscombined ... 05.5.2 2. 6. seats bs cle brunneipes n. sp. 


Hypergonatopus hawaiiensis (Perkins). Figures 7-10. 

Echthrogonatopus hawaiiensis Perkins, 1912, Haw. Sugar Planters’ 
Exp. Stat., Ent. Bull. 11, p. 17. 

Female. Head nearly hemispherical in shape, as seen from above 
almost perfectly semi-circular in outline; as seen from in front the 
cheeks arcuately converge so that the greatest width is about opposite the 
middle of the eyes; as seen from the side the outline is subtriangular, 
with the dorsal side moderately rounded and slightly shorter than the 
facial side, the greatest thickness fronto-occipitally being opposite the 
lower corners of the eyes; occiput only slightly concave; eyes of moderate 
size, broadly and slightly obliquely ovate, widest anteriorly and just con- 
tiguous with the occipital margin behind; frontovertex about three times 
longer than wide, slightly widening at the posterior ocelli; the oeelli 
arranged in an acute-angled triangle, the distance between the posterior 
type of molokaiensis. 
pair about a fourth less than the distance from either to the anterior 
ocellus, the posterior pair about their own diameter from the eye-margin 
and nearly twice as far from the occipital margin; cheeks about as long 
as the width of the eyes; face with a rather large, nearly cireular shal- 
low scrobal impression reaching from the oral margin almost to the eyes, 
arcuately emarginated below by the mouth, and divided longitudinally by 
the broad low protuberance between the antennae, which usually reaches 
the upper margin of the impression. 

Antennal scape moderately long, slender, and slightly widened at the 
middie, the ventral margin gently arcuate; pedicel as long as the first 
three funicle joints combined; first funicle joint a little longer than wide 
and somewhat longer than any of the three following joints, which are 





Fig. 8. Hypergonatopus hawaiiensis. Antenna of female, with insert of 
club showing usual shape of the latter. 


subequal in length but increase slightly in thickness distad, so that the 
fourth is a little wider than long; last two funicle joints distinctly 
longer than those just preceding, but only slightly longer than the first, 
the sixth barely wider than long; elub much wider at base than the pre- 
ceding joints, and about equal to the last five funicle joints combined. 

Thorax moderately convex above; the pronotum weakly arcuate, its 


148 


posterior margin subangulated medially; mesoscutum about twice as wide 
as long; axillae twice as wide as long and acutely meeting medially; dise 
of seutellum rather convex, the sides and apex strongly elevated and 
declivous; propodeum sloping backward, very short medially, and moder- 





Fig. 9. Hypergonatopus hawatiensis. Forewing of female. 


ately long at the sides. Abdomen about one-half as long as the thorax, 
moderately convex below, and concave above behind the first tergite. 

Wings long and narrow, about 2.9 times longer than wide; marginal 
vein elongate and about three times as long as the stigmal, the latter 
short and triangularly enlarged towards apex, the postmarginal rapidly 
tapering and somewhat shorter than the stigmal; speculum narrow and 
passing into the bare area at the middle of the dise nearly opposite to 
the end of the submarginal vein; this partly bare basal area with a short 
row of setae at the posterior margin of the disc, connecting with a group 
of scattered setae just below the submarginal vein; rest of the dise 
densely setose, but the setae become finer and hyaline in two areas, one 
just beyond the apex of the stigmal vein, the other on the opposite side 
of the dise. 

Frontovertex with very fine, shallow, thimble-like puncturation which 
is slightly coarser and more evident than in flavipes or hemipterus, this 
sculpture becoming very delicate or hardly perceptible on the face, and 
absent on the cheeks, which are smooth and polished; frontovertex also 
with a row of fine pin-punctures along each orbit; mesonotum with fine, 
scaly reticulations, the mesoscutum being highly polished, the axillae and 
scutellum considerably duller, the reticulations on the seutellum becoming 
finer and at last obliterated towards the apex; both the scutum and 
scutellum with rather numerous fine, scattered pin-punctures which become 
somewhat thicker on the apical part of the scutellum; anterior part of 
mesopleura very delicately rugulosely reticulate, the posterior half becom- 
ing smoother; propleura and prepectal plates with delicate reticulations 
somewhat coarser than the sculpture of the mesoscutum; abdomen smooth 
and highly polished. 

Pubescence as described under the genus, the setae on the mesoscutum 
and scutellum moderately numerous, or considerably thicker than in /flavi- 
pes, the basal tergite of abdomen with a row of only about four setae 
on each side. 


149 


General color bluish-black, the vertex, postorbital region, mesoscutum, 
lateral and apical margin of scutellum either metallic green or with a 
strong greenish luster; basal tergite of abdomen metallic greenish with 
a brassy and purple luster, the venter usually with a more or less evident 
brassy luster; other parts of the body with a purple luster, which is 
sometimes brilliant especially on the cheeks and posterior half of the 
mesopleura, but the axillae and. scutellum considerably duller than the 
rest of the thorax; antennae and legs dark fuscous, the scape and femora 
nearly black, the apex of front and hind tibiae and corresponding tarsi 
somewhat brownish, the apical fourth of middle tibiae and the middle 
tarsi brownish yellow, middle trochanters and a narrow annulus near the 
base of the middle femora pale yellowish; wings with a small fuscous 
cioud at extreme base, and a transverse cloud beneath marginal vein 
extending to the opposite margin, medially produced towards the apex 
where it expands in the middle of the apical half of the disc, and gradu- 
ally disappears towards the margins; the cloud being delimited by a clear 
area at the end of the stigmal vein and by another on the opposite side 
of the dise, the latter area somewhat fusiform in shape, extending parallel 
with the margin and basally produced into the transverse cloud beneath 
the marginal vein. 

Length of body, (1.06 to 1.37) 1.83; length of head, 0.462; width of 
head, 0.487; thickness of head, 0.287; width of vertex at anterior ocellus, 
0.120; width of mesoscutum, 0.478; length of forewing, 1.18; width of 
forewing, 0.407 mm. 

Male. Head much thinner fronto-occipitally than in the female, the 
occiput more deeply concave; as seen from the side it is thickest above 
the middle, the facial outline meeting the plane of the frontovertex in 
an angle of somewhat more than 90 degrees; eyes much smaller, some- 
what less broadly oval but otherwise about as in the female; frontovertex 
about a fourth longer than wide, the ocelli arranged in a nearly equi- 





Fig. 10. Hypergonatopus hawaiiensis. Antenna of male. 


lateral triangle, the anterior ocellus placed a little in front of the middle 
of the frontovertex; the posterior pair about one-half of their own 
diameter from the. eye-margin, and nearly twice as far from the occipital 
margin; cheeks nearly twice as long as wide and nearly as long as the 
eyes; scrobal impression of face subcircular, somewhat longer than wide, 
reaching upward between the eyes, and divided in its lower two-thirds by 
the longitudinal low prominence between the antennal sockets. Antennae 
inserted just below the line connecting the anterior corners of the eyes, 


150 


and rather close together, the sockets just touching the ocular line and 
placed about their own length apart; scape much shorter than in the 
female and slightly expanded beneath, its length including radicle joint 
about equal to the pedicel and first two funicle joints combined, yet 
reaching well beyond the scrobal impression; pedicel about twice as long 
as thick and two-thirds as long as the first funicle joint; first three 
funicle joints about three times as long as thick, the following joints 
somewhat longer, the fifth a little longer than either the fourth or sixth; 
elub slender, tapering to acute apex, about one-ninth longer than the 
first two funicle joints combined. Thorax and abdomen practically as in 
the female; the wings a little shorter and wider, about 2.7 to 2.75 times 
longer than wide, the discal setae about the same, except that there is no 
area of weaker, hyaline setae at the apex of the venation or on the 
opposite side of disc. Thimble-like punetures of frontovertex much 
coarser than in the female, being rather prominent but shallow; sculpture 
and pubescence otherwise very similar to that of female. Coloration 
agreeing closely with female, except that the wing-pattern is considerably 
reduced and much fainter, the extension of the cloud medially often being 
extremely faint. 

Length of body, (0.83 to) 1.06; length of head, 0.370; width of head, 
0.412; thickness of head, 0.119; width of vertex, 0.167; width of mesoseu- 


979. 


tum, 0.372; length of forewing, 1.10; width of forewing, 0.422 mm. 


Redescribed from the following specimens all reared from 
Dryinid cocoons on sugar-cane collected by Mr. Swezey: 5 
females, 1 male, Mountain View, Hawaii, August 26-30, 1916; 
4 females, Papaikou, Hawaii, October 23, 1908; 3 females, 1 
male, Hilo Sugar Company, near Hilo, Hawaii, February 27, 
1919; 1 male, Waiakea, Hawaii, July 2, 1913; and 1 female, 1 
male, Waiakea, Hawaii, April 13, 1916. The host of this series 
presumably is Echthrodelphax fairchildi Perkins, although there 
is a possibility that some of the specimens may have come from 
the cocoons of Haplogonatopus vitiensis Perkins. 

The type of hawatiensis, a female reared from the cocoon 
of Pseudogonatopus perkinsi (Ashmead), collected by Dr. Per- 
kins in the mountains back of Honolulu, differs slightly from 
Hawaiian specimens as follows: 

Head appears to the eye somewhat thicker fronto-occipitally, but there 
is hardly any difference by actual measurement; the frontovertex is 
slightly narrower, with the ocelli in a more acutely angled triangle, the 
distance between the posterior pair being slightly more than half the 
distanee between either and the anterior ocellus; the facial prominence 


slightly more arched from end to end, and not quite reaching to the 
upper margin of the facial impression; eyes just barely separated from the 


151 


occipital margin; pedicel slightly longer than the first three funicle joints 
combined, the first funicle joint about a half longer again than the 
second; wings 2.92 times longer than wide, the marginal vein slightly 
over three times as long as the stigmal, pubescence of the mesoscutum 
and seutellum slightly sparser; coloration the same, except that the apex 
of the middle femora and the tips of the front and hind tibiae and 
corresponding tarsi are paler and more yellowish. 

Length of body, 1.15; length of head, 0.408; width of head, 0.434; 
thickness of head, 0.264; width of vertex at anterior ocellus, 0.166; width 
of mesosecutum, 0.401; length of forewing, 0.990; width of forewing, 
0.339 mm. ; 

Dr. James Waterston also kindly compared a male from 
Oahu furnished by Dr. Perkins (a reared specimen from Tan- 
talus, 1906, and presumably from the type series) with a male 
from Mountain View, Hawaii, and found the wing pattern 
slightly more distinct, the basal cloud being more extensive 
and the disc beyond the venation more deeply tinted medially ; 
the marginal vein proportionately shorter; the club somewhat 
wider than the funicle and slightly longer than the first two 
funicle joints combined, the fifth funicle joint about 1.4 times 
as long as the first joint. This male, according to Dr. Water- 
ston, was only about 0.95 mm. long, the forewing 0.86 mm. 


long and 0.30 mm. wide. 


Hypergonatopus molokaiensis (Ashmead). 


Microterys molokaiensis Ashmead, 1901, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1, p. 322. 


This species was described from a single male specimen 
taken in the mountains of Molokai at three thousand feet, by 
Dr. Perkins, in June, 1893. 


Dr. Waterston’s notes on this specimen are as follows: 


‘“Wings hyaline, with the following clouding: veins brown; at the 
base of the wing a light brown triangular patch occupying the basal 
one-third of the submarginal cell and sloping to a point on the hind 
margin opposite the middle of the submarginal vein. It occupies the 
distal two-thirds of the oblique ‘hairless line.’ There is the usual clear 
space distally, parallel to the hind margin, extending in this case to a 
little beyond half. Beyond the level of the radial knob there is a faint 
small median cloud connected indistinctly with that behind the marginal. 

Dimensions (of wing): Length, 1.15 mm; breadth, 0.44 mm. 

Submarginal: marginal: radius: postmarginal:: 170: 60: 15: 15. 

Chaetotaxy: On the marginal about ten bristles with twenty-five be- 
hind, the latter bristles much closer set than in hawaiiensis. Clear space 
beyond radius larger, with twenty to thirty hyaline bristles. 


2 


PROPORTIONS OF ANTENNAL JOINTS (FUNICLE AND CLUB). 


1 2 3 4 5 6 Club 
Wen gih® ier. tae 1.0) 34 36 38 45 39 68 
ISIRERYCNAD,” Geohea amelie ato 1053 15 16 16 17 iLyy PX! 


Hypergonatopus vulcanus n. sp. 


Female. Similar to hawatiensis but the eyes are slightly smaller and 
very narrowly separated behind from the occipital margin, their inner 
orbits more parallel; frontovertex wider or about two and one-half times 
longer than wide; ocelli arranged in a nearly equilateral triangle, the 
distance between the posterior pair hardly less than the distance from 
either to the anterior ocellus; scrobal impression of face slightly deeper; 
antennae similar, but the first funicle joimt is proportionately a little 
longer, the sixth funicle joint more abruptly wider than the preceding 
joint; wings shorter and wider or about 2.6 to 2.7 times longer than 
wide, the marginal vein shorter or only slightly more than twice as long 
as the stigmal, the latter proportionately longer, nearly straight and more 
nearly of the same thickness throughout, the postmarginal also propor- 
tionately longer. Sculpture hardly distinguishably different from hawaii- 
ensis, but apparently a little coarser. 

Coloration as in hawaiiensis, but with somewhat. weaker metallic luster, 
legs somewhat darker, the pale annulus at base of middle femora hardly 
apparent, the middle tibiae almost wholly dark, or only shghtly brown 
or yellowish at extreme apex. Wings with a small, somewhat semi-circular 
darker cloud just beneath the marginal and stigmal veins, the pattern 
otherwise similar. 

Length of body, (0.94 to) 1.05; length of head, 0.358; width of head, 
0.407; thickness of head, 0.233; width of vertex at anterior ocellus, 0.120; 
width of mesoscutum, 0.370; length of forewing, 0.933; width of fore- 
wing, 0.356 mm. : 

Male. Similar to the male of hawaiiensis, differing principally in the 
shorter, wider wings, which are about 2.5 times longer than wide; the 
club somewhat wider than the funicle and proportionately shorter, or only 
about one-fifteenth longer again than the first two funicle joints com- 
bined. Coloration similar with differences as noted in ease of the female, 
the wings, however, more deeply stained, a small spot beneath the mar- 
ginal and stigmal veins being very deeply pigmented. 

Length of body, 0.91; width of vertex, 0.162; width of mesoscutum, 
0.353; length of forewing, 0.943; width of forewing, 0.379 mm. The 
head is slightly shrunken so that other measurements are not possible. 


Described from four females, two males (holotype, allotype, 
and paratypes) reared from a Dryinid cocoon, probably of 
Pseudogonatopus perkinsi (Ashmead), Kilauea, Hawaii, Feb- 
ruary 8, 1917 (F. Muir), and from the following paratypes: 


One female collected at twenty-nine miles, Kilauea, Hawaii, 


Bas 


January, 1917 (Giffard and Muir), with length of body, 1.22 
nim. and marginal vein about 2.9 times longer than the stigmal. 


One female collected at an old steam crack, four thousand 
feet, Kilauea, Hawaii, September 8, 1919 (W. M. Giffard), 
body 1.11 mm. long and marginal vein slightly less than three 
times longer than the stigmal. 


One female dissected from a Dryinid cocoon, probably of 
Pseudogonatopus perkinsi, which in turn was reared from para- 
sitized nymphs of Jlburmia coprosmicola Muir, collected on 
Coprosma ernodioides at twenty-seven miles, near Kilauea, 
Hawaii, July 30, 1918 (W. M. Giffard), has the body 1.19 mm. 
long and the marginal vein only slightly longer than the stig- 
mal, the apex of scutellum, sides of propodeum and base of 
abdomen with a brilliant purple luster. | 

This series of Hypergonatopus from the Kilauea region, 
Hawaii, shows a remarkable degree of variation in the propor- 
tions of the marginal and stigmal veins, but as I cannot dis- 
cover any other tangible differences between the extremes, it 
seems reasonable to suppose that they all belong to one species. 
The holotype shows an intermediate condition. 


Hypergonatopus oahuensis n. sp. 


Female. Very similar to vulcanus and differing in the same way that 
it does from hawaiiensis, but the facial prominence between the aytennae 
extends the whole length of the scrobal impression, the head is thicker 
fronto-occipitally, the scutellum more uniformly conyex, with the declivity 
at apex distinctly more gradual. Sculpture similar, but the reticulation 
of the scutellum is coarser and distinctly enlarging towards the sides, 
a condition which holds in a lesser degree for vulcanus; pubescence con- 
siderably sparser on the seutellum, the sides of which are entirely bare, 
and the median longitudinal rows of setae are made up of only about 
five or six bristles. 

Similar to vulcanus in coloration, or bluish black with a green luster 
on frontovertex, mesoscutum, apex of scutellum and on the basal tergite of 
abdomen in some aspects; other parts of the body with a bluish luster 
which is weak except on the abdomen; antennae black and becoming 
slightly brownish on the flagellum; legs black, with front and hind tarsi 
brownish, the apex of middle tibiae and the middle tarsi brownish yellow. 

Wings very similar to vuleanus, but the marginal vein is 3.5 times 
longer than the stigmal, the latter enlarged towards apex and curved 
towards the costal margin. 

Length of body, 1.18; length of head, 0.398; width of head, 0.426; 


154 


thickness of head, 0.273; width of vertex at anterior ocellus, 0.120; width 
of mesoscutum, 0.393; length of forewing, 1.12; width of forewing, 
0.422 mm. 


Described from one female (holotype), collected on Mt. 
Kaala, Oahu, between 2500 and 3000 feet elevation, July 22, 
1917 (Timberlake). 


Hypergonatopus brunneipes n. sp. 

Female. Very close to vulcanus, but having the head somewhat broader 
and slightly thinner fronto-occipitally; thorax more robust and wider, 
the scutellum wider across the base; sculpture of the mesonotum some- 
what coarser, and the pubescence of the mesoscutum very much sparser; 
setae in the hyaline area near base of forewing greatly reduced in size 
and hyaline; marginal vein about 2.7 times longer than the stigmal, the 
latter enlarged at apex and curved towards the costal margin. 

Coloration similar to vulcanus, the head with a rather weak bluish 
and purple luster on the frontovertex; the mesoscutum and apex of scutel- 
lum metallic green, the abdomen above and side of propodeum with a 
strong purple luster, changing to greenish in some aspects on the basal 
tergite, the venter with a greenish luster; mesopleura dark brown, shin- 
ing but hardly metallic; antennae and legs dark brown, with apex and 
base of front tibiae, apex of middle femora, apical half of hind tibiae, 
and front and hind tarsi pale brown, the trochanters, annulus at base 
of femora, apical third of tibiae and the tarsi of middle legs yellowish. 
In one specimen (paratype) the pleura and legs are much paler brown. 
Wing markings similar to vulcanus, but much fainter. 

Length of body (1.01 to 1.16), 1.14; length of head, 0.386; width 
of head, 0.473; thickness of head, 0.249; width of vertex at anterior 
ocellus; 0.120; width of mesoseutum, 0.412; length of forewing, 1.06; 
width of forewing, 0.403 mm. The head is slightly shrunken, but the 
measurements are believed to be tolerably accurate. 

Male. Very similar to the male of vulcanus, but differing in the 
same way as the female in regard to the sculpture, pubescence and wing 
characters. Coloration similar to that of the female but the upper part 
of the face and the frons with a greenish luster, the lower part of the 
face, the cheeks and vertex with a purple luster, and the pleura, antennae 
and legs are rather pale brown. Wings almost hyaline, excepting a 
small spot beneath the marginal vein. 

Length of body, 0.98; width of vertex, 0.174; width of mesoscutum, 
0.396; length of forewing, 1.05; width of forewing, 0.417 mm. The head 
is so much shrunken that other measurements are not possible. 


Described from three females, one male (holotype, allotype, 
and paratype), reared from a Dryinid cocoon, probably of 
Pseudogonatopus perkinsi (Ashmead), reared in turn from 
Ilburnia koae (Kirkaldy), Kilauea, Hawaii, January, 1915 
(F. Muir). 


Hypergonatopus flavipes n. sp. 

Female. Head large and unusually thick fronto-occipitally, forming 
somewhat more than a hemisphere and distinetly wider than the thorax; 
dorsal surface very strongly and uniformly convex, the anterior outline 
forming a considerably larger are than a semicircle; as seen from in 
front the outline is perfectly rounded above, but the cheeks converge 
slightly in a curve to the broad and truneate oral margin; as seen from 
the side the anterior outline is well rounded except that the face is 
slightly flattened at the scrobes; occiput only slightly coneave; eyes very 
large and broadly oval, widest anteriorly and touching the occipital 
margin behind; frontovertex about six times longer than the least width, 
very narrow anteriorly and gradually widening behind so that the width 
is about one-half greater at the occipital margin; ocelli very minute and 
arranged in a very acute-angled triangle, the anterior ocellus at the center 
of the frontovertex, the posterior pair touching the eye-margin and far 
removed from the occipital margin; cheeks a little more than one-half 
as long as the eyes and very broad above; face only slightly inflexed, 
the scrobes in the form of a shallow, very broadly ovate impression about 
as wide as long and divided below by a broad, low ridge between the 
antennae, the impression of about the same size and depth as in hawaiien- 
sis, but less cireular. 

Antennal seape slender, curved, slightly wider at the middle, the ven- 
tral margin areuate; pedicel as long as the first two funicle joints com- 
bined; first funicle joint somewhat longer than wide and about equal 
to either of the last two joints in length, but considerably narrower; next 
two joints about as wide as long, the fourth somewhat shorter and 
slightly wider than long, the last two joints distinctly longer than those 
preceding, the fifth about as wide as long, the sixth slightly wider than 
long; club missing except part of the basal joint, but presumably about 
as in hemipterus. 

Thorax rather depressed above, the pronotum transverse, with its 
posterior margin only slightly arcuate; mesoseutum short and _ strongly 
transverse or about two and one-half times wider than long; axillae not 
greatly wider than long, and slightly separated medially; seutellum dis- 
tinetly longer than wide, rather acute at apex, the dise depressed, the 
lateral margins and apex well elevated and declivous. Abdomen hardly 
longer than one-half of the thorax, the first tergite prominent, the follow- 
ing tergites deeply sunken in and telescoped within the first segment. 

Wings of the hemipterous type or truncated at apex of the stigmal 
vein, the apical margin rounded, marginal vein between four and _ five 
times longer than thick and about thrice as long as the stigmal, the 
postmarginal slightly shorter than the stigmal vein; area of dise beneath 
the submarginal vein with about six or seven scattered, very minute 
hyaline setae; area beneath the marginal vein densely setose, the specu- 
lum distinct. 

Frontovertex with excessively minute and delicate thimble-like seulp- 


156 


ture appearing smooth under low magnification, and with a row of 
sparse, minute, setiferous punctures at the orbits; mesoscutum polished 
and with very fine, scale-like reticulations, the axillae and «seutellum 
slightly duller with similar reticulations, those of the scutellum somewhat 
coarser; mesonotum also with a few, extremely minute, scattered setif- 
erous pin-punctures, those of the scutellum slightly larger and rather 
more numerous, and distributed sparsely over the disc from base to apex; 
1esopleura microscopically rugulose anteriorly, but becoming smooth on 
the posterior half, prepectal plates finely reticulate; propodeum smooth 
and polished, and with a median carina; abdomen smooth and _ highly 
polished. 

Pubescence of the head about as in hawatiensis; collar of pronotum 
with a row of fine setae somewhat coarser than those of the head, mesos- 
eutum with sparse scattered setae like those of pronotum, the scutellum 
with slightly coarser, more numerous setae; sides and apex of abdomen 
with a few fine setae, the basal tergite with a row of about six fine 
setae on each side near the middle. 

Head blue-black with a purple luster; mesoseutum bright metallic 
green, the axillae and scutellum duller green; pronotum, pleura and _ pro- 
podeum with a strong purple luster; basal tergite of abdomen bright 
metallic green, the remainder of abdomen brilliant metallic purple; an- 
tennae and legs entirely yellow, the coxae and base of femora paler, the 
general color approximating yellow ocher of Ridgway; apical fourth of 
wing beneath marginal vein and small area at extreme base fuscous, the 
marginal and stigmal veins dark brown, but submarginal except basal 
part nearly hyaline; pubescence of body dark and inconspicuous. 

Length of body, 1.18; length of head, 0.476; width of head, 0.490; 
thickness of head, 0.332; least width of frontovertex, 0.073; width of 
mesoscutum, 0.424; length of forewing, 0.552; width of forewing, 
0.216 mm. 

Male. Differs from the female principally in the shape of the head, 
which is much thinner fronto-occipitally with the face distinctly inflexed ; 
as seen from above the outline of the head is semicircular; as seen from 
in front the cheeks arcuately converge more strongly than in the female; 
as seen from the side the dorsal part is well rounded, but the face from 
the lower third of the eyes to just above the clypeal margin is strongly 
flattened and forms an obtuse angle with the plane of frontovertex; eyes 
hardly more than one-half as large as in the female, broadly oval and 
widest near the middle; frontovertex with parallel sides and about @ 
half longer again than wide; ocelli large, arranged in a nearly equilateral 
triangle, the posterior pair only slightly farther apart than the distance 
from either one to the anterior ocellus, about one-half their diameter 
from the eye-margin and about one and one-half times their diameter 
from the occipital margin; cheeks longer than wide and slightly longer 
than the width of the eyes; face comparatively larger than in the female, 
the upper part surrounding the antennal sockets distinctly flattened and 
also continuous with the scrobal impression, which is semicircular and 


157 


reaches upward between the eyes. Antennae inserted close together on a 
level with the lower corners of the eyes, the sockets less than own length 
apart; scape somewhat shorter and straighter than in the female, but 
otherwise similar, the rest of antennae missing. Wings evidently not 
abbreviated as in the female, but they have been much mutilated by 
psocids, the apical half of each missing, but enough remains to show a 
fuscous cloud beneath the marginal vein, bounded by the speculum towards 
the base of the wing. Sculpture of the frontovertex more distinet than 
in the female, the reticulation of the mesoscutum somewhat coarser and 
distinetly enlarging along its anterior margin especially medially, the 
reticulation of seutellum about like that of the seutum. Pubescence as 
in the female, except that the fine setae on the lower part of the face 
are more scattered and arranged transversely near the clypeal margin. 
In other structural characters and in coloration agreeing closely with the 
female. 

Length of body, 1.06; length of head, 0.391; width of head, 0.431; 
thickness of head, 0.231; width of frontovertex, 0.172; width of mesos- 
eutum, 0.403 mm. 


Described from three females, one male (holotype, allotype, 
and paratypes) reared from a Dryinid cocoon, presumably of 
Pseudogonatopus perkinsi (Ashmead), collected at Halawa, 
Oahu, September 12, 1909 (O. H. Swezey). 


Hypergonatopus hemipterus n. sp. Figure 11. 

Female. Structurally nearly identical with flavipes, but the seape is 
a little narrower and widest just beyond the middle; the first funicle 
joint hardly longer than wide and distinctly shorter than either the fifth 
or sixth joint, the second to fourth joints subequal with the fourth, only 
a trifle shorter, the last two funicle joints as in flavipes; club consider- 
ably wider than the last funicle joint and as long as the five preceding 
joints combined, its apical joint obliquely truncate beneath. Wings 





Fig. 11. Hypergonatopus hemipterus. Antenna of female. 


abbreviated in the same manner, but more squarely truncate at apex; 
marginal vein shorter and stouter, but over three times longer than the 
stigmal, the postmarginal stout and a little longer than the stigmal. 
Seulpture and pubescence nearly the same as in flavipes, although the 
mesonotum is slightly more coarsely reticulate. 

Coloration similar, but the metallic luster is much weaker and the 
antennae and hind tibiae are much darker; head shining black, with 
a very weak bluish luster, except the cheeks and postorbital region which 
have a rather strong purplish and dark green luster, mesosnotum metallic 


158 


green, the axillae and scutellum not much duller than the mesoscutum; 
pronotum and pleura darker than in flavipes, the purple luster on the 
latter rather strong, propodeum shining, metallic brownish as in flavipes; 
abdomen the same as in flavipes except that the metallic luster is greatly 
diminished; antennae dark brown or fuscous, the scape except at base 
suffused with yellowish, and the last two funicle joints dusky yellow; 
legs yellow as in flavipes, but the hind tibiae are fuscous except at base 
and apex; wing markings as in flavipes. 

Length of body, 1.11; length of head, 0.426; width of head, 0.419; 
thickness of head, 0.273; least width of frontovertex, 0.064; width of 
mesosecutum, 0.351; length of forewing, 0.469; width of forewing, 
0.191 mm. 


Described from two females (holotype and paratype), col- 
lected along the trail on. Kaumuohona, Oahu, January 7 and 
September 9, 1917 (Timberlake). 


Aulonops n. g. 

Closely allied to Hypergonatopus and differing chiefly in the shape 
of the head, and particularly of the face. Outline of the head as seen 
from above semi-circular, as seen from the side triangular with the dorsal 
and facial sides about equal, their planes meeting in a somewhat acute 
angle, the dorsal outline moderately convex and the facial side con- 
cave; as seen from in front, the head is considerably wider than long, 
the dorsal surface strongly rounded from side to side, the cheeks from 
a short distance below the eyes converging sharply to the broad and 
emarginate oral margin; occiput rather deeply concave; eyes moderately 


Fig. 12. Aulonops bifasciata. Mandible of female, anterior view. 


large, broadest anteriorly and almost touching the oecipital margin 
behind; frontovertex about thrice as long as wide, and with a small 
fovea at each posterior corner; cheeks rather short and strongly narrow- 
ing towards the mouth. 

Face considerably inflexed and with a deep transverse scrobal impres- 
sion suggestive of the conditions found in Chrysoplatycerus, but here 
the angle between the face and the frons is well rounded off, and the 
angle between the anterior and posterior face of the impression is 
obtuse; as seen in frontal view of head the outline of the impression 
is nearly square except that the anterior corner of the square is strongly 
truncated by the mouth; posterior face of the impression is furthermore 
concave from side to side and has two narrow, shallow, longitudinal 
furrows near the middle to receive the scapes at rest; anterior face of 
the impression is much smaller and composed for the most part of the 


ee a 


150 


broad, slightly convex space between the antennal sockets. Mandibles 
similar, but the two inner teeth are very short and subequal, and taken 
together they are deeply divided from the long, acute ventral tooth. 

Seutellum distinctly longer than in Hypergonatopus and more pointed 
at apex. Middle tarsi nearly of the same thickness from base to apex. 
Abdomen of the same size and shape, but the ovipositor issues from 
near the base of the venter. Sculpture of the same type as in Hyper- 
gonatopus, but the reticulations of the mesoscutum are very faint, and 
the seutellum is nearly smooth and not duller than the seutum. In other 
respects similar to species of Hypergonatopus. 


Genotype: Aulonops bifasciata n. sp. 


Aulonops bifasciata n. sp. Figures 12-14. 

Female. Frontovertex narrowest in front of the ocelli and_ slightly 
widening towards the occipital margin; ocelli in an acute-angled triangle, 
the distance between the posterior pair about a third less than the dis- 
tance from either to the anterior ocellus, the posterior pair about one- 
half their own diameter from the eye-margin and somewhat more than 
twice as far from the oecipital margin. Scape slender, reaching beyond 
the serobal impression, thickest at the middle, the ventral margin slightly 
arcuate; pedicel nearly three times as long as thick at apex and fully 
equal to the first three funicle joints combined; flagellum gradually in- 
ereasing in thickness distad; funicle joints all wider than long, the first 
four nearly equal in length, the first one but slightly wider than long, 





Fig. 13. Aulonops bifasciata. Antenna of female. 


the fourth about twice as wide as long, last two funicle joints about 
twice longer than those preceding, each about one-half wider again than 
long; club rather elongate oval in shape, somewhat obliquely truncate 
and acute at apex, and about equal in length to the funicle and one-half 
of the pedicel combined. 

Mesoscutum strongly transverse or nearly two and one-half times wider 
than long, its posterior margin straight; axillae about two and one-half 
times as wide as long, their inner tips very acute and nearly meeting; 
seutellum about one-half longer again than the seutum, rather strongly 
convex and declivous at the sides and apex. Forewing about 2.54 times 
longer than wide; the marginal vein elongate or about four times as 


160 


long as the stigmal, the latter rather short and capitate at apex, the 
pestmarginal about one-half as long as the stigmal; setae of the dise 
arranged nearly as in Hypergonatopus hawatiensis, except that there is 
a short, bare area extending entirely across the dise beneath the apical 
part of the submarginal vein. 

Frontovertex with microscopic, shallow, thimble-like puncturation and 
with a row of fine pin-punctures at the margin of the eyes; face and 
lower part of the cheeks very finely and delicately reticulate, the cheeks 
becoming smocth and polished next to the eyes; mesoscutum microscopi- 
cally reticulate and moderately shiny; the seutellum medially at base 
with a similar sculpture, which gradually becomes effaced towards the 
sides and apex, the dise also with a few scattered minute pin-punctures ; 
mesopleura with very fine longitudinal lineolations on the anterior and 
ventral part, becoming smooth and polished posteriorly; abdomen entirely 
smooth and polished. 

Pubescence, sparse, dark-colored and inconspicuous, the eyes glabrous, 
the mesoseutum and dise of scutellum with very fine scattered setae; the 
abdomen with a few very fine setae at the sides and apex. 

Head and body shining, bluish black with a blue or purplish luster, 
the cheeks next to the eyes, the mesopleura, propodeum and abdomen 
with a brilliant purple luster; face metallic greenish, the frontovertex 
and mesoseutum with a slight greenish luster in some aspects, but bluish 
in others; antennae and legs dark fuscous or blackish, the front and 
hind tarsi, apex of middle femora and tibiae brownish, the middle tarsi, 





Fig. 14. Aulonops bifasciata. Forewing of female. 


except the apical joint and the tibial spur, brownish yellow. Wings with 
a dark brown cloud except on the apical fourth, the cloud broken by 
three clear hyaline spots, a large triangular spot beneath the submarginal 
vein, an acutely angular spot suspended from the costal margin at apex 
of the stigmal vein, and a somewhat quadrate spot opposite which is 
narrowly extended basad on its inner side; the space between these two 
clear areas about as wide as one-third of the dise and less deeply pig- 
mented, as is also the case with the middle portion of the clouded area 
just distad. 

Length of body, 1.09; length of head, 0.375; width of head, 0.466; 


161 


thickness of head, 0.259; width of vertex at anterior ocellus, 0.118; width 
of mesoseutum, 0.429; length of forewing, 1.09; width of forewing, 
0.427 mm. 


Described from one female (holotype), collected in the 
Waianae Mountains between Kolekole Pass and Mt. Kaala, 
Oahu, March 9, 1911 (D. T. Fullaway). 


Euchalcerinys n. g. 


Female. Head moderately thick fronto-occipitally, the face strongly 
inflexed; as seen from above more strongly rounded on the sides than 
anteriorly; as seen from the side thickest considerably above the middle, 
the dorsal outline well rounded and somewhat shorter than the facial 
side; as seen from in front the outline is well rounded above, and slightly 
convergent on the sides towards the mouth, occiput moderately concave, 
its dorsal margin not strongly acute; eyes of medium size and nearly 
circular in outline, posteriorly just reaching to the occipital margin; 
frontovertex about three times as long as wide and without foveae at 
the posterior corners; ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle, the pos- 
terior pair at the eye margins, and about thrice their own diameter from 
the oecipital margin; cheeks about as long as the diameter of the eyes, 
and without a genal suture; face with a shallow, semi-oval scrobal impres- 
sion extending upward between the lower borders of the eyes and divided 
inferiorly by the facial prominence between the antennal sockets, which 
is short, not greatly longer than wide, and convex below. 

Antennae inserted a moderate distance apart, rather close to the oral 
margin, the distance between the sockets about a third greater than the 
distance from either to the oral margin and about one-half the distance 
from either to the nearest point of the eye; scape slender, and rather 





Fig. 15. Buchaleerinys apicicornis. Antenna of female. 


long, reaching about to the plane of the frontovertex, and somewhat 
thicker at the middle; pedicel obconical, three times as long as thick at 
apex or nearly as long as the first two funicle joints combined; flagellum 
moderately clavate, the funicle joints all longer than wide, but distinetly 
increasing in thickness distad, the sixth joint about one-half wider again 
than the first; club three-jointed, large, oval, bluntly rounded at apex, 


162 


somewhat wider than the last funicle joint and as long as the four pre- 
ceding joints combined. 

Mandibles rather narrow at apex with three acute teeth, of which the 
two ventral are subequal and not deeply divided from each other, the 
inner or dorsal tooth considerably smaller; base of mandible moderately 
wide and expanded nearly in the same plane as the apex. Palpi short, 
the maxillary pair three-jointed, with the apical joint tapering and equal 


Fig. 16. Euchalcerinys apicicornis. Mandible of female, dorso-anterior 
and anterior views. 


to the other two joints combined; labial palpi with three very short, 
equal joints, the two basal joints thickest at their union, the apical joint 
narrower and tapering. 

Thorax of normal structure and robustness, the notum strongly con- 
vex; mesoscutum twice as wide as long, its posterior margin nearly 
straight, or only slightly produced medially; axillae over twice as wide 
as long, their inner tips very acute and meeting; scutellum about as long 
as the mesosecutum, or as long as its own width at the base, the dise 
strongly convex, the apex bluntly rounded; propodeum extremely short 
medially, but moderately long at the sides. Abdomen as wide as the 
thorax and nearly as long, triangular-ovate in shape and acute at apex; 
the basal tergite very prominent, longitudinally convex, and almost one- 
half as long as the whole abdomen; following tergites deeply sunken in 
and, excepting the apical one, mostly withdrawn beneath the first ter- 
gite; ovipositor barely exserted and not enclosed by the ventrites except 
basally. 

Legs slender and rather longer than usual, the middle tarsi not much 
thickened at base and only slightly tapering, the spur of the middle 
tibiae slender and about two-thirds as long as the first tarsal joint. 
Wings large and broad, the venation much shorter than one-half the 
length of the dise; the submarginal vein close to the margin so that 
the costal cell is unusually narrow, marginal vein not much longer than 
wide and considerably shorter than the moderately long stigmal vein, the 
postmarginal vein very short and spur-like; speculum reaching nearly 
across the dise and widening below; dise beyond the speculum densely, 
uniformly pubescent, the setae in the basal area considerably sparser and 
larger, but becoming shorter and transparent towards the posterior margin, 

Face, cheeks, most of pleura, the scutellum and abdomen smooth, the 


163 


abdomen being highly polished; frontovertex with microscopic, very 
shallow thimble-like puncturation, appearing smooth and shining under 
low magnification; mesoscutum very finely reticulate, the anterior end of 
the mesopleura very delicately lineolate. 

Pubescence rather sparse and inconspicuously colored; the frontovertex 
with only a few fine setae, the eyes with rather sparse, very short, erect 
setae; mesonotum with sparse, subseriately arranged setae which are 
longer on the scutellum, the apex of the seutellum with a pair of still 
longer bristles; sides of propodeum and abdomen more thickly pubescent 
than other parts of the body. 

Male. Head but little, if any, thinner than in the female; as seen 
from above, strongly rounded anteriorly, with the frons slightly pro- 
tuberant and the occipital margin concave; as seen from the side, thickest 
just above the lower corners of the eyes, the dorsal side rather weakly 
rounded and much shorter than the facial side, the latter nearly straight 
except that the facial ridge between antennae is visible as a protuber- 
ance below; as seen from in front it is well rounded above, with the 
vertex slightly protuberant, but the cheeks converge below nearly straight 
to the moderately wide and somewhat emarginate oral margin; eyes some- 
what smaller than in the female, nearly round with the posterior margin 
somewhat oblate; frontovertex about one-half longer again than wide; 
ocelli large, arranged in a little less than a right-angled triangle, the 
posterior pair slightly the farthest apart, about half their own diameter 
from the eye margin and twice as far from the occipital margin, the 
anterior ocellus placed at the middle of the frontovertex; cheeks nearly 
as long as the width of the eyes, the genal suture fine but distinet; face 





Fig. 17. Buchalcerinys apicicornis. Antenna of male. 


with a rather deep, oval, longitudinal serobal impression, extending from 
the oral margin well upward between the eyes or the whole length of 
the face, nearly twice as long as wide, and divided on the lower half 
by a well elevated ridge between the antennae, which is slightly convex 
from end to end as seen from the side. 

Antennae inserted rather close together far from the oral margin, the 
upper ends of the sockets about touching the ocular line, the distance 
between the sockets nearly equal to the distanee from either to the 
nearest point of the eye, and about one-fourth less than the distance from 
the lower end of the sockets to the oral margin; scape moderately long, 
reaching well beyond the serobal impression, rather stout and fusiform 
in shape; pedicel somewhat longer than thick at apex and about equal 
to one-half of the first funicle joint; flagellum elongate, cylindrical, 


164 


rather densely clothed with long semi-erect hairs, which decrease in 
length on the club gradually towards the apex; funicle joints all about 
three times longer than thick, the club no thicker than the funicle, one- 
third as long and tapering to the acute apex. 

Thorax, legs, and wings similar to the female, the abdomen much 
shorter, a little wider than long, rounded at apex, and about one-half 
as long as the thorax, the first tergite prominent, the following tergites, 
except the apical one, almost entirely concealed beneath the first, but 
not deeply sunken in. 

Frontovertex with distinct but fine, thimble-lke puncturation much 
more evident than in the female; face, except in the depths of the scrobal 
impression, and the inner margin of the cheeks very finely and mostly 
transversely lineolate; mesoseutum much more coarsely reticulate than in 
the female, the reticulations large anteriorly and gradually becoming much 
finer towards the posterior margin; shagreening of the mesopleura rather 
more evident and extensive than in the female; sculpture otherwise nearly 
as in the female. 

Pubescence of head distinctly less sparse than in the female, there 
being fine setae scattered over the frontovertex, on the sides of the face 
and on the lower parts of the cheeks, and the setae of the mesoscutum 
are arranged much more distinctly in rows. 


Genotype: Euchalcerinys apicicornis n. sp. 

This genus is similar to both Chalcerinys and Hele gonato- 
pus of Perkins, but in each of those genera the head is thicker 
and the antennae are slenderer and inserted a little higher on 
the face. Chalcerinys besides has a much stronger, denser 
sculpture, a distinct genal suture, and the apical margin of the 
basal tergite distinctly emarginate; its male has the ridge be- 
tween antennal sockets very prominent and extending towards 
the oral margin as a sublaminate rostriform crest; the scape 
very stout, moderately long, of equal width throughout, and 
somewhat spirally twisted, the pedicel short and flattened; the 
funicle joints all flattened, unequal in size but all longer than 
wide, the first joint largest, it being both wider and longer 
than the following joints. Helegonatopus also is much more 
sculptured than Euchalcerinys, the scutellum being opaque and 
densely shagreened, the genal suture distinct, the maxillary 
palpi four-jointed, the marginal vein about twice as long as 
thick and subequal to the stigmal; while the male has the scape 
rather short and flattened, very wide at base and strongly nar- 
rowed to the apex; the pedicel short, the flagellum slender, 
elongate cylindrical, clothed with long hairs as in Euchalcerinys, 


165 


but the funicle has only five joints decreasing in length distad, 
the morphological sixth joint having become fused with the 
club; the latter is as long as the last two funicle joints com- 
bined and shows a faint indication of a suture at its middle. 


Euchalcerinys apicicornis n. sp. Figures 15-17. 


Female. General color metallic bluish black; the face, cheeks, seutel- 
lum, pleura, and abdomen, except the basal tergite, with a purple luster; 
frontovertex slightly greenish, the mesoscutum more eyidently metallie 
greenish in some aspects, but in others bluish black, the luster in direet 
dorsal view iridescent; apex of scutellum and basal tergite of abdomen 
metallic green with a brilliant variable luster, chiefly golden or brassy 
and purple; antennae dark brown, the base of the scape and radicle 
joint paler brown, the club pale brownish yellow; legs including coxae 
yellow, the hind tibiae slightly brownish on the basal half, the apex of 
last joint of the tarsi dark brownish; wings very faintly and uniformly 
tinted with fuscous or almost hyaline, the veins pale yellowish; mandibles 
and protruded part of ovipositor brown. 

Length of body, 0.98; length of head, 0.391; width of head, 0.412; 
thickness of head, 0.214; width of vertex at posterior ocelli, 0.113; width 
of mesoscutum, 0.382; length of forewing, 1.20; width of forewing, 0.499; 
length of protruded part of ovipositor, 0.045 mm. 

Male. General color metallic bluish black, but the face, inner half 
of the cheeks, frontovertex, mesoscutum, apex of scutellum and_ basal 
tergite of abdomen metallic green, the luster of these parts much less 
variable than in the female, the frontovertex dullest; outer half of the 
cheeks and dise of seutellum with a brilliant purple luster, the pleura 
and remainder of the abdomen with a weaker luster; antennae dark 
brown, the base of the scape and apex of the pedicel pale brown; legs 
colored as in the female, but the hind tibiae, except at base and apex, 
more distinctly brownish, and the first three joints of the hind tarsi are 
slightly brownish; other parts as in the female. 

Length of body, 0.84; length of head, 0.329; width of head, 0.353; 
thickness of head, 0.207; width of vertex at posterior ocelli, 0.141; width 
of mesoseutum, 0.346; length of forewing, 1.09; width of forewing, 
0.447 mm. 


Described from one female (holotype) collected at Waia- 
hole, Oahu, March 28, 1915 (O. H. Swezey); one male (allo- 
type) collected at Kalihiuka, Oahu, April 27, 1919 (J. C. Brid- 
well) ; and one male (paratype) collected on the Manoa Cliffs 
trail, Oahu, September 1, 1918 (Timberlake), the latter speci- 
men with the head missing. 

Anabrolepis extranea Timberlake. 


A second specimen of this interesting species was taken by 


166 


Dr. F. X. Williams on Metrosideros in the upper part of 
Manoa Valley, Oahu, on July 25, 1920. It has a pair of long, 
filiform bristles at apex of the scutellum, which were broken 
off in the type. 

A specimen of Anabrolepis recently received from Dr. R. J. 
Tillyard, who reared it from Aphelinus mali material on apple 
from the United States (the real host was probably one of the 
Diaspinae), is close to A. setierstedtii (Westwood). It differs 
from e.vrtranea in having the last two funicle joints yellowish; 
the pubescence of the mesoscutum somewhat sparser and 
blackish (in extranea the pubescence of the mesoscutum is 
neither so sparse nor dark-colored as indicated in the original 
description, but pale brownish and moderately abundant); the 
wings distinctly wider in proportion to the length, the pattern 
of the same type but differing slightly in detail, the apical dark 
area being longer than wide, the subapical clear spot on anterior 
niargin strongly narrowed inwardly or subtriangular in shape, 
with only its inner apex provided with dark-colored setae, the 
setae of the marginal vein dense, coarse and tapering, and 
apparently none of them spear-shaped. 

A. setterstedtiu, according to Mercet (Fauna Iberica, Himen., 
Fam. Encirtidos, p. 678, 1921), is similar to the above speci- 
men from North America, but the pubescence of the pronotum 
and mesoscutum is white, and the antennae seem to be some- 
what slenderer, with the last two funicle joints slightly longer 
than thick. 

Quaylea whittieri (Girault). 
Quaylea aliena Timberlake, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe. 4, p. 216, 1919. 


There seems to be no reasonable doubt that aliena is a 
synonym of whittieri, as the receipt of a large series from 
California discloses numerous specimens that cannot be dis- 
tinguished from aliena. The differences pointed out in the 
description of aliena seem to be correlated, for the most part, 
with the smaller size of the types compared with the larger 
California specimens which I then had at my disposal, which 
were reared mostly from Scuwtellista. 

This species has become one of considerable importance in 
California, as it has greatly increased since the introduction 


167 


of Aphycus lounsburyi Howard, and now parasitizes a large 
percentage of this Aphycus in certain localities. 

An account of the introduction of Quaylea into California 
is given by Alexander Craw in his Horticultural Quarantine 
Report for the months of December, 1900 to April, 1901 
(Eighth Biennial Report, State Board Horticulture, California, 
for 1901-2, pp. 196, 197, 1902). Craw calls the species Hemen- 
cyrtus craw, a manuscript name given by Ashmead. I have 
seen one of the original specimens at Sacramento, Cal., deter- 
mined by Craw as Hemencyrtus crawii, so that there is not 
any doubt about the identity of crawiw and Quaylea whittiert. 

I have also recently received a few specimens of this 
species from Dr. R. J. Tillyard, which were reared from Sais- 
seiia oleae at Sydney, New South Wales, by Mr. Luke Gallard. 


Notes on the Identity and Habits of Blepyrus insularis 
Cameron (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 
(Presented at the meeting of December 1, 1921.) 


The Encyrtid chalcid-fly described by Cameron under the 
name of Encyrtus insularis has been a puzzle to everyone who 
has attempted to identify the insect from the description alone, 
and it has consequently been described several times and 
referred to several incorrect genera. 

For assistance in working out the:synonymy of this parasite, 
IT am much indebted to Dr. James Waterston of the Imperial 
sureau. of Entomology, who compared Hawaiian specimens 
with the type of imsularis in the British Museum, and to 
Dr. R. C. L. Perkins for transmitting an old specimen which 
had been collected by Blackburn and retained by him as identi- 
cal with the one sent to Cameron and described as insularis. 
This specimen, which is perfectly preserved, bears the No. 87. 
The actual type in the British Museum has fared worse, as 
Dr. Waterston reports that the antennae and abdomen have 
been lost. In regard to the comparison, Dr. Waterston writes 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 1, October, 1922. 


168 


as follows: “I have compared them (i. e., the Hawaiian speci- 
mens forwarded under the name of Blepyrus mexicanus) with 
the torso of Cameron’s type of Eucyrtus insularis, and so far 
as I can see the two are identical.” 

Dr. Perkins in the Introduction to the Fauna Hawaiiensis 
(Vol. 1, Part 6, p. cvi, 1913) synonymized Blepyrus mars- 
deni Howard with msularis, but having failed to state his 
grounds for doing so, his action was not accepted by me in 
my former papers on Hawaiian Encyrtidae. It now appears 
that this synonymy was based on the Blackburn specimen men- 
tioned above, and was of course correct. 


GENERIC CHARACTERS OF BLEPYRUS HOWARD. 


Female. Form short, compact; head thin, menisciform, somewhat 
wider than the thorax; eyes very large, vertical, continuous with the 
occipital margin aboye, finely, rather densely, and shortly pubescent; 
frontovertex moderately wide, or about one-fourth-as wide as the head, 
abruptly widened behind the oeelli; the latter arranged in a large, nearly 
equilateral triangle, the posterior pair close to the eye margins, and about 
their own diameter from the occipital margin; cheeks short, or about 
one-fifth the length of the eyes; face with a semi-oval scrobal impression 
reaching upward between the eyes, the depths of the scrobes in the form 
of shallow grooves converging from the antennal sockets, but not meeting 





Fig. 1. Blepyrus insularis. Antenna of female. 


above, the facial prominence between the antennae broad and low. 
Antennae inserted rather far apart close to the clypeal margin, short 
and strongly clavate; scape slender, cylindrical, reaching nearly to the 
middle of the eyes and distinctly beyond the scrobal impression, pedicel 
a little longer than the first three funicle joints combined, the apical 
stalk connecting with the funicle very strongly capitate at its apex, 
forming a distinct but false ring-joint; funicle joints all short and trans- 
verse, the sixth over twice as wide as long; club very large, irregularly 


169 


oval, about as long as the pedicel and funiele combined, and much wider 
than the last funicle joint. 

Mandibles narrow at apex, very unequally tridentate, the middle tooth 
much the longest, the inner tooth inserted much farther toward the base 
tlan the outer or ventral tooth; the base of the mandible rather wide 
and expanded in a plane at right angles with the plane of the apex. 
Palpi short, the maxillary pair with four joints, the two middle joints 
stoutest and only a little longer than thick, the basal joint nearly twice 
as long, and the apical joint about three times as long; labial pair with 
three joints, the middle joint hardly longer than wide, the apical joint 
about three times as long as thick, the basal joint a little shorter; labrum 
rather prominent, its apical margin transverse and ciliated with a row of 
fine hairs. 

Thorax very robust and of great depth dorso-ventrally, the mesonotum 
strongly convex; pronotum almost vertical, the collar very short; mesos- 
ecutum about twice as wide as long, its posterior margin trisinuate, the 
median lobe of the sinuosity much the widest and overlapping, when in 
normal position, the inner angles of the axillae; the latter, therefore, 
often appearing slightly separated but actually meeting; scutellum slightly 
longer than the mesoscutum, rather acute at apex, the dise somewhat 
depressed towards the base, more rounded towards the sides and apex, 
which are moderately elevated and abruptly declivous at the margins; 
propodeum short and nearly of equal length at the sides and middle. 

Wings of moderate size, the dise beyond the speculum densely ciliated; 
the costal cell nearly as densely ciliated; the basal part of dise more 
sparsely ciliated with longer setae, the row of setae guarding the proximal 
margin of the speculum much longer than the others; marginal fringe 
short throughout. Marginal vein between two and three times as long 
as thick; the stigmal rather long, or about thrice as long as the mar- 
ginal, nearly straight but with the apex curved slightly towards the 
costal margin; postmarginal vein nearly a half longer than the stigmal. 

Legs of about normal length and structure; middle tibiae somewhat 
enlarged at apex and with a row of about nine peg-shaped spines on 
the outer, apical margin, the spur stout and nearly as long as the first 
tarsal joint; middle tarsi rather stout and tapering to apex, the basal 
joint about equal to the next three joints combined, the plantar surface 
of the first four joints provided with numerous peg-shaped spines similar 
to those on the tarsi of Lupelmus; hind tibiae with two short unequal 
apical spurs; hind tarsi somewhat longer and slenderer than the middle 
pair, and without the conical spines on the plantar surface. 

Abdomen a little shorter than the thorax, triquetrous in shape, the 
apex bluntly rounded, the dorsal surface, when not distorted, much de- 
pressed and only slightly hollowed behind the first tergite, the venter 
moderately compressed, the ovipositor entirely enclosed by the ventrites; 
cerci or vibrissal plates situated on each side of the dorsum just before 
the middle, the vibrissae reaching nearly to the apex of the abdomen. 

Frontovertex with shallow, more or less confluent, thimble-like pune- 


170 


tures of considerable size, but nevertheless much smaller than the diameter 
of the ocelli; the scrobal impression of face smoothish, but with fine 
transverse lineolations; mesoscutum extremely finely reticulate and with 
pumerous seriately arranged setiferous punctures; axillae and scutellum 
more opaque, being microscopically rugulose and with punctures like those 
of the scutum, the seutellum, however, becoming smoother and reticulate 
at apex; abdomen highly polished and with fine seale-like reticulations. 

Pubescence on head and thorax rather thick, but not conspicuous 
because of its non-contrasting color, short and nearly erect on the fronto- 
vertex, larger, coarser, denser and more decumbent on the mesonotum, 
the apical part of scutellum becoming nearly bare, but with a pair of 
longer bristles at apical margin; abdomen nearly bare, but with a sparse 
fringe of moderately long, fine hair at the sides just below the lateral 
margins of the dorsum. 


— Blepyrus at present contains only a single species, as Ash- 
mead’s phenacocci is a typical species of Chalcaspis and must 
be cited in the future as Chalcaspis phenacocci (Ashmead). 
The genus evidently belongs to the Ectromatine group of genera 
notwithstanding the tridentate mandibles, as its relationship to 
Pauridia, Aenasius, Chalcaspis, Zarhopalus, etc., is apparent. 
Considered as a Mirine it is placed fairly well in Ashmead’s 
tables, but Coccophoctonus, a synonym of Blepyrus, seems to 
be more accurately placed. 

The following bibliography of Blepyrus insularis does not 
contain all the references to the species, but it is intended to 
include references to all new names and new combinations. 
The synonymy of mevicanus, marsdem, texanus, and dactylopu 
was established through examinations of the types in the U. S. 
National Museum in 1917. 


Blepyrus insularis (Cameron). Figures 1, 2. 


Encyrtus insularis Cameron, Mem. Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soe. (3) 
10, 1886, p. 243, female (not male). Honolulu, Oahu. 

Blepyrus meaxicanus Howard, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 21, 1898, p. 234, 
female (excluding male). Monterey, Mexico. 

Blepyrus marsdent Howard, 1. ¢., p. 234, female. Honolulu, Oahu. 

Blepyrus texanus Howard, 1. ¢., p. 235, female. Brownsville, Texas. 

Coccophoctonus dactylopti Ashmead, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 22, 1900, 
p- 375, female (not male). Honolulu, Oahu (not Australia). 

Bothriothorax insularis Ashmead, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1, Part 3, 1901, 
p- 321, female (not male). Hawaiian Islands. 

Blepyrus insularis Perkins, Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1, Part 6, 1913, p. evi. 
Fiawaiian Islands. 


A 


Blepyrus mezicanus Timberlake, Proe. Haw. Ent. Soc. 3, 1918, p. 403. 
Mexico, Texas, Hawaiian Islands. 

Blepyrus mexicanus Timberlake, Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe. 4, 1919, p. 186. 
Mexico, Texas, Hawaiian Islands, Manila, Philippines, Java. 

Bothriencyrtus insularis Timberlake, Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe. 4, 1919, 
p. 213. Hawaiian Islands. 


The female of insularis should be easily recognized from 
the preceding generic description and from other characters 
given by Cameron, Howard and Ashmead, but the male has 
remained undescribed up to the present time. Cameron con- 
sidered his specimen to be a male, but his description applies 
only to the female sex. Howard’s supposed male of Blepyrus 
mexicanus clearly belongs to another genus, probably a new 
one allied to Anagyrus, and Ashmead’s supposed males of 
Coccophoctonus dactylopu are merely small females. 

The true male of msularis is very similar to the female in 
general appearance, and without close scrutiny might be mis- 
taken for that sex; it differs, however, rather remarkably in 
the structure of the antennae, as the funicle is three-jointed 


and the club is correspondingly enlarged. 

Male. Head somewhat smaller than in the female, less menisciform 
and thicker fronto-occipitally; eyes smaller and considerably wider in 
proportion to their length; frontovertex proportionately wider or some- 
what less than one-third the total width of head, and less widened behind 
the ocelli, the latter arranged nearly in a right-angled triangle, the 
posterior pair less than half their own diameter from the occipital mar- 
gin; face and cheeks nearly as in the female. 

Antennae inserted close to the clypeal margin; scape much shorter 





Fig. 2. Blepyrus insularis. Antenna of male. 


and stouter than in the female, slightly widened in the middle, about 
one-half as long as the rest of the antennae and reaching only to the 
upper margin of the serobal impression of the face; pedicel short and 


172 


stout, about a half longer than its apical thickness, but longer than the 
first two funicle joints combined, the false ring-joint seen in the female 
absent or greatly reduced; funicle with only three transverse joints, the 
third very short or over thrice as wide as long; club very large, solid, 
elongate oval in shape, its dorsal outline convex, but the ventral side 
straight, widest at the middle, where it is about one-third wider than the 
last funicle joint, and in length equal to about twice the pedicel and 
funicle combined. 

Abdomen smaller than in the female, hardly more than one-half as 
long as the thorax, more acute at the apex, and usually strongly depressed 
above and beneath. 

Other structural characters closely approximating those of the female 
sex, except that the frontovertex is much more opaque with finer, closer 
thimble-like punctures. 

Coloration similar but not metallic, and with less yellow on antennae 
and legs, the head, thorax, and abdomen being black and only moder- 
ately shiny; antennae and legs fuscous to blackish, the apex of the front 
tibiae, apical half of middle tibiae, and front and middle tarsi brownish 
yellow, the hind tibiae slightly yellowish, the hind tarsi yellow beneath, 
and more or less fuscous above; wings hyaline and not distinctly stained 
with yellowish as in the female. 

Length, (0.82 to) 1.23; length of head, 0.497; width of head, 0.544; 
width of frontovertex, 0.172; width of mesoseutum, 0.535; length of 
antenna, 0.613; length of forewing, 1.09; width of forewing, 0.487 mm. 


Characters taken from a large series of females and six 
niales reared from Pseudococcus virgatus (Cockerell), or asso- 
ciated with this host, Honolulu and vicinity, Oahu, and five 
females from Manila and Los Banos, Philippines (George 
Compere, Fullaway, and H. E. Woodworth). The males were 
captured on September 11 and 13, 1916, on vines of the velvet 
bean, heavily infested with Pseudococcus virgatus, and on 
which the females of imsularis were very abundant. 

This parasite is presumably distributed throughout the low- 
lands of the Hawaiian Islands, although recorded specifically 
only from Oahu hithertofore. It has been stated that it was 
taken by Blackburn, however, on several of the Islands, and 
i have seen females from Olowalu and Wailuku, Maui. 


LirE History. 


Blepyrus insularis is parasitic only in Pseudococcus virgatus 
(Cockerell) so far as known. Females that were supplied 
with Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni) oviposited rather 
freely, but no offspring were reared, the eggs or newly hatched 


173 


larvae presumably having been killed by the physiological 
reactions of the hosts. In another experiment a female was 
supplied with Pseudococcus krauhniae (Kuwana), but in this 
case the mealybugs were wholly ignored by the parasite. 

This parasite seems always to choose first-stage larvae for 
oviposition, and preferably those that have recently hatched, 
and examines them first with her antennae. Having satisfied 
herself that the larva is suitable, the female turns quickly 
about and protrudes the ovipositor backward beneath the victim, 
which is punctured usually through the venter. During the 
process the apical part of the abdomen is extended backward 
and downward in a cone-shaped body. ‘The ovipositor when 
protruded is slender, naked, or without external sheaths, and 
curved upward. The female usually places her hind tarsi on 
the host during oviposition, evidently partly for purposes of 
orientation and partly to hold it in place. The whole process 
of oviposition requires only about one or two seconds for 
completion. 

Development is evidently slow, as the host itself must grow 
to considerable size before it is finally killed and consumed by 
the parasite. A female that was supplied with newly hatched 
wirgatus on February 12 was observed to oviposit after a few 
minutes, and oviposition probably continued for several days, 
as on February 22 the parasite was found dead. Offspring 
from this reproduction began to issue on March 15 and con- 
tinued to issue up to April 5, indicating a minimum length 
of the life-cycle of thirty-two days and a maximum of about 
forty-five days. The rather great range in time required is 
probably due to differences in the rate of the preliminary 
development of the host. In warmer summer weather the rate 
of development ought to be considerably quickened. As com- 
pared with Pawridia peregrina Timberlake, which has similar 
habits, the life-cycle is approximately the same. A _ female 
Pauridia, which was supplied with larvae of Pseudococcus 
krauhniae for about twenty-seven hours on January 28 and 29, 
oviposited freely and produced offspring which issued between 
February 28 and March 11, inclusive, thus indicating a mini- 
mum life-cycle of thirty-one days and a maximum of forty- 
three days. 


174 


Types in the Collection of the Hawaiian Entomological 


Society. 


The custodian of the type collection of this society submits 
the following list. of the types belonging to the society or in 
its care on December 31, 1921. The condition of the specimens 
is considered good unless otherwise stated. 


DIPTERA. 


Dicranomyia swezeyi Alexander..... Holotype and allotype, both badly 
broken 

Dicranomyia stygipennis Alexander.. Five paratypes, one badly broken 

Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swezey. Holotype and ten paratypes 


Lephritis swezeyt Bryan............ Holotype 
Tephritis dubautiae Bryan......... Holotype and allotype 
[,EPIDOPTERA. 
Euxoa wikstroemiae Swezey ........ Holotype and one paratype 
Huaoa kerri Swezey .....-......... Holotype and one paratype 
Phytometra violacea Swezey ........ Holotype 
Omiodes giffardi Swezey ........... Holotype 
Celerio perkinst Swezey............ Holotype 
Mestolobes chrysomolybdoides Swezey. Holotype and one paratype 
Mestolobes quadrifasciata Swezey.... Holotype and three paratypes 
Capua tetraplasandra Swezey ....... Holotype and one paratype 
Capua reynoldsiana Swezey ......... Holotype and five paratypes 
Semnoprepia pittosport Swezey...... Holotype and two paratypes 
Semnoprepia coprosmae Swezey ..... Holotype and six paratypes 
Gracilaria neraudicola Swezey ...... Holotype and five paratypes 
Opostega callosa Swezey ........... Holotype and one paratype 
Opostega serpentina Swezey ........ Holotype and one paratype 
Opostega filiforma Swezey ......... Holotype 
Opostega peleana Swezey .......... Yolotype 
HOMOPTERA. 
Trioza ohiacola Crawford........... Holotype 
Trioza hawatiensis Crawford........ Holotype 
Trioza lanaiensis Crawford ......... ‘Lolotype 
irnioga pullata, CrawLords 2... 1.4 Holotype 
Kuwayama nigricapita Crawford.... Holotype 
Kuwayama minuta Crawford....... Holotype 
Kuwayama gracilis Crawford....... Holotype 
Hevaheva hyalina Crawford ........ Holotype 
Hevaheva giffardi Crawford ........ Holotype 


Megatrioza palmicola Crawford..... Holotype 


EAD 


Cerotrioza bivittata Crawford ...... Holotype 
Dictyophorodelphax praedicta 
Sri chive Cli mess, «\esare tore) aetevousear sts: Ayes iefev one Holotype, allotype, and eight 
types 


COLEOPTERA. 


Nesithmysus bridwelli Perkins ...... Holotype and one paratype 

Nesithmysus forbesti Perkins ....... Holotype 

Nesithmysus haasii Perkins......... Holotype 

Plagithmysus platydesmae Perkins .. Holotype 

Plagithmysus swezeyi Perkins....... Holotype 

Clytarlus indecens Perkins.......... Holotype and three paratypes 

Neoclytarlus euphorbiae Bridwell.... Holotype, allotype, and four 
types. 

Xyletobius timberlokei Perkins...... Holotype and one paratype 

Scricotrogus bryant Swezey.....-... Holotype 

Stenommatus musae Marshall....... Four paratypes 

Proterhinus swezeyi Perkins........ Holotype 

Proterhinus impressiscutis Perkins. .. Holotype 

Proterhinus bridwelli Perkins ....... Holotype 

Proterhinus euphorbiae Perkins..... Holotype and four paratypes 

Proterhinus ewops Perkins .......... Holotype and eight paratypes 

Proterhinus asteliae Perkins........ Holotype and eleven paratypes 

Proterhinus abnormis Perkins....... Holotype and eight paratypes 

Proterhinus phyllobius Perkins...... Holotype and seven paratypes 

Proterhinus fuscicolor Perkins ...... Holotype and six paratypes 


HyMENOPTERA. 


Odynerus litoralis Giffard .......... Holotype and allotype ; 
Odynerus monas var. aeneus Giffard. Holotype 

Odynerus kauensis Giffard.......... Holotype 

Odynerus perkinst Giffard .......... Holotype and allotype 

Odynerus koolauensis Giffard ....... Holotype and allotype 

Melanocrabro discrepans Giffard .... Holotype 

Megachile timberlakei Cockerell..... Two paratypes 

Itoplectis immigrans Timberlake .... Holotype, allotype, and two paratypes 
Optus lantanae Bridwell............ Holotype and allotype 

Microbracon pembertoni Bridwell .... Holotype and allotype 

Microbracon terryi Bridwell......... Holotype and allotype 

Microbracon swezeyi Bridwell....... Holotype and allotype 

Hormiopterus vagrans Bridwell..... Holotype, allotype, and two paratypes 
Silaon rohweri Bridwell............ Polotype and allotype 


Scleroderma immigrans Bridwell .... Holotype 


para- 


para- 


Sclerodermus semnoprepiae Bridwell. Holotype, allotype, and one paratype 
Sclerodermus chilonellae Bridwell ... Holotype and allotype 


Sclerodermus muiri Bridwell........ Holotype 


176 


Sclerodermus tantalus Bridwell..... Holotype 
Sclerodermus manoa Bridwell....... Holotype 
Sierola distincta Fullaway.......... Ten paratypes 
Sierola armata Fullaway ........... Two paratypes 
Sierola voleanica Fullaway......... One paratype 
Srerola acuta Fullaway............. Two paratypes 
Sierola notabilis Fullaway.......... Two paratypes 
Sierola sima Fullaway.......... -.- One paratype 
Sierola spicata Fullaway........... Three paratypes 
Sierola giffardi Fullaway........... One paratype 
Sierola muri Fullaway......-...-.. One paratype 
Sierola bicolor Fullaway .......... - One paratype 
Sierola aristoteliae Fullaway........ One paratype 
Sierola levis Pullaway........+..... One paratype 
Sierola peleana Fullaway ..........-. One paratype 
Sierola usitata Fullaway .......... - Two paratypes 
Sterola koa Wullawaiy co...) se One paratype 
Sierola pilosa Fullaway ........... - One paratype 
Sierola megalognatha Fullaway..... One paratype 
Sierola tantalea Fullaway.......... One paratype 
Sierola compacta Fullaway ......... One paratype 
Sierola longicaudata Fullaway ...... Cne paratype 
Sierola laticeps Fullaway........... Five paratypes 
Sierola timberlakei Fullaway........ Two paratypes 
Sierola pulchra Fullaway........... Seven paratypes 
Sierola pubescens Fullaway......... Three paratypes 
Sierola seminigra Fullaway......... One paratype 
Sierola fuscupes Wullaway.......... Two paratypes 
Sierola callida Fullaway............ One paratype 
Sierola brunneipes Fullaway ........ One paratype 
Sierola arida Fullaway........... -.One paratype 
Sierola brunnea Fullaway.........-. One paratype 
Sierola hirsuta Fullaway ......... .. Three paratypes 
Sierola koolauensis Fullaway........ One paratype 
Sierola capuana Fullaway.......... One paratype 
Sterola lugens Fullaway............ One paratype 
Sierola, gracilariae Fullaway ........ One paratype 
Sierola kadwana Fullaway .......... One paratype 
Sierola cryptophlebiae Fullaway ..... One paratype 
Sierola polita Fullaway ..... 22... One paratype 
Sierola opogonae Fullaway ......... One paratype 
Sierola batrachedrae Fullaway ...... Two paratypes 
Sierola puuwaawaa Fullaway....... One paratype 
Sierola amica Fullaway............ One paratype 
Sierola adumbrata Fullaway ........ One paratype 
Sicrola nemorensis Fullaway........ One paratype 


Sierola bridwelli Fullaway.......... One paratype 


Sierola philodoriae Fullaway........ One paratype 
Sierola planiceps Fullaway......... One paratype 
Sierola hirticeps Fullaway.......... One paratype 
Sierola nitens Fullaway ............ One paratype 
Srerola brunneiventris Fullaway..... One paratype 
Sierola perottetiae Fullaway ........ One paratype 
Anagyrus nigricornis Timberlake .... Holotype, allotype, and ten paratypes 
Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake....... Holotype, allotype, and fifteen para- 
types 
Anagyrus antoninae Timberlake..... Nolotype, allotype, and ten paratypes 


Aanthoencyrtus apterus Timberlake. . Holotype, allotype, and two paratypes 
Naithoencyrtus semiflavus 


Rit oaTlof=yil Wickens Pei Rees Cure eee Holotype 
Xanthoencyrtus sanguineus 
Mama erlaker sin -c4 (1s severe eres csenscrs Holotype, allotype, and six paratypes 
Xaithoencyrtus laysanensis 
Pimiberlakke: 2g)2 <<< <item a ais)o's cies one Holotype and allotype 
Xanthoencyrtus bridwelli 
EDIMIDETIABG, cscs Voce o Sissies. o.n Sie Holotype, allotype, and six paratypes 
Xanthoencyrtus semiluteus 
AN trdoyord Eclat Sea ee na mR Holotype, allotype, and three para- 
types 
Xanthoencyrtus fullawayi 
ilimipenlalkceumj-pterrra a erie a tees eiele Holotype 
Pauridia peregrina Timberlake...... Holotype, allotype and eleven para- 
types 
Coelopencyrtus odyneri Timberlake. . Holotype, allotype, and fourteen para- 
types 
Coelopencyrtus swezeyi Timberlake .. Holotype, allotype, and fourteen para- 
types 
Coelopencyrtus orbi Timberlake ..... Holotype, allotype, and fourteen para- 
types 
Quaylea aliena Timberlake.......... Holotype, allotype, and two paratypes 
Aphycomorpha araucariae 
PTs CLL AKC cr. cetescs = cycle a sos ete . Holotype, allotype, and six paratypes 
Anicetus annulatus Timberlake...... Holotype, allotype, and two paratypes 
Plagiomerus hospes Timberlake ..... Holotype and two paratypes 
Anabrolepis extranea Timberlake... . Holotype 
NXesmatia flavipes Timberlake....... Holotype and one paratype 
Encyrtus barbatus Timberlake...... Holotype, allotype, and three para- 
types 


P. H. TIMBERLAKE, Custodian. 






Ce ‘ es _ 

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n ny \ v8 i ae ee = oe 








oP 


oe : 





CONTENTS OF VOL. V, NO. 1. 


Notes AND EXHIBITIONS: 


Peabeiciier MMSE Che Ss crete tha Whe alaty late Wo ame Rep ate home 
PCTAE UPA Westin Bi pete de! seals ate tele es GEM ay eran Cse! a oar ciate egies ts 
March PUN) We Athi Sets URL Phy aa tIa ya th alic Ai IO ats Tat aaa Be 
April Ae RC STR Wk At ede ORR Rp SOD a ee 
June VAIL IN Fat S008 No AYES Rea 2 Aa RAP RAT as 
July Pea Ay Uta Meh, Ela atta ay ts fel vcs saat eating Vem ee 
August pet Medea: erent ideas ss ie Muprmetiar prvi Yoda wl ences Boa gy! 
SEPLORIDEN Ty Ler Aten OAS crac sere at fytara elas Miah cca tema iebal or eae 
October CARD ie che det aetna te a Ppa et ED AIO A Fes dN as 
MGVEMDER ET) Le kite aire ee Uke aie dae aetah eters wean. Uner4 
BICGET eT) cue ae rea sty tetas: pin) acai etait ih oe AGES stabs 


Resolutions and Appreciation of the Work of Mr. Albert 
| fo ol a Pa RC AI RTM Sto RSET) RO pT RS RAT ee I 


Riection of Officers: fot 1922.8 hes Cite eee a 


Types in the Collection of the Hawaiian Entomological 
RIEU e eG sta a Mien cds aM. Gic, ceba Matai Shane Rae Soap alal amt aes 


insmiotant ecomls. tor, 19ST is. sien os ce'e saben seek pe ate 


PAPERS. 
CHILTON, CHARLES: 


Notes on the Isopod Known as Geoligia perkinsi Doll- 
1k GAN By 00 a ee IP aa EM ty Sor pF A Oe 


FuLLAway, D. T.: 
Notes:on ’ Immicrant: Coleoptera; oo... oss vag sok. 


GIFFARD, W. M.: 

Observations on Lithurgus albofimbriatus and Xylocopa 
varipuncta (Hymenoptera) ...... OPI Pate OE 

Notes and Observations on Parandra puncticeps Sharp 
BRaleontcesd py. hos ass cob hres ees aba ate sa yale 

The Distribution and Island Endemism of Hawaiian 
Delphacidae Seapast Bey, with Additional Lists of 
their Food-Plants . Pulses eNecede ard state kia 


KANNAN, K. KunuI: 
Conditions of Entomological Work in India.......... 


174 


83 


75 


53 


118 


Muir, F.: ; 
A New Hawaiian Delphacid (Homoptera)........... 87 
An laterestins) Wew, Derbid Genus... hi...) es. . “9 
New and Little-Known Hawaiian Delphacidae (Hor- 
RNS Tay) fave ae Ene) rr a ea a a, aR a) 91 
RoHWER, S. A.: 
Description of a Cuckoo-Wasp from the Hawaiian it 
Islands’ (4a'ymenoptera) .').keoc ee ade al kegs 67" 
Swezey, O. H.: 
~ Insects Attacking Ferns in the Hawaiian Islands...... 57 
Insect Collecting in Zero Weather in Illinois......... 55 


TIMBERLAKE, P. H.: 
Identity of the Hawaiian Carpenter Bee of the Genus 
Xylocopa: (Hymenoptera)... 024. 42/9 48 ike os 51 
Observations on the Phenomena of Heredity in the 
Ladybeetle Coelophora inaequalis Fab. (Coleoptera) 121 
Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hawaiian 


Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), III ...... CE ee ie Se 135 
Notes on the Identity and Habits of Blepyrus insularis 
Cam:) (Tiynaenoptera,, Chaleidomea yi iasoi i foe 167 


Van Dyke, E. C.: 
A Study of the Lucanid Coleoptera of the Hawaiian 


Debary ss 5G 7 A PR er ORE eg Oe BUA A 39 
A New Species of Rhyncogonus from the Hawaiian 
Islands (Coleoptera, Rhynchophora) ....:......... 49 


et ae 






SEPTEMBER, 1923 





VoL. V. No. 2 







PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


HAWAIIAN 
ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SUCTE LY. 


FOR THE YEAR 1922 














HONOLULU, HAWAII 
PRICE 75 CENTS 






' OFFICERS 1922 


AP EG EDS ED ING Ds ie er ooral cy enone cl syalschePeteive, al sperchsnenetay eke feteys ic raiencyeS orantie H. T. OSBORN 
VICE-PRESEDEINGD Aves aaicie oss: Vafeiteusl SRehetonne te eva ei ID YT Mb MO LILY ANG 
SHCRH TARY - TREASURERS |. 3 islets. dele cele eleut ses cieis H. F. WILLARD 
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF  } W. M. GIFFARD 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Fa hain Cal | D. L. CRAWFORD 
DITOR OES PROGHE DINGS. crc cle lstens cies tutiole sole alate O. H. SWEZEY 
UTES RUA TEA RIN ear aiea anne chodiaitstigteen. s tajere esedey otal she one) che P. H. TIMBERLAKE 
CUSTODIAN OF INSECT COLLECTION........ P. H. TIMBERLAKE 


MEMBERSHIP 1922 


Bissell, T. L. Pemberton, C. E. 
Bryan, E. H., Jr. *Perkins, R. C. L. 
Carter, G. R. Potter, W. R. R. 
Crawford, D. L. Rosa, J. 
Ehrhorn, E. M. *Sharp, D. 
Fullaway, D. T. Swezey, O. H. 
Giffard, W. M. Tenney, E. D. 
Holmes, H. Timberlake, P. H. 
Ilingworth, J. F. Whitney, L. A. 
*Koebele, A. Wiler, G. P. 
Muir, F. Willard, H. F. 
*Newell, Bro. Matthias Williams, F. X. 
Osborn, H. T. 








* Honorary Members. 


All correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary, Hawaiian 
Entomological Society, Honolulu, Hawaii, from whom copies of the Pro- 
ceedings may be purchased. 


Volume I of the Proceedings, for 1905-07 (in five numbers), contains 
210 pages, 4 plates, and 5 text figures. 


a 


Volume II, 1908-12 (in five numbers), contains 311 pages, 7 plates, 


5 euts, and 1 portrait. 


Volume III, 1913-1917 (in five numbers), contains 500 pages, 8 plates, 
and 6 ¢euts. 


Volume IV, 1918-1920 (in three numbers), contains 610 pages, 10 plates, 
and 25 euts. 


Volume V, No. 1, 1922, contains 177 pages, 3 plates, and 25 cuts. 


Price per volume, $2. Price of any single number of Volume I-III, 
50 cents. Price of any single number of Volume IV and V, 75 cents. 








PRO CE WON GS 


OF THE 


Hawaiian Entomological Society 








Vor. V..No- 2. For THE YEAR 1922. SEPTEMBER, 1923 








JANUARY 35,1922. 


The 195th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawatian Sugar 
Planters’ Association. Members present, besides Vice-President 
Fullaway, who presided, were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Ehrhorn, 
Giffard, Hlingworth, Muir, Rosa, Swezey, Soon, ‘Timberlake, 
Wilder, and Willard. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

The Secretary reported that the Executive Committee had 
made the following appointments: Curator of Insects and Libra- 
rian, Mr. P. H. Timberlake; Editor of the Proceedings, Mr. 
O. H. Swezey. 


PAPER READ, 
“The Leaf-Miners of Pipturus (Lepidoptera).” 
BY 0. H. SWEZEY. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 
Exhibition of a large collection of insects from Kokee, Kauai, 
August, 1921, by O. H. Swezey. 


Fossil Insects—Mr. Muir exhibited a pamphlet, entitled 
“Mesozoic Insects of Queensland,” by Dr. R. J. Tillyard. He 
called attention particularly to the excellence of the photographs, 
in which the veins and even the hairs on the insect wings were 
easily discernible. 


Supella supellectiium (Serv.).—Mr. Bryan exhibited a speci- 
men of this recently introduced Australian roach, which was 


180 


captured January 3, 1922, in the cottage of Colonel Clark at the 
Kamehameha Boys’ School, Honolulu, by Miss Clark. 


Plagithmysus munroi (a correction). — Mr. Swezey called 
attention to Nos. 5 and 6 in Dr. Perkins’ paper on Plagithmy- 
sides (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IV, 996, 1921), and to the fact 
that the name of the species had been omitted in the manuscript. 
A surmised determination as P. munrot was supplied in a foot- 
note. Recently the specimens were returned by Dr. Perkins, and 
these, Nos. 5 and 6, were found to be labeled P. concolor, hence, 
this is the name to be supplied for notes 5 and 6 in the paper. 


PEBRUARY 271922: 


The 196th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, and was presided over by Vice-President 
D. T. Fullaway. Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, 
Bryan, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Illingworth, Muir, Rosa, Soon, Swezey, 
Timberlake, and Willard. Mr. W. H. Cowdry was a visitor. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 
PAPERS. 


“The Erythrina Twig-Borer (Terastia meticulosalis) in 
Hawaii (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera).” 
BY O. H. SWEZEY. 
“Notes on Diptera Occurring in Hawaii.” 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


“Description of Two Flies Attacking Lantana (Diptera).” 


BY DR. J. M. ALDRICH. 
(Presented by Mr. Swezey.) 


* “Preliminary Notes on Pseudoscorpions.” 


BSG FE. El SBR YANG yi 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 


Synthesiomyia brasiliana—Mr. Wlingworth exhibited speci- 





* Withdrawn from publication. [Ed.] 


181 


mens of this fly, and masses of its pupa cases. He called atten- 
tion to its peculiar habit of pupation, consisting of forming its 
puparia among the hair on the carcass of its host, so near to- 
gether that, after their emergence, the holes resemble honey- 
comb. 


Scymnus sp—Mr. Timberlake reported the discovery of a 
new Coccinellid, which has been confused in collections with the 
so-called Rhysobius ventralis, which it resembles in size and 
coloration. This species agrees in many respects with the Aus- 
tralian species Scymnus varipes (Blackburn), but is apparently 
distinct. It is almost unquestionably one of the species intro- 
duced by Koebele years ago from Australia, and may have been 
confused at the time of introduction with the so-called ventralis. 
The specimens exhibited were all taken in the mountains back 
of Honolulu from Pacific Heights and Konahuanui to Kuliouou. 
The earliest collected specimen seen was taken January 1, 1905, 
on Tantalus, by Mr. Giffard. 


Lindorus sp.—Mr. Timberlake called attention to the fact that 
the Coccinellid, passing under the name of Rhyzobius ventralis 
in both California and the Hawaiian Islands, is evidently not 
the species described by Erichson. Both it and the true ven- 
tralis belong to the genus Lindorus. 


Sinoxylon conigerum.—Mr. Fullaway exhibited specimens of 
this beetle, which is doing damage to lead cables on the islands 
of Maui and Hawaii. 


Epagoge infaustana.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a series of this 
Tortricid moth, reared frony larvae on Pipturus, collected in 
Makaleha Valley, January 8, 1922. Dr. Perkins collected this 
moth abundantly on Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii, but not 
on Oahu. Mr. Swezey had previously reared a few specimens 
from larvae boring in the tips of twigs of Pipturus on Tantalus. 
One tree was found in Makaleha Valley on which were hun- 
dreds of the larvae. They were feeding on the leaves, skeletoniz- 
ing them, and hiding in webbed-together leaves at the tip, or a 
bit of the turned-over edge. They pupated in similar places. A 
score or so of leaves with larvae were collected, and from these 
twenty-two moths issued January 19 to 28, and two of the para- 


182 


site, Cremastus hymeniae. This adds another to the large 
number of hosts of this parasite. 


Lantana Flies —Mr. Swezey exhibited paratypes of two flies 
as recently returned to him by Dr. Aldrich. One of the flies is 
the lantana stem gall-fly, Eutreta vanthochaeta n. sp., the other 
the lantana seed fly, Agromyza lantanae Froggatt. 


Kelisia paludum.—Mr. Swezey exhibited this little Delphacid, 
collected by him at Honaunau, Hawaii, August 13, 1919. Quite 
a series were collected at the time from a low sedge in a brackish 
place at about sea-level. The specimens had recently been deter- 
mined by Mr. Muir. It is the first record on any other of the 
Hawaiian Islands except Oahu and Laysan. 


Asya luteipes—Mr. Swezey reported observing this lady 
beetle very abundant on a hau tree at the sea coast south of the 
Magnetic Station at Sisal, Oahu, January 29, 1922. A score or 
more could be seen at one time resting on the under side of the 
leaves of an isolated tree. He had never seen so many of this 
lady beetle before. 


Chrysopa sp.—The immigrant lace-wing fly, which has been 
known the past two years on Oahu, was reported by Mr. Swezey 
as being very numerous on wiliwili trees on the Ewa coral plain 
south of Sisal. Their cocoons were most abundant, being found 
on the leaves, and also in the opened pods, many of which were 
hanging on the tree. Two to six of the cocoons were found 
together in some of the pods. A few larvae were also seen, and 
an adult has issued from the cocoons brought in, which proves 
the identity of the insect. Pseudococcus virgatus was present 
and had probably been the food of the insect. 


North American Trypetidae——Mr. Bryan exhibited specimens 
from this family with the following note: In order to have 
authentic specimens of Eutreta sparsa Wied. to compare with 
our lantana gall-fly, several mainland entomologists were appealed 
to. A series of ten specimens were received at the Bishop 
Museum from Dr. C. W. Johnson, Dr. W. E. Britton, and the 
United States National Museum, the specimens having been 
collected in Massachusetts, Connecticut, White Mountains, North 
Carolina, and California. 


183 


Dr. Johnson forwarded also a collection of typical eastern 
Trypetidae, with notes as follows: “Eutreta sparsa Wied. infests 
Solidago, forming swellings on the new shoots near the ground. 
The galls are figured in ‘Thompson’s ‘Illustrated Catalogue of 
American Insect Galls,’ p. 55, pl. 10, fig. 315. I enclose a Cali- 
fornia specimen. The western examples seem to differ somie- 
what from the eastern, and I sometimes wonder if they are 
really the same. Eutreta diana O. S. form galls on Artemesia. 
In the allied genus Eurosta, two closely related species will form 
very different galls.or attack two species of plants. Eurosta 
solidaginis (Fitch) forms a large, globose gall on the stalks of 
Solidago, far above the ground. Eurosta reticulata Snow makes 
an elongate gall at the base of new growth. Eurosta comma 
(Wied.) makes a peanut-like gall on the roots of Solidago 
rugosa. Eurosta elsa makes about the same shaped galls on the 
roots of Solidago juncea, according to Daecke, Ent. News, 
ve Sop G4 pr 10, 1910” 

In addition to specimens of these species, Dr. Johnson for- 
warded to the Museum specimens of Straussia longipennis 
(Wied.) ; Acidia fratria (Loew) ; Oedaspis atra Loew; Rhago- 
letis pomonella (Walsh), the apple maggot; Aciura insecta 
(Loew); Icterica seriata (Loew); Tephritis albiceps Loew; 
Euaresta bella (Loew); and Trypeta palposa Loew. 

Mr. W. H. Cowdry, a visitor, made a few remarks. He stated 
that, although he had not attended an entomological meeting 
for fifty years, he was one of the first members of the Ento- 
mological Society of Canada. He had been to North China col- 
lecting botanical specimiens, and found that the lack of forests 
there made the number of species of insects very small. 


MARCH 2, 1922. 


The 197th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, with Vice-President Fullaway presiding. 
Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Giffard, 
Illingworth, Muir, Rosa, Swezey, Timberlake, Wilder, and 
Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


184 


PAPERS: 


* “Some of the Early References to Hawaiian Entomology.” 
BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


EXHIBITS. 


Stomatoceras hakonense Ashmead.—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited 
two females of this species, which were collected by Mr. Whit- 
ney in a log from Japan during the course of his quarantine 
work. The specimens had apparently crawled into crevices of 
the log to hibernate, and their discovery after the log reached 
Honolulu is another illustration of the many ways that insects 
may be widely distributed by commerce. 


Eutreta sparsa and Eutreta vranthochaeta—Mr. Muir exhibited 
mounted genitalia showing the distinctive characters of these 
two flies. 


Plagithmysus perkinsi Sharp.—Larvae of this beetle taken in 
Myoporum sandwicense in the region of the volcano in August, 
1920, were brought to Honolulu in the wood and kept until 
February, 1922, when three specimens emerged, which were 
exhibited by Mr. Giffard. One was a perfect specimen, and 
another partially so, portions of the elytra having been eaten by 
the ant, Pheidole megacephala. The third specimen was quite 
eaten by ants, excepting one elytra and part of one hind leg. 


Cane-borer caught by English sparrow.—Mr. Swezey reported 
having observed an English sparrow fly up and catch something 
on the wing, and take it to the ground to eat it. He succeeded 
in frightening away the sparrow and secured the remains of its 
feast, which proved to be an adult cane-borer beetle. Score 
another for the sparrow! 


Heliothis obsoleta——Mr. Swezey exhibited two moths reared 
from caterpillars found feeding on the blossoms of Sida cordi- 
folia at Kaimuki, January 31, 1922. Ten of the caterpillars were 
found, but eight of them yielded parasites instead of moths, 
giving 80 per cent parasitization. Twenty-seven of the parasites, 
a Tachinid fly (Frontina archippivora), issued February 16-23. 
The moths issued February 24 and 28. 





* Withdrawn from publication. 


185 


The caterpillars of this moth are known as the cotton boll 
worm and corn ear worm in thé Southern States; but in Hawaii 
they have not been recorded as injurious to these plants. Mr. 
Swezey reported that he tried the above caterpillars on green 
sweet corn and the corn was voraciously eaten by them. It is 
not understood why corn in the field has not been reported 
attacked by these caterpillars. The fact that they are so highly 
parasitized as above, indicates that they are sufficiently controlled 
by the Tachinids. No doubt the eggs are also somewhat attacked 
by Peniarthron flavum. 


Gitonides perspicax Knab and Titanochaeta ichneumon \nab. 
—hMr. Swezey mentioned for record that these two flies had 
been described by Knab in Ins. Inse. Menstruus in 1914 from 
specimens sent him by Swezey. These had escaped being entered 
in Hawaiian literature. 


Monopis meliorella (Walk.) and Crypsithyris enixa Meyrick. 
—Mr. Swezey exhibited these two moths which he had had 
determined by Mr. Meyrick, from specimens sent him recently. 
They had been collected in Kaimuki by Timberlake and Swezey, 
and are immigrants of which this is the first record. 


Megastigmus sp.—Mr. Fullaway reported the capture, Feb- 
ruary 13, 1922, on the window of the laboratory at Government 
Nursery of a species of Megastigmus. Some of the species ot: 
this genus of Chalcid flies are seed-eating in the larval state. 


Introduced Staphylinid—Mr. Fullaway reported also the re- 
covery on February 12, 1922, at Moanalua Dairy of the Staphy- 
linid, Creophilus erythrocephalus, introduced by Mr. Illingworth 
from Australia in September, 1921, and since multiplied and 
distributed in the Territory. 

Recently determined Coleoptera—Mr. Fullaway also reported 
receiving the following identifications of introduced Coleoptera 
from Mr. G. E. Bryant of the British Museum. 

Carabidae. 

Bembidium sp. 

Perigona nigriceps (De}j.). 
Hydrophilidae. 

Cercyon sp. 


186 


Trogositidae. 
Lophocateres pusillus (Klug). 


Cleridae. 
Thaneroclerus buqueti (Lefevre). 


ATR Be @, 1922. ‘ 


The 198th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place, and was presided over by Vice- 
President Fullaway. Other members present were Messrs. Bis- 
sell, Bryan, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Illingworth, Muir, Rosa, Soon, 
Swezey, Timberlake, and Willard. Mr. N. H. Cowdry was a 
visitor. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


PAPERS; 


“The Insect Fauna of Hen Manure.” 
BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


“On the Classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera).” 


BY he OUR: 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Diocalandra taitensis—Mr. Bissell exhibited the pupal cham- 
ber and channels of a beetle, which were made in the husk of 
a dry coconut, and were evidently the work of D. taitensis. He 
stated that this coconut had been found at the home of Mr. 
Charles H. Bellina on Waialae Bay, April 2, 1922. This beetle 
has been previously found in the Hawaiian Islands only on the 
island of Hawaii, and this record would indicate that it is now 
on the island of Oahu. 


Allograpta obliqua—Mr. Swezey reported finding this new 
immigrant Syrphid fly abundant in the Hamakua district of 
Hawaii in March, 1922. Specimens were secured in several 
places: Honokaa; on hibiscus at the manager’s house at Paau- 
hau; and along roads where there was guava and lantana, 500 
to 1000 feet elevation at Ookala. 


NXiphidiopsis lita. 





Mr. Swezey reported seeing four speci- 


187 


mens of this new Locustid in the clubhouse at Olaa, March 13, 
1922. This indicates that it is becoming numerous outside of 
Hilo, where it has been known for three years, Olaa being about 
eight miles from Hilo. He also reported that Matthias Newell 
had told him of finding a male at light in Hilo. This is the first 
time the male has been observed, although the females have 
been seen by scores at lights at the Hilo Hotel. 


Amnisolabis eteronoma.—Mr. Swezey reported finding this large 
earwig common in cane fields on Hawaii in March, 1922. It 
was usually under trash, but was also found in the soil while 
digging for wire worms. They were found at Hilo Sugar Com- 
pany, Laupahoehoe, and Honokaa. At the latter place they were 
also found in a rotten log above the cane fields at an elevation 
of about 2000 feet. 


Exillis lepidus—This Anthribid was found very abundant in 
dead Kukui twigs at Kaimuki by Mr. Swezey, March 15, 1922. 
The larvae were feeding in‘the pith of the dead twigs. A few 
pupae were found, and one had matured already, thus demon- 
strating what the insect was. 


Araeocerus fasciculatus—Mr. Swezey reported on the dissec- 
tion of eggs from a female of this beetle, and that they agreed 
with the description given of them by Mr. R. T. Cotton in 
Journal of Agricultural Research, XX, No. 8, p. 607, 1921. 
They were different from the description given by Mr. Swezey 
in Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IV, No. 3, p. 452, 1921. This latter 
description was from eggs that Mr. Swezey had found, and 
surmised them to be those of A. fasciculatus from the circum- 
stances of finding, and the fact that there was no other known 
species of beetle to which they could be referred. Now it is 
certainly known that the aforementioned eggs belong to some- 
thing else, and just what, remains to be discovered. 


Lasioderma serricorne.—The cigarette beetle was reported by 
Mr. Swezey as having been reared from a larva feeding in the 
pulp of a dried litchi nut handed to him by Dr. Lyon. 


Agromyza lantanae—Mr. Swezey reported results of germi- 
nation of lantana seeds that had been infested with maggots of 
this Agromyzid. From 100 infested seeds, retained until after 
emergence of flies, and then planted December 20, 1921, between 


188 


February 18 and April 5, 1922, eighty-two seedling plants were 
obtained. 

As a check, 100 non-infested seeds were similarly planted, 
and ninety-five seedlings were secured. This is a further demon- 
stration of the fact that the Agromyzid does not thoroughly 
destroy the embryos of the lantana seeds. 


Note on fumigation with carbon bisulphid. — Mr. Ehrhorn 
exhibited a dry limb of Paulownia imperiahs from Japan, which 
was imported for use as floats for fish-nets. Upon its arrival, 
this limb contained a nest of ants, and was fumigated with 
carbon bisulphid. He called particular attention to the fact that 
the hollow center of the limb, used by the ants as a nest, had a 
very small entrance hole at one end, through which the carbon 
bisulphid fumes successfully penetrated and killed all of the 
ants during an exposure of forty-eight hours. 


An undetermined fly.*—Mr. Illingworth reported the finding 
of a new fly at Kaimuki. He noticed them flying in a group like 
Syrphid flies, but he had not yet established their identity. 


MAY 4, 1922. 


The 199th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, with Vice-President Fullaway in the chair. 
Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Crawford, Bryan, 
Ehrhorn, Giffard, Ilingworth, Swezey, Timberlake, Rosa, Wil- 
lard, and Williams. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Swezey reported the receipt from the printers, of the 
new indexes for Vols. I and IV of the Proceedings. 


PAPERS. 
“Halobates in Hawaii (Hemiptera).” 
BY E, H. BRYAN, JR. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Tinea pelionella—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of this 





* Later determined by Dr. Aldrich as Limnophora arcuata Stein. [Ed.] 


189 


Tineid reared from a larval case on an old woolen cap, April 7, 
1922. Several of the cases were found, four of them containing 
larvae. Moths reared from these April 27 to May 1, 1922. This 
moth was recorded in the Fauna Hawatiensis, but collections 
here contain no specimens. The present specimen belongs to 
this species. 


Carabid new to Hawaii—Mr. Timberlake exhibited a small 
Carabid beetle captured by Mr. Muir at Puuloa, Oahu, April 10, 
1922, on the ground among sugar-cane. It is an immigrant not 
heretofore seen here. . 


Glyptocolastes bruchivorus——Mr. Bissell exhibited specimens 
of this Bracconid, reared from Mylabris sallaei in Acacia farne- 
siana, collected on Ewa coral plain, April 21, 1922. This is the 
first recovery of this Bruchid parasite, since its introduction 
from Texas in the summer of 1921. 


Nut grass borers—Mr. Williams mentioned two borers in nut 
grass (Cyperus rotundus), taken in the Philippines. One of the 
borers is the larva of a Tortricid moth, determined by Mr. 
Swezey as belonging to the genus Bactra. The other is the 
larva of a small beetle, apparently related to the “bill bugs” in 
the United States. Both species of larvae bore in the stems and 
the corm, but are not an effective check on the nut grass in the 
Philippines. 

Scutigera straba (Wood), The Hawaiian house centipede.— 
Mr. Bryan gave the following synonymy and note on this 
centipede : 


Cermatia straba Wood, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), V, 
pe Lis, L862. 


Scutigera straba Silvestri, Fauna Hawaiiensis, III, p. 323, 
1904. 

A specimen was captured in the Bishop Bank, April 29, and 
presented to the Bishop Museum by Mr. Garvie, teller. It fits 
the description of this, the only Scutigera recorded from 
Hawaii, a translation of the description of which follows: 
_“Fétruginous Cermatia (Scutigera) ; single median line; head 
broad, densely, minutely punctated, and appendages sparsely 
pilose ; broad and long longitudinal depressions in the middle and 


190 


on both sides (of the head), the one curved, before the eyes, 
the other transverse, indistinct, between the eyes; the scuti 
roughened with small spines and minute, close punctures, 
scarcely scaly, posterior edge emarginate, with the margins 
strongly elevated, spiny and crenulate; the legs ferruginous, first 
joint of the metatarsus equal in length to the following seven.” 

It is closely allied to Scutigera forceps Raf., the mainland 
house centipede, recorded in U. S. Dept. Agr. Circe. 48. 


MOINS; 1922) 


The 200th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was called to order at 2:30 p. m. by Vice-President Fullaway, 
at the usual place. In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Tim- 
berlake was appointed by the Chair to act as Secretary pro tem- 
pore. Other members present were Messrs. Bryan, Crawford, 
Ehrhorn, Giffard, lingworth, and Rosa. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


PAPERS: 


“New or Little-Known Crane-Flies from the Hawaiian 
Islands.” 
BY CHARLES P, ALEXANDER. 
(Presented by Mr. Bryan.) 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Dolichopodidae.—Mr. ‘Timberlake exhibited a small collection 
of local Dolichopodidae. Fight species are apparently of immi- 
grant origin and of these, three belong to Psilopus (patellifer 
Thoms., pachygyna Macq., and pallidicornis Grimsh.), and one 
each to Hydrophorus, Medeterus, Asyndetus, Dolichopus, and 
Hypocharassus. The recently described Dolichopus exsul Aldrich 
(Proc: UL S.Nat. Mus61) Art.255 ps ls, * May, 1922) "is very, 
abundant in favorable places in the mountains such as Pauoa 
flats, on Tantalus, and also has been taken in Honolulu. It is 
widely distributed throughout the Islands and has been collected 
on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. Of the endemic 
species about twelve were shown, none of which agrees with 
those described by Grimshaw. 


191 


Nesopimpla naranyae——Mr. Timberlake called attention to a 
recent paper by Cushman (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61, Art. 21, 
p. 9, May, 1922) in which /toplectis immigrans 'Timb. is synony- 
mized with Nesopimpla naranyae Ashmead, which was described 
from Japan in 1906. The parasite may possibly be one of those 
introduced by Koebele in 1896, from Japan, and was first col- 
lected on Oahu by Dr. Perkins in 1901. 


Syagrius fulvitarsis—Mr. Fullaway reported the discovery 
of the fern weevil on Maui by Mr. C. S. Judd, Territorial 
Forester, on May 22, 1922. It was found on the Amaumau fern 
on the lower side of Nahiku ditch between Makapipi and Hanawi 
streams for a distance 300 feet along the ditch, and also in one 
spot at Kapaula near the Nahiku camp. Later, the infestation 
was found to extend about a mile between the Government road 
and the ditch, and to points above the ditch. 

A discussion followed concerning the probable means of inter- 
island dispersion of the fern weevil, with the general agreement 
that it must have been carried by travelers to Hilo from Hono- 
lulu, and probably from Hilo to Maui in potted ferns, fern 
feis2ete: 


JULY 6, 1922. 


The 201st meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association. Owing to the absence of the president 
and vice-president, Mr. Swezey was chosen as chairman. Other 
members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Ehrhorn, Illing- 
worth, Rosa, Timberlake, Wilder, and Willard. Mr. R. Ewart 
was a visitor. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


PAPERS. 


“Notes on Diptera.” 
BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 
Mr. Bryan presented also the following paper, ‘“Undescribed 


Species of Australasian and Oriental Crane-Flies,” by Charles 
P. Alexander. 


192 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Xanthoencyrtus fullawayi—Mr. Timberlake reported the dis- 
covery of this parasite of Pseudococcus calceolariae Maskell, on 
Oahu, two females having recently appeared in a collection of 
the host made in upper Manoa Valley in June, 1922, by Swezey 
and Fullaway. This species has formerly been known only on 
Hawaii. 


Trypoxylon philippinensis—Mr. Swezey reported that he had 
recently received the identification of this wasp from specimens 
sent to Mr. S. A. Rohwer of the United States National 
Museum. This 7Tryporylon was first collected in Honolulu by 
Dr. Hi. Wyon, December 6; 1913) Tris first: recorded’ ui Rroc 
Haw. Ent. Soc., III, p. 66, 1915, where Mr. Swezey reports 
having found its nest in folds of corrugated paper in a packing- 
box at Kaimuki, October, 1914. Specimens reared from this nest 
are reported on page 90 of the same publication. On page 458 
is mention of a nest in glass pipette in chemical laboratory 
which was of this wasp. It was first reported in Hilo, Hawai, 
by Swezey in September, 1918, recorded in Proc. Haw Ent. 
Soc., IV, No. 1, p. 75, 1919. On page 458 of the same volume 
Mr. Williams reported the finding specimens of the same Try- 
poxylon in the Experiment Station, H. S. P. A. collection, that 
were collected in the Philippines (Williams) and Hongkong 


(Terry). 


Sisyrophyta gomphias—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of 
this moth reared from a caterpillar collected by Mr. Ehrhorn 
on a Pisonia tree on Mount Tantalus, April 30. He stated also 
that he had reared two moths from pupae found in soil at the 
base of a Bobea tree in the forest above the cane fields at 
Kukaiau, Hawaii, May 30, 1922. The food plant of this species 
had not previously been known. Apparently it is not confined 
to one ree. 

Micromus vinaceus——Mr. Swezey reported the recovery of 
this introduced Australian Hemerobiid at Paauilo, Hawaii, May 
29, 1922; Niulii, Hawaii, June 6, 1922; Pololu Valley, Hawaii, 
June 8, 1922; and Opaeula, Oahu, April 10, 1921. Mr. Bryan 
has collected it recently on the Na Pali coast of Kauai. 


Polycaon stoutu.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of this 


193 


large Bostrychid beetle sent in by Mr. William Searby, May 22. 
It had issued from an oak table. Another beetle had issued 
from this table a short time previously and had been destroyed. 
This is a California beetle which attacks live oak, maul oak, 
eucalyptus, and almond. It has not been taken previously in 
Hawaii. 

Chaetospila elegans.—Mr. Swezey reported finding this para- 
site in a small package of sorgham seed infested with Calendra 
oryzae at his house in Kaimuki. The package was what was left 
from planting and had been undisturbed for about six weeks. 
When examined October 28, it was found to be badly infested 
with the weevils, many adults being present. Sixteen adults of 
the parasite were secured; also a brachypterous Anthocorid bug 
not seen before. 


Holcobius glabricollis—Mr. Swezey exhibited this Anobiid 
and reported that fourteen beetles had issued from branches of 
dead koa tree brought in by Mr. Williams from the Manoa 
cliffs trail, Tantalus, August 29, 1920. In the Fauna Hawaii- 
ensis, this beetle is recorded as scarce, a very few specimens 
having been taken on Haleakala, Maui, by Mr. Blackburn, and 
on Oahu by Dr. Perkins. In both instances on koa trees. Pos- 
sibly it is attached to this tree. 


Chrysomyia dux Esch. in Australia——Mr. Bryan exhibited a 
male specimen of this Muscid fly, which was captured at Port 
Hacking near Sydney, November 4, 1914, by Musgrave; and 
which was loaned to the Bishop Museum for examination by 
the Australian Museum at Sydney. 


Holocompsa fulva Burm.—Mr. Bryan exhibited another spec- 
imen of this little roach, which was captured in Hilo on dry 
moss by Mr. Matthias Newell. Mr. Illingworth stated that Mr. 
Newell had observed this roach as common about Hilo for a 
number of years. 


Diocaiandra taitensis Guer.—Mr. Bissell exhibited a specimen 
of this coconut weevil which was bred from the base of a dry 
coconut leaf from the grove of Mr. Charles H. Bellina at Kuli- 
ouou, Oahu. This leaf was collected the latter part of April, 
1922, and the beetle emerged during June, being the first speci- 
men collected on Oahu. 


194 


Culex sp.—Mr. Ehrhorn called attention to specimens of a 
mosquito which he collected at Kahala. He reported that this 
species does not make any sound when attacking at night, 
whereas Culex quinquemaculata does make a sound ; and inquired 
if any member of the society had made the same observations. 


Importation of birds—Mr. Ehrhorn reported that the Board 
of Agriculture and Forestry had permitted the landing of six 
peewees for liberation on the Parker Ranch on Hawaii. He 
stated that these birds included in their diet certain soft snails 
in which the liver fluke passes part of its life cycle. 





SERRE MBDRe/ a1922. 


The 202d meeting of the Society was held in the usual place, 
with Vice-President Fullaway presiding. Other members present 
Messrs. Bissell, Crawford, Giffard, Rosa, Swezey, Timberlake, 
and Wilder. In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Swezey was 
appointed secretary pro tem. 

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


PAPERS. 


* “A Study of the Male Genitalia of the Hawaiian Cixiidae 
(Homoptera). Part I. Iolania Kirkaldy.” 
BY WALTER M. GIFFARD. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Exillis lepidus Jordan.—Mr. Fullaway reported that he had 
recently received a letter from Dr. K. Jordan giving this as the 
name for this immigrant Anthribid beetle. It had recently been 
described in The Entomologist, Vol. LV, p. 152, 1922. It is the 
insect mentioned as “A New Anthribid” on page 273, Vol. III 
of. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 1917; and as “Lawsomao-sp.,- Proc. 
Haw. nt: Soc.) Vi, pp. souands7.5, 1927, 


Pheidole megacephala—Mr. Crawford reported the apparent 
scarcity of this ant during the past eight months in Manoa 
Valley. It has been replaced by the tiny yellow ant, Plagiolepis 





* Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. [| Ed. | 


195 


evigua. But lately Pheidole has again become prevalent, and 
Mr. Crawford wondered if the present greater abundance of the 
house-fly was connected with the previous scarcity of the ant, 
as the latter is known to have some control of the house-fly 
maggots. Mr. Giffard also had noticed the prevalence of one or 
another of these ants at various times, Mr. Timberlake men- 
tioned similar observances, and that at one time when he was 
living on Lunalilo Street, the guinea ant was the most preva- 
lent. Mr. Fullaway reported the presence in great abundance of 
the yellow ant on mealy-bug material used in breeding lady- 
beetles, but that it caused no interference or injury, it merely 
living on sweets—the honeydew in connection with the mealy- 
bugs. 


Synonymy of the Fuller's Rose Beetle—Mr. Muir, at present 
in England, sent the following note on the synonymy of this 
beetle: In Bull. Soc. Ent., France, 1922, No. 8, p. 100, Hus- 
tache points out that our Fuller’s rose beetle (Aramigus fulleri 
Horn) is the same as Pantomorus godmani (Crotch). Both 
Mr. Chapman and Dr. Marshall have examined Crotch’s type 
and agree with Hustache. Our species must, therefore, be 
known in future as Pantomorus godmani (Crotch). The fol- 
lowing synonymy and distribution is given by Hustache: 


Pantomorus godmani (Crotch). 

Asynonychus godmani Crotch, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, pp. 388, 
389, pl. 23, fig. 9. 

Aramigus fulleri Horn, Proe. Am. Phil. Soe., XV, p. 94, 1876. 

Pantomorus olindae Perkins, Fauna Hawaiiensis, I, p. 130, 1900. 

Pantomorus fullert Champion, Biol. Cent. Amer., IV, 3, p. 333, pl. 15, 
fig. 19, 1911. 

Naupactus ovulum Tek. in litt. 

? Naupactus subvittatus Fairm, and Germ., Col. Chili, II, p. 7, 1861. 


Distribution: California, Mexico, Brazil, Chili, Azores, Por- 
tugal, Sicily, and Hawaiian Islands. It is considered of Ameri- 
can origin, and was evidently introduced into the other regions 
named. 


Mr. Fullaway called to attention that this synonymy is given 


by Champion in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, (3) 
VIII, p. 161, 1922. 


Perkinsiella saccharicida and P.*insignis—Mr. Muir sent this 


196 


note on these leafhoppers, from examination of material in the 
British Museum: In looking through unworked material at the 
British Museum, I found three specimens of Perkinsiella Wirk. 
Two of the specimens are P. saccharicida Kirk., one from 
Merebank, Natal (C. P. V. D. Merwe, I-2-18), and the other 
from Mauritius (J. E. M. Brown). The third specimen is 
P. insigmis (Dist.) from Accra, Gold Coast (J. W. Scott Macfie, 
November, 1920). It is possible that P. saccharicida has been 
taken to Mauritius and Natal with sugar-cane. As no damage 
due to this insect has ever been reported from those regions, we 
must presume that parasites keep it in check. 


Allograpta obliqua (Say ).—Mr. Giffard reported that in July 
and August he captured a large series of both sexes of this 
Syrphid fly flying over the flowers of Sweet Alyssum at twenty- 
nine miles, Olaa, near Kilauea, Hawaii. This fly was recorded 
on February 5, 1920, by Timberlake (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 
IV, 3, p. 456, 1921) as a new immigrant on Oahu. In October, 
1920, Swezey also reported it from Kauai. It has not yet been 
reported from other islands than the above. Other Syrphids 
taken at the same time at or near Kilauea were: Volucella obesa 
Fab., Eristalis tenar L,, HE. punctulatus Macq., and Xantho- 
gramma grandicorne Macq. E. tenax was very abundant every- 
where in the neighborhood, but the others were only seen 
occasionally. 


Scotorythra hyparcha Meyr.—Mr. Giffard remarked on the 
overabundance of this nocturnal moth at lights in the Kilauea 
region for the past four or five months. The verandahs and 
porches of the Volcano House and residences in the neighbor- 
hood have been overrun by this moth, possibly 90 per cent of 
the number seen nightly being males. At the hotel, the nightly 
flight was so annoying to guests that the servants were called 
upon to use the vacuum cleaner to sweep the ceilings and walls 
free of these pests. During twelve years and frequent visits 
he had never seen such an invasion of that or any other species 
of moth as occurred this summer. 


Kelisia paludum.—Mr. Giffard reported the collecting of a 
large series of both sexes and nymphs of this Delphacid on a 
patch of Juncus sp. near the’ beach at Naapoopoo, Kealakekua, 


LOZ 


S. Kona, Hawaii, August 1, 1922. The male genitalia agree 
perfectly with the Oahu form, but the coloration of this Kona 
form is much darker than those from Oahu, and is nearer in 
color to the Fijian form described by Muir. Mr. Swezey 
reported having collected this same Delphacid in August, 1919, 
on a small swamp sedge at Honaunau, which is only a few miles 
further south than where Mr. Giffard’s specimens were collected. 


Mediterranean fruit-fly—Mr. Wilder exhibited some small 
green apples grown on a tree near the Territorial prison at 
Kalihi, -which he suspected were infested with the Mediter- 
ranean fruit-fly. So far nothing but Drosophilids had been bred 
from them. Mr. Crawford mentioned that there appeared re- 
cently in a California horticultural journal the report that larvae 
and pupae of the Mediterranean fruit-fly had been found in a 
package containing avocadoes, but marked “groceries,” that had 
been received at Los Angeles through the mail from Honolulu. 
This was followed by a general discussion on fruit-flies and 
the methods of quarantine against them prevalent in California. 


Pink Boll-worm.—Mr. Fullaway stated that what was appar- 
ently this pest had been reported by Simmonds in Fiji. 


Zoraptera sp.—Mr. Fullaway reported collecting this remark- 
able insect at Kokee, Kauai, where Mr. Swezey first discovered 
it last year. He secured what he took to be a winged form of it. 


Pontia rapae—Mr. Swezey reported seeing one or more cab- 
bage butterflies flying on board the steamship ‘ Wilhelmina,” 
September 4 and 5, being the last two days of the voyage of 
the steamer from San Francisco to Honolulu. A butterfly was 
seen on four different occasions, but it could not be determined 
whether there were that many different individuals or if it was 
the same individual observed that many times. As there were 
crates of cabbages on the deck of the steamer, it is inferred that 
the butterflies seen had issued from chrysalids that were among 
the cabbage leaves. This demonstrates how some of the immi- 
grant insects could have arrived, and it is very probable that 
the Syrphid fly, Allograpta obliqua, came in just this way, as its 
larvae feed on plant lice, and cabbages are often infested with 
them. 


198 


OCTOBER: dh1922: 


The 203d meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association. Vice-President D. T. Fullaway occupied 
the chair. Other members in attendance were Messrs. Bryan, 
Crawford, EKhrhorn, Illingworth, Rosa, Swezey, Timberlake, and 
Willard. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


It was with deep regret that the members learned of the 
death;.on jAueust 27, 1922, ot Dr. David Sharp, on London; 
England, who was an honorary member of this society. 

Upon motion of Mr. Swezey, it was unanimously voted to 
appoint Mr. Giffard as a committee to draft proper resolutions 
on the death of Dr. Sharp. 


PAPERS, 


orl 


“Insects from the Summit of Mauna Kea.” 
BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 


“Review of Dr. Heinrich Karny’s Der Insektenkorper und 
seine Terminologie.” 


BY E. H, BRYAN, JR. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Diptera. — Dr. Illingworth gave further notes on Diptera, 
explaining corrections by Dr. Aldrich and Major Patton in the 
determinations of several species of Diptera mentioned in a 
paper, entitled “Notes on Diptera Occurring in the Hawaiian 
Islands,” and which has been previously recorded in these 
Proceedings. 


Diocalandra taitensis (Guern.)—Mr. Ehrhorn reported the 
occurrence of this coconut weevil at Lahaina on the island of 
Maui. This information came from Mr. George Compere, who 
found this insect in a coconut sent from Lahaina to San Fran- 
cisco by mail. Mr. Compere found many holes like shot-holes 
in the husk, and cutting into the husk, found larvae, pupae, and 
adults, a sample of which he sent to Mr. Ehrhorn. 


Rhinoceros beetle from Guatemala—Mr. Swezey exhibited a 


199 


monstrous horned beetle handed him by Mr. William Weinrich, 
who had collected it on a tree in Guatemala in August of this 
year. 


Oligota sp—Mr. Swezey exhibited a tiny Staphylinid beetle 
probably of this genus, which he had found feeding on the 
sugar-cane leaf-mite and its eggs in the cane fields of Oahu 
Sugar Company, and also at the Sugar Planters’ Experiment 
Station grounds. The larvae were also found feeding on the 
mites. This is apparently the first record of this immigrant 
beetle in the Islands. A similar beetle occurs feeding on red 
spiders in California. It may turn out that this is the same 
species. The mite that they were feeding on here is 7etrany- 
chus exsiccator, the cane leaf-mite occurring in Java. Appar- 
ently this has never been recorded in Hawaii, though it has been 
known for a long time that mites were occasionally found on 
cane-leaves. 


Ereunetis flavistriata—Mr. Swezey mentioned that, while in 
San Francisco in August at the Plant Inspector's office, he 
inquired about the Hyposmocoma sp., which had been reported 
as occurring on coconuts from Honolulu, as per printed reports 
in the California Monthly Bulletin. A more recent identification 
had been made by Mr. Busck as Ereunetis sp. On being shown 
a specimen of the moth concerned, Mr. Swezey was able to iden- 
tify the species as Ereunetis flavistriata, the sugar-cane bud- 
moth, whose larvae are found also on banana bunches, pine- 
apples, and various other plants, chiefly feeding on the dead 
tissues. 


Heterospilus prosopidis—Mr. Swezey reported rearing this 
Braconid quite plentifully from Bruchus chinensis in pigeon 
peas at Kaimuki, September 16, 17, 1922. The peas had become 
infested by the bruchids while still on the bushes. Males pre- 
dominated in those reared, there being nine males and three 
females. 


Pediculoides ventricosus——Dr. Illingworth stated that kero- 
sene was very helpful in relieving the irritation caused by the 
bites of this mite on the bodies of human beings. 


Pseudaphycus sp—Mr. Fullaway exhibited specimens of this 
Encyrtid, introduced from Mexico in April and May, 1922. It 


200 


is a primary parasite of Pseudococcus nipae and has already 
become established here. 


Anagyrus antoninae.—Mr. Timberlake exhibited a small series 
of this species from Japan, consisting of two specimens from 
Nagasaki collected by Mr. T. Ishii, and three specimens col- 
lected by Mr. C. P. Clausen, California State Insectary, No. 126la. 


Magachile—Mr. Timberlake exhibited specimens of Mega- 
chile fullawayi and M. timberlakei collected at Kaimuki, Sep- 
tember, 1922, at flowers of Cosmos. 


Pleistodontes imperialis—Mr. Timberlake reported that this 
fig-wasp, caprifier of Ficus rubiginosa, has become established 
from specimens liberated in January, 1922. A few specimens 
of the wasp were reared from a fig collected by Dr. H. L. Lyon 
on July 16 from a tree at the Federal Experiment Station 
grounds in Honolulu. 


NOVEMBER 2, 1922. 


The 204th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place, and was presided over by Vice- 
President D. T. Fullaway. Nine other members were present, 
as follows: Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Illing- 
worth, Rosa, Swezey, Timberlake, and Willard. 

The minutes of the 203d meeting were read and approved. 


Mr. Giffard, chairman of the committee on finances, reported 
that the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association had voted to 
donate to the society the sum of $300 to meet the deficiency in 
the cost of printing the Proceedings for the year 1921. 

Upon motion of Mr. Giffard, it was unanimously voted that 
the Secretary write the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, 
conveying to them the thanks and appreciation of the society for 
their continued support. 

In response to a request from Mr. Giffard (appointed at pre- 
vious meeting), Mr. Crawford was appointed to assist him in 
drafting a resolution on the death of Dr. David Sharp. This 
committee submitted the following resolution: 


“The Hawaiian Entomological Society feels with deep regret 


201 


the loss it has sustained in the passing of a distinguished hon- 
orary member, Dr. David Sharp. But much greater, however, 
is the loss to Entomological Science which has been so much 
advanced by the devoted work of this great man. To the loved 
ones who survive Dr. Sharp, this Society extends its sincerest 
sympathy and Aloha.” 

Upon motion of Mr. Swezey, it was unanimously voted that 
this resolution be adopted and a copy sent to the bereaved 
widow. 

Mr. Fullaway stated that Mr. Muir had informed him by 
letter that he would later on write up an obituary of Dr. Sharp. 


PAPERS, 


“Records of Introduced Beneficial Insects.” 
BY O. H. SWEZEY. 


“A List, With Notes, of Insects Found at Waimea, Hawaii, in 
June, 1922.” 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


“House-Flies.” 
BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Pheidole megacephala Fabricius. — Mr. Giffard observed a 
swarm of queens and males of this ant in flight over his prem- 
ises on Keeaumoku Street about 6:30 in the morning of one day 
in October. He stated that the swarm was about four feet wide 
and forty to fifty feet long. Mr. Ehrhorn stated that he had 
observed smaller swarms of these ants on several occasions, and 
that they usually swarmed after a rain-storm. 


Anicetus annulatus—Mr. Timberlake exhibited one specimen 
of this species reared by Mr. H. Compere from Cocecus hes- 
peridum on Aralia, taken in quarantine at San Francisco from 
the steamship “Taiyo Maru.” Also two females from Coccus 
hesperidum collected at Sacramento, California, in 1912; a small 
series collected by Mr. Muir at Chin San, Macao, China, in 
December, 1906; and a few from China reared by Mr. Koebele 
under his number 1225. The species was described in 1919 
from specimens collected on Oahu and Kauai. 





202 


Labels—Mr. Bryan called attention to the method of making 
insect and locality labels by photographing sheets of paper upon 
which the desired information had been typewritten. He stated 
that he had found this method very satisfactory, where the 
number of labels desired was too small to pay for printing. 

Micromus vinaceus.—Mr. Swezey exhibited cocoons of this 
introduced Hemerobiid, situated between ribs at base of papaia 
leaf, and reported that they were found there quite abundantly 
at the United States Experiment Station grounds. 

Agrotis neurogramma Meyr.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a speci- 
men of this Noctuid moth collected at light by Mr. Giffard at 
Kilauea, Hawau, in August, 1922. This is only the second speci- 
men of this moth that has been collected, so far as known. It 
was described in the Fauna Hawaiiensis on a single specimen 
collected at Kilauea by Dr. Perkins in August (the year not 
recorded in the Fauna, though it was probably 1895) and 
apparently none have been collected since until now. 


Pantomorus godmani.Mr. Swezey reported on the abun- 
dance of the eggs of this beetle in koa pods hanging on the 
trees on Sugar Loaf Mountain, October 29, 1922. Of fifty-five 
pods examined, forty-five had from one to seven batches of the 
eggs inside. There was a total of 103 batches. The pods had 
many perforations made by the larvae of the Tortricid which 
destroys most of the koa seeds. Apparently the beetles had ovi- 
posited inside the pods by inserting the ovipositor into the holes, 
as the ege-batches were always near these openings and in the 
place where a koa seed had been eaten. 

Cylas formicarius—Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited photographs of a 
basket of sweet potatoes, imported from Shanghai, China, and 
of cut-open individual potatoes, showing a very severe infesta- 
tion by this sweet potato weevil. Sweet potatoes are imported 
as food from the Orient by the Chinese, but importations are 
less than they were six or eight years ago. 

Urosigalphus bruchi Cwfd.—Mr. Bissell exhibited specimens 
of this Bruchid parasite, and reported that eleven individuals 
had been reared from Bruchidae in algaroba pods collected 
between September 21 and October 25, 1922. This parasite was 
introduced from Texas in July, 1921, and this is the first record 
of its recovery since its liberation at that time. 


203 


DECEMBER 7, 1922. 


The 205th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, with Vice-President D. T. Fullaway pre- 
siding. Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, 
Crawford, Ehrhorn, Giffard, Illingworth, Rosa, and Willard. 
Messrs. Syuti Issiki and Tadashi Okumi, Japanese entomologists 
from Formosa, were visitors. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and accepted. 


The treasurer’s report, showing a cash balance on hand of 
$78.50, was accepted subject to the approval of Mr. Crawford. 
who was appointed auditor. 


Officers were elected as follows for the year 1923: 


IPGeSIGEIit ee eae LIB ts ee elk ek F, Muir 
WiGesIresiG@entr.s 2.2. 2 ke.. 2) cdes Shh O. H. Swezey 
SeChetaby= | reaSGTen ce cos ictcdee Bicone ions H. F. Willard 
Additional members of Executive } D. L. Crawford 
(QC TVA Hee Se \ W. M. Giffard 





* ANNUAL PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 


“Notes on the Mealy-Bugs of Economic Importance in 
Hawaii.” 
BY D. T. FULLAWAY. 


PAPERS, 


“Descriptions of Two New Mexican Species of Encyrtidae 
Introduced into Hawaii (Hymenoptera).” 
BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE, 


*“Review of the Hawaiian Genera Dyscritomyia and 
Prosthetochaeta, With Description of New 
Species (Diptera).” 

BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 





*In the continued absence of the president, H. T. Osborn, throughout 
the year (being on parasite exploration in Mexico), the vice-president, 
D. T. Fullaway, oceupied the chair for the year and also presented the 
Annual Address. [| Ed.] 


y Withdrawn from publication. [ Ed. ] 


204 


“New Records, Identifications, and Synonymy of Diptera in 
Hawaii.” 
BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 


“Insects Attracted to Carrion in Hawaii.” 
BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


* “A Study of the Male Genitalia of the Hawaiian Cixiidae 
(Homoptera). Part II. Oliarus Stal.” 
BY W. M. GIFFARD. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


A new fly—Mr. Fullaway exhibited a small fly, not previ- 
ously known to occur in the Islands. It was taken on a window- 
pane of the quarantine room at the Government Nursery, and 
is supposed to have come into the room with cow manure. The 
fly has a pair of caudal hooks, is black with a white transverse 
band on the abdomen, and has white halteres. It appears to be 
close to the species of Milichia (Agromyzidae) represented here. 


Coccus elongatus—Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited a limb of a Cosmos 
tree heavily infested with this scale, which had been killed by a 
white fungus. He called attention to the varieties of fungi 
attacking Coccidae and other Homoptera here and on the main- 
land and stated that this limb showed an exceptional attack of 
fungus on C. elongatus. 





* Withdrawn from publication. [| Ed.] 


205 
PAPERS PRESENTED DURING 1922. 


On the Classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). 
BY F. MUIR. 


(Presented at the meeting of April 6, 1922. 
INTRODUCTION. 


Stal has been justly styled the Father of Hemipterology, and 
the fourth volume of his Hemiptera Africana (1866) is still the 
foundation of the classification of Homoptera. Although the 
number of genera has increased greatly since then, yet the char- 
acters he employed in his classification of the fulgorids hold 
good for most cases today. The trouble has been that workers 
have disregarded his characters and placed genera in families 
where they should not be, and so they have broken down the 
family characters. 

A contemporary of Stal’s, F. X. Fieber, also laid us under 
a deep debt by his work. Although he based his work mainly 
on European species, it holds good today. In many ways he 
was more modern than Stal, especially in his specific work. His 
recognition of the value of the male genitalia for specific dis- 
tinction placed the Delphacidae of Europe in a condition that no 
other method could have done. If we follow his lead and extend 
his work it will be to the advantage of Homopterology. 

Another worker to whom we owe a debt of gratitude for the 
elucidation of the relationship of the families of Auchenorhyn- 
chous Homoptera is H. J. Hansen. His work? has shown the 
morphological distinctions between the different groups and has 
placed these divisions on a safe foundation. That I do not agree 
with him, in regarding the fulgorids as consisting of a single 
family, in no way implies that I do not appreciate or recognize 
his good work. His paper should be in the hands of every 
student of Homoptera. 

Melichar has compiled monographs of seven of the families 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 





1 Entomologisk Tidskrift XI (1890), pp. 19-76, Pls. I, II. Partly trans- 
lated by Kirkaldy, The Entomologist, April, 1900, p. 116, et seq. I have not 
used all of Hansen’s characters and must refer the reader to his work. 


206 


of Fulgoroidea, viz., Flatidae,t~ Acanaloniidae,t Ricaniidae,” 
Tropiduchidae,? Dictyopharidae,* Issidae,* and Lophopidae.* By 
so doing he has placed all Homopterists under obligation. 
Workers may wish at times that he had been more critical in 
his treatment of some groups and had used more fundamental 
characters for his subfamilies and tribes, but this in no way 
detracts from our obligations to him for his great industry. 


Kirkaldy died before he had matured his views. Had he lived 
I feel sure he would have eventually produced a classification 
worthy of his labors. 

Many workers have added to the number of genera and spe- 
cies during the last decade, but in most cases their contributions 
to the broader aspects of classification of the fulgorids have not 
been great, and in some cases their work has been inimical 
through their having placed many genera into wrong families. 


The present paper is but an incomplete resumé of what is at 
present known on the subject of the families of the fulgorids. 
If it enables younger workers to recognize them, work upon 
their better characterization and to arrange more adequately the 
genera which compose them, then it will have served its pur- 
pose. I also hope that it will convince workers that the divi- 
sions are distinct enough to be recognized as families. This 
latter has a practical as well as a theoretical bearing, for 
workers are often more careful to place their genera into the 
right family than they are to place them into the right sub- 
family. It would also have the advantage of enabling the 
Recorder to segregate the genera into families in the “Zoologi- 
cal Record” instead of lumping them all together. 

I have also used some of the information that I have accumu- 
lated on the male genitalia. The characters found in these 
organs are without doubt the most valuable aids to specific 
work. Not only do they show the specific differences, but they 





1 Ann. des K. K. natur Hofmus Vienna (1902). 
2. (ec. XH i898): 

3 Verh. Natur. Verin. Brun (1914). 

4 Abh. K. K. zool. bot. Ges. Wien VII (1912). 
D ire 5 (CUIBN)), 

6 Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Hung. XIII (1915). 


207 


indicate the specific relationship better than any other charac- 
ters. They are also of value for generic purposes and, so far 
as I have observed, are of use in the separation of families. By 
the study of these organs I believe that we shall eventually 
have a much better idea of the relationship of the families than 
we have at present. 

The female genitalia may have equally good characters, but 
my knowledge of these at present is too limited to allow me to 
generalize upon them. I hope to be able to do so at a later date. 
The only generalization I can make at present is the distinction 
between complete and incomplete ovipositors. 


Among the Fulgoroidea some of the chief characters used 
for generic purposes are the shape of the head and thorax and 
the number and arrangement of the carinae upon them. ‘These 
characters, I believe, are liable to independent origin in different 
species, and so some of our genera may have a polyphyletic 
origin. Some of the families as they now stand are also likely 
to have a polyphyletic origin. The further study of the male 
genitalia is likely to show this, and will lay the foundation upon 
which a more natural grouping of both species and genera is 
likely to be erected. 


THE OrpdER HEMIPTERA, 


The Order Hemiptera or Rhynchota forms a large, homo- 
geneous, and monophyletic group of insects characterized by the 
shape, position, development, and function of the mouth organs. 
Although there exists some difference of opinion as to the 
minor details of the homologies of the head and mouth parts, 
the fact has been established by embryological studies that they 
are built upon a normal, mandibular type, and that the altera- 
tion takes place during the development of the embryo. It has 
also been shown that the mouth parts arise in a similar manner 
in both the Homoptera and Heteroptera. 

The mandibles form long, thin setae; the maxillae during 
their development divide into two parts, one forming a long, thin 
seta and the other amalgamates with the head capsule; the labium 
is long and narrow, with its lateral edges curved upward, and 
meet together on the middle dorsal line, thus forming a split 
tube in which the setae rest. In the embryo the labium arises 


208 


as paired processes, which later on amalgamate; the evidence 
indicates that it represents the entire labium and not the palpi 
only. In many adult Heteroptera there are four divisions, which, 
by their position, are evidently homologous to the submentum, 
mentum, and ligula, the latter consisting of two segments which 
are probably the subgalea and the amalgamated paraglossa and 
lacinia. In Belostoma there is a pair of small, simple processes 
on the subgalea which are considered by some to represent the 
palpi. From the base of the mandibles a sulcus has sunk into 
the head running toward the antennae, and the head capsule 
has grown over the base of the mouth parts. This obscures the 
homologies. Although the order is very large and the head 
undergoes great changes in the various groups, yet the shape, 
arrangement, and function of the mouth organs remain more 
constant than in any other of the larger orders of insects. 


By the character of the mouth organs the Hemiptera are dis- 
tinctly separated from all other insects. The Thysanoptera come 
nearest to them, but they are so distinct that they can have no 
direct phylogenetic connection, only an indirect one, through a 
remote common ancestor from which both may have evolved 
along somewhat similar but distinct lines. The Psocidae pos- 
sess a semi-free maxillary rod, which may be the starting point 
of the maxillary seta, but they can only be related through a 
very distant common ancestor. The similarity between the wings 
of Psocidae and Psyllidae is due to convergence or parallel 
development, and has no phylogenetic significance. If the Mal- 
lophaga have any relationship to the Anoplura, then the latter 
can have no relationship with Hemiptera. The sucking mouth 
of the Anoplura appears to be built on a very different plan 
from that of the Hemiptera, and the Siphunculata most cer- 
tainly are very different. I consider that the Hemiptera are the 
most isolated of all the large orders and their origin is obscure. 


That such highly specialized mouth organs, with their special 
line of development going back into the embryo, could have 
originated independently in two or more different groups, is 
highly improbable, so we must, therefore, consider the Hemip- 
tera to form a monophyletic order, very ancient and very 
isolated. That they are ancient is demonstrated by the fact that 
in the Trias of Australia the divisions of Cicadidae, Cercopidae, 


209 


Cicadellidae, and Fulgoroidea were well established; and one of 
the oldest fossil insects, Prosbole of the Permian, can be placed 
in the existing family Tropiduchidae. 

During the course of insect evolution a number of attempts 
have been made to produce a piercing and sucking mouth. [or 
perfection of mechanism none surpasses, nor even equals, that 
of the Hemiptera. This may account for the constancy of type 
through such a long period of time and in such a large group. 

With the exception of the Thysanoptera and Anoplura, where 
the mouth parts are much more generalized, the Hemiptera is 
the only order of ametabolus insects with a complete piercing 
and sucking mouth, and the only order in which such a type of 
mouth arises in the embryo. 

There are a number of types of venation within the order, 
but I know of no one character, or group of characters, by 
which all can be separated from all other orders. 


Tue Two SuBorDERS. 


The two suborders, the Heteroptera and the Homoptera, are 
divided mainly on the shape of the head and the position of the 
labium. In the Heteroptera there is a well-developed gula, 
which is very long in some groups; the head projects forward 
and the proboscis is bent at its base and lies under the head 
when at rest. In most of the Heteroptera there are four seg- 
ments to the labium, but in some the mentum and submentum 
are fused, thus making only three segments. In the Homoptera 
the gula is absent or represented only by a small membrane; 
the head is deflexed and inflexed so that the base of the labium 
is in intimate connection with the prosternum; the submentum 
is membraneous, and in many forms the mentum is reduced. 
The labium, when at rest, projects backward between the legs. 
more or less in line with the head, and is not bent at a sharp 
angle to it. 

Of the two suborders the head of the Heteroptera appears to 
me to represent the more generalized type. Whether the primi- 
tive Hemiptera had its mouth organs deflexed beneath its head 
or standing straight out, it is difficult to judge. The highly 
developed mouth organs of the Heteroptera of today are not the 
primitive type of the order. This was evidently a more general- 


210 


ized type from which both suborders evolved, the Heteroptera 
retaining certain of the more primitive characters. 


The distinction between the two suborders generally given in 
text-books, of the “beak” arising from the front or back of the 
head, is incorrect. The “beak” arises from the same place in 
both suborders, but in one the gula is large and the head straight 
out, while in the other the gula is small or absent and the head 
turned under. 


My objection’ to considering these two suborders as distinct 
orders is that, by so doing, we divide a monophyletic group and 
make the same distinction between them as we do between them 
and Coleoptera and other orders. The characters of the teg- 
mina, upon which the two suborders are generally based, and 
upon which they are named, do not hold good, for some of the 
Homoptera are heteropterous and some of the Heteroptera are 
homopterous. If we use the venation to separate the two sub- 
orders, then we must be logical and divide the Homoptera into 
several orders." 


THE Two Groups OF THE HOMOPTERA. 


The line of evolution of the head that has divided the Homop- 
tera from the Heteroptera has continued within the Homoptera 
and divided them into two groups, the Auchenorhynchi and the 
Sternorhynchi. In the former, the labium, while being intimately 
related to the prosternum, is still in close relationship with the 
head capsule. In the latter, a portion of the head capsule, along 
with the clypeus, labium and tentorial structure, is more or less 
detached from the head capsule; the labium is in more intimate 
contact with the prosternum, and an invagination at the base 
of the labium penetrates the thorax and forms a setal chamber 
or crumena, wherein the setae lie coiled when at rest. In the 
Aphiidae and Psyllidae the relationship of these parts can be 
plainly seen, but in the Coccidae and some Aleurodidae the head 
is greatly reduced and the true relationship is lost or very 
obscure. 





1 Dr. E. Bergroth informs me that the Heteropterous family Pelori- 
diidae has no gular region, and that the labium is not bent at the base. 
This is a very interesting fact and I would like to examine one of these 
rare insects. 


Zt1 


That the Homopterous head has departed further from the 
primitive type than the Heteropterous, or is more highly spe- 
cialized, is the conclusion I have arrived at after a fairly exten- 
sive study; and that the Sternorhynchi have specialized along 
this line further than the Auchenorhynchi is a conclusion that 
appears to follow as a natural sequence. 


THE STERNORHYNCHI. 


It is beyond the scope of this paper to enter into a discussion 
of the four families, or superfamilies, forming this group. That 
they are highly specialized in habit and structure, and that the 
latter is often specialization by reduction, soon becomes evident 
to the student. The one or two jointed tarsi, the reduction of 
venation, the simplification of the genitalia, and the reduction 
of head and thorax are all characters in question. To a certain 
extent these reductions of organs coincide with reduction of size 
and a sedentary habit. From my present knowledge I am, con- 
vinced that these simplifications are specialization by reduction 
and not primitive conditions. It should be realized that ideas on 
this point are of importance, as they influence the whole con- 
ception of the evolution of the order. 

The Psyllidae, as we know them today, are too highly spe- 
cialized to form the ancestor of the other three families. This 
ancestor must either have been a much more generalized psyllid 
or a generalized aphid. The Coccidae are the extreme speciali- 
zation of the group. 

The four families, or superfamilies, that compose this group 
have been treated as suborders, and there is a tendency even to 
consider them as orders. When we examine the characters that 
are used to separate them it is found that they are very slender 
and not of sufficient weight to justify us in so doing. 

MacGillivray? divides the order into three suborders, viz., 
Heteroptera, Homoptera, and Gularostria. He restricts the term 
Homoptera to the Auchenorhynchi, and the Sternorhynchi he 
terms Gularostria. The former he defines as follows: 

“b. Antennae minute and inconspicuous, setiform or awl- 
shape; tarsi with three segments; prothorax large and con- 
FDIC GTS. eee eee a) a ee Homoptera.” 





-1 MacGillivray, 1921. The Coccidae, p. 4. 


bo 


ZAP 


The only one of these characters that will stand is the three- 
jointed tarsi. The antennae are never minute or setiform, and 
in many species the first and second segments are large, very 
conspicuous, and in some cases of peculiar shape. The arista or 
flagellum is thin, in some cases distinctly jointed, in others in- 
distinctly or not jointed. The prothorax is sometimes small and 
not at all conspicuous. 


Orders and suborders founded upon such trivial characters 
cannot take the same status as orders such as Coleoptera, Dip- 
tera, or Hymenoptera. It is, therefore, to be regretted that they 
are given ordinal or subordinal rank. 


Some writers have derived the Psyllidae from a Psocid-like 
ancestor, and so, naturally, we must consider all the other 
Homoptera and Heteroptera as derived from the Psyllidae. In 
my opinion this is a reverse of the true order. 


AUCHENORHYNCHI. 


This group is divided into two superfamilies, the Cicadoidea 
and the Fulgoroidea, upon a number of important characters. 
The small family Tettigometridae is of great interest, as it has 
a number of characters belonging to both groups. 


Three ocelli are found in one family of the Cicadoidea, the 
Cicadidae, and also in the majority of one family of the Ful- 
goroidea, the Cixiidae. The latter fact is often lost sight of by 
systematists and phylogenists when discussing the Homoptera. 


In the Cicadoidea the antennae have only a few sense-organs 
situated on the flagellum; in the Fulgoroidea they are numerous 
and generally of a complex nature, and mostly situated upon the 
second segment. 

In the Fulgoroidea the middle coxae are articulated consider- 
ably apart and have considerable range of movement; this is 
similar to the condition of the front legs of most insects and of 
all the legs in such primitive insects as Machilis. In the Cica- 
doidea the middle coxae are much nearer together and their 
movements very limited, which we must consider as a specializa- 
tion. In the Cicadoidea the hind coxae are mobile; in the Cica- 
didae and Cercopidae they are small and do not reach the lateral 
margins of the thorax, whereas in the Membracidae and Cica- 
dellidae they are wide and reach the lateral margins of the 


2135 


thorax. In the Iulgoroidea the hind coxae are immobile and 
their exterior part is coalesced with the metathorax. 

In all the Cicadoidea, with the exception of the Cicadellidae, 
and in all the Sternorhynchi, one finds a wonderful arrangement 
of the alimentary tract whereby the posterior portion of the mid- 
gut is brought into intimate contact with part of the crop. This 
allows certain of the more fluid contents of the crop to pass 
through the walls of the crop and mid-gut by osmosis, the more 
solid portion passing through the intestine and undergoing diges- 
tion. The fact that the Membracidae possess a filter or colum 
and the Cicadellidae do not, although they are otherwise so 
closely related, is difficult to account for. The simplest way 
would be to consider that they have lost it since parting from 
the main stem. But we have no evidence at present that they 
have, so we must give this distinction weight when considering 
phylogeny. The Fulgoroidea and the Heteroptera possess no 
sign of a filter. 

In the Cicadoidea and in the Delphacidae and in part of the 
Cixiidae the ovipositor is complete, the anterior and middle pair 
of processes (the latter amalgamated into one in whole or in 
part) are fastened together by a tongue and groove so that they 
work as a single organ. In the remainder of the Fulgoroidea 
and the Sternorhynchi the ovipositor is greatly reduced or in- 
complete, the anterior and middle pair are not co-ordinated, and 
often the three pairs are rudimentary or are entirely absent. 
The complete ovipositor is the primitive type among the Homop- 
tera. The incomplete ovipositor often has secondary adaptations 
for cutting into plants for depositing their eggs. 

The male genitalia are much more complex and difficult to 
understand. Our present knowledge stands as follows: 

The genitalia of the sexes are homologous in so far that they 
arise from similar processes situated in the same position on the 
abdomen. Their relationship is as tabulated below, where g 1 
is the anterior, g 2 the median, and ¢ 3 the posterior processes 
or gonapophyses. 


Female Male 
g 1. Guides of ovipositor Genital plates, often amalgamated 
to pygofer 
g 2. True ovipositor Aedeagus 
g 3. Ovipositor sheaths Genital styles 


214 


The pygofer of the male is formed of the ninth tergite, 
together with the coxites (or endopodites) of the eighth sternite, 
except in the Cicadidae. In the Cercopidae, Membracidae, and 
Cicadellidae the anterior processes (g 1) are often free, broad 
plates (the genital plates of systematists). These are sometimes 
joined together for most of their length and amalgamated to 
the pygofer, but they are distinctly present in some form. In 
the genus Tettigometra g 1 are well developed and distinct as in 
the families above mentioned. In all other Fulgoroidea they are 
generally indistinguishable, having been completely incorporated 
into the pygofer, or they form comparatively small processes on 
the pygofer. In the Cicadidae the coxites and eighth sternite 
form a large plate, the hypandrium, below the pygofer, and the 
pygofer is membraneous along the median ventral surface. The 
genital styles (g 3) are well developed and articulate in all the 
families with the exception of the Cicadidae, where they are 
rudimentary and fixed on the sides of the pygofer. They are 
large and complex in some Fulgoroidea. The aedeagus in its 
simplest form appears to consist of a swollen basal portion, the 
periandrium, and a more distal portion, the penis, which is gen- 
erally tubular. But this organ is the most polymorphic of all the 
genitalia, and in the fulgorids forms good distinctions between 
some of the families. In some male fulgorids the eighth abdom- 
inal sternite is distinct and free from the pygofer, in others it is 
closely attached to the pygofer and in still other species it is 
amalgamated to the pygofer and not recognizable as a separate 
sclerite. 


THE FAMILIES OF THE FULGOROIDEA,. 


Although I fully recognize the value of Hansen’s work, yet 
I am compelled to differ from his conclusion that the thousand 
and odd genera of the Fulgoroidea form but a single family. 
The external characters that separate these genera into groups 
are much more distinct than many ofttimes used in other orders 
for the erection of families, and in most cases these characters 
are supported by good distinctions in the male genitalia. 

In discussing the venation of the Fulgoroidea, Metcali’ re- 
marks: ‘‘While the wing venation of most of the insects that 





1 Ann. Ent. Soe. America, VI, 3 (1913), p. 343. 


aan» im oe alle 


21 


wu 


have been studied extensively so far can be reduced to a more 
or less uniform type for the family, in the Fulgoridae no such 
typical form can be given.” The same might be said of any 
group if some fourteen families were thrown into one, and is, 
in itself, a sufficient reason to indicate that we are dealing with 
a number of families. 


The classification of the Homoptera is founded upon other 
characters than wing venation, but a type of venation can be 
recognized as pertaining to most of the families. If we were to 
make a classification upon venation alone, without any knowl- 
edge of the rest of the insect, as we are forced to do with fossil 
Homoptera, it would be very different from our present one. 
The Sternorhynchi would have no connection with the Aucheno- 
rhynchi; the Psyllidae would be placed next the Psocidae 1f not 
with them; some of the Flatidae would be placed among the 
Cicadoidea because the claval veins do not form a Y; such 
forms as Tessitus insignis Walker would also be placed with 
them, perhaps to form a distinct family; the Tropiduchidae, as 
we know it now, would form several families not closely related ; 
the Derbidae would be considered as several families and some 
placed with the Cixiidae; the Delphacidae would be treated as 
Cixiidae, and most of the other families would be changed con- 
siderably. Pterologists might maintain that such a classification 
would represent the natural order of things better than the 
present one made by entomologists. It demonstrates the great 
care necessary when basing conclusions upon a few fossil wings, 
for similar deceptions as the Psyllidae and Psocidae may have 
existed in the past, and we have no means of recognizing their 
existence. 

But as fossils are the only direct evidence of the time sequence 
of evolution we must take every advantage of them, and for this 
reason a closer study of the venation in each family must be 
made. Except in three families of the Fulgoroidea, I have not 
sufficient knowledge to make a close comparative study of the 
venation, but there are several points which require discussing 
before such a task can be undertaken with any satisfaction. 

The two chief points are the status of the costa and the anal 
veins. Unfortunately, Metcalf‘ only traced the tracheae of the 


1 Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., VI, 3 (1913), pp. 341-352. 


216 


fore-wings down to the alar bridge in three cases. In two of 
them, Amphiscepa bivittata and Thionia simplex, the costal 
trachea is shown arising from the bridge; in the third case, 
Scolops, it arises from the subcosta. In all the genera that | 
have examined so far the trachea agrees with Scolops and arises 
from the subcosta. In these latter cases the question arises as 
to whether this trachea is homologous with the costa. Tillvard * 
has shown that the Dipteron, Comptosia sp., has a distinct costa 
arising from the alar trunk and a humeral arising from the 
subcosta. He has also shown good reasons for regarding the 
humeral and Sc’ as homologous. If Metcalf had not shown that 
in two cases this trachea arises from the alar trunk, I should 
not hesitate to consider the costa as absent and the humeral 
(or Sc’) as present in all the fulgorids. While I shall use the 
term costa for this vein, I leave its true homology an open ques- 
tion whose solution will influence our conception of the primi- 
tive type of venation of the group. 

By calling this vein the costa we are faced by the fact that, 
in a large proportion of the fulgorids, the costa vein and costa 
margin do not coincide, but the vein lies considerably within the 
membrane, leaving a precostal cell or costal area. This is a con- 
dition recognized in no other order of insects. In certain genera, 
such as Niphidium, Conocephalus, and some Blattidae, there 1s a 
trachea arising from the subcosta, which appears homologous to 
the vein under discussion, but Comstock refrains from calling it 
a costa. 

The second point is the supposed movement of Al to Cu. 
This has been discussed by ‘Tillyard,? and I consider that his 
contention, that Cu does have more than two branches, is more 
logical than the contrary. Metcalf* remarks that the Cu and 
first anal “are united for a short distance from the body trachea 
and cubitus is usually two-branched,” but he gives no evidence 
to show that a branch of A moves over to Cu, but accepts it 
from Comstock and Needham. 

The cubital system of the Homoptera, and also of the Corro- 
dentia, is identical with that found in neuropteroid insects such 





1 Tillyard, 1919, Pro. Linn. Soc., New South Wales, p. 548, fig. 50. 
Bits Coy 10a Se 
3 Metcalf, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer., VI (3), pp. 341-351 (1913). 


217 


as Sisyra flavicornis, Polystaechotes punctatus, Chauliodes pecti- 
cornis, Hemerobius humuli, and Sialis infumaia, to name but a 
few. There is neither evidence of, nor necessity for, the cross- 
ing over of Al to the Cu system. [| have stated’ that in the 
Delphacidae the suture was formed by the fourth cubital and 
first anal. This is incorrect, as it is formed solely by the pos- 
terior branch of the cubitus, as in all Homoptera, the first and 
second anal forming the Y veins of the clavus. In some ful- 
gorids, i. e., some Fulgoridae, the third anal is present. 

The absence of a distinct, free Rl in the adult tegmen is 
characteristic of most of the living Auchenorhynchous Homop- 
tera, but it is found in the Mesozoic Cicadid Mesogereon ‘Till- 
yard. The R1 trachea has been found in the early nymphal 
stages of Cicadidae and Membracidae, and it is probable that it 
will be found in the early .nymphal stages of some of the 
Cixiidae. 

The amalgamation of the bases of M and Cu appears to be 
characteristic of all recent Cercopidae and so cannot represent 
a primitive type, even in those forms in which Sc is normal. 
The venation of the Cicadellidae and Membracidae is too spe- 
cialized to represent a primitive condition, and so is that of the 
Sternorhynchi. 

I consider that the most normal and primitive type of vena- 
tion of recent Homoptera is to be found among the Cixiidae. 
Here we find Sc, R, M, and Cu all arising from the basal cell 
and M with four normal branches. The genus Andes Stal has 
a venation of this type. The tegmina are steeply tectiform, the 
Ovipositor is complete, and there is a median ocellus. But it has 
a typical fulgorid head. - 

In most Fulgoroidea the Y vein is present, but in some it is 
not; in the Cicadoidea it is never distinctly present. When not 
present in fulgorids they can be distinguished from Cicadoidea 
by the two claval veins passing out of the end of the clavus and 
not entering the hind margin before the apex of clavus, as they 
do in most Cicadoidea. 

The interesting Mesozoic fossil genus /psvicia Tillyard has 
a Y vein, but otherwise it might be placed among some of the 
existing Cercopidae. I consider that it is closely related to the 


1 Muir, Pro. Haw. Ent. Soc., II (1913), p. 269, Pl. 6, figs. 1, 2. 


218 


Tettigometridae, and it cannot be considered as more primitive 
than some existing fulgorids. Handlirsch placed Prosbole hir- 
suta Koken in the Palaeohemiptera. Tillyard considered that it 
is not on the direct line of descent of the Heteroptera, but on 
a side line, nearly allied to Dunstama Tillyard, which he con- 
sidered as in the direct line. In Prosbole the Sc and R are amal- 
gamated to slightly before the node, a condition common in the 
Homoptera, but, so far as I know, not found in the Heterop- 
tera. There is no sign of a median furrow, and the anal furrow 
is behind the cubitus in the normal homopterous position, 
whereas in the Heteroptera it is normally before the cubitus. 
As we have only the venation to judge by, I should place Pros- 
bole among the Homoptera in the Tropiduchidae. The heterop- 
terous condition found in Prosbole occurs in several genera of 
the Tropiduchidae, especially among the Tambiniini. 


Fossil Homoptera are not very numerous, but the few we 
know, especially the Mesozoic, are of great interest. They dem- 
onstrate beyond any doubt the great antiquity of the order. In 
the Mesozoic Homoptera of Australia we find the two great 
superfamilies of the Auchenorhynchi completely established. 
The Cercopidae, Ciccadellidae, and Cicadidae are completely 
differentiated, and the Fulgoroidea are also represented. This 
indicates that we must go back far beyond that period for the 
origin of the order, or believe that evolution proceeded at a 
very much greater rate before than after the Trias. 


The following table is not considered final, as further study 
in some of the families may change my views; and in the process 
of time, and with accumulated knowledge, some of them are 
sure to be divided. Neither is the table completely satisfactory, 
as the division between one or two of the families may not 
prove to be complete. Such a case is that between those Cixiidae 
without a median ocellus and with lateral carinae on the clypeus, 
and the Dictyopharidae. But the student soon becomes familiar 
with the facies of these insects and recognizes them at once. 


TABLES OF THE FAMILIES OF THE FULGOROIDEA. 


J. (2) Antennal flagellum segmented. No mobile spur on hind tibiae. 
Lateral ocelli not outside the lateral carinae of frons; lorae 
plainly visible in full view forming a continuous curve with 
PANO EN waahecinn occ od boa doeo° ob a onaG se Tettigometridae 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


a bite 


18. 


(1) 


(4) 


(3) 
(6) 
(5) 
(8) 


(7) 


(10) 


(9) 


(12) 


£19 


Antennal flagellum not segmented. Lateral ocelli outside the 
lateral carinae of frons, generally beneath the eyes; lorae not 
visible in full view or forming an angle with clypeus. 

Hind tibiae with a mobile spur at apex. Tegmina without a 
costal area ..... epee TN ey Bo of ch ose aye fein Pele «eves Delphacidae 


Hind tibiae without a mobile spur. 
Whiree Gee liapresenite .'6 oo fi as cle's cis dae 6 ss vies Cixtidae in part 
Two or no ocelli. 


Posterior angle of mesonotum restricted off by a groove or fine 
line. Costal area present or absent............ Tropiduchidae 


Posterior angle of mesonotum not restricted off by a groove or 
fine line. 


Anal area of wings reticulate. Lateral carinae of frons con- 
tinued on to clypeus. No costal area, or only a very narrow 
one without cross-veins. Clavus open, the Cu 2 (Claval suture) 
and claval veins continuing to apical-or hind margin and often 
| anpeaVel avers lo Seenha e Gicr Cicceers Ob rence ntTAT Coen a eae Fulgoridae 


Anal area of wings not reticulate or, if so, then lateral carnae 
of frons not continued on to the clypeus. 


Face transverse or nearly as long as wide, lateral edges angular. 
Anal area of wings sometimes reticulate, in which case no 
lateral carinae on clypeus. With or without costal area. Clavus 
often roundly closed; claval veins reaching apex of clavus, 
the suture (Cu 2) and claval veins continuing to the apical 
or hind margin, and sometimes branched....... Eurybrachidae 

Lateral edges of face not angular or, if so, then face distinctly 
longer than wide. 

Tegmina without a costal area, or only a small one without 
transverse veins. 

Claval vein not entering apex of a closed clavus, but joining the 
commissure or suture before apex, or the clavus is open. 

Apical segment of labium short or very short (Venata an excep- 
In)” St Aide Od occ CAS TIES CA Ond Le 6o Cee nC EIEIse Derbidae 

Apical segment of labium much longer than wide, sometimes 
very long. 

Sides of clypeus acute or with carinae. Apart from the lateral 
edges, frons generally with two or three carinae. 

Dictyopharidae 

Apart from the lateral edges, the froris with not more than one 

(median) carina. Sides of clypeus rounded, without carinae. 
Cixtidae in part 


Claval vein entering apex of clavus. 


ZAO 


20. (21) Base of abdomen with one or more appendages bearing three 
hemispherodall) (epressionsijy se -talos tale ete ets Achilixiidae 

21. (20) Base of abdomen without lateral appendages. 

22. (23) Tegmina when at rest nearly horizontal or but slightly tecti- 
form. Hind margin beyond clavus generally expanded, and 
when at rest OVverlanpier mveccraessh clei sete neleeiene. olieretoke Achilidae 


bo 
vo 
“-—- 
bo 
bo 


Tegmina when at rest steeply tectiform; hind margin beyond 
clavus not expanded, and do not overlap when at rest. 


24. (25) Tegmen large, tectiform. Hind edge of pronotum slightly roundly 
emarginate; mesonotum large, long. No spines on hind tibiae. 
Acanaloniidae 


25. (24) Tegomina generally smaller. Head as wide, or nearly as wide, as 
8 8 ; Y ’ 

the thorax. Posterior edge of pronotum straight, rarely slightly 
concave; mesonotum short. Hind tibiae with spines. Tegmina 
OMEN MCONTACEOUS! OF SUD COMACeOUSeeme riser ei tee re Issidae 

26. (13) Tegmina with a distinct costal area with transverse veins. 

27. (30) Clavus not granulate. 

5 

28. (29) Head wider than pronotum, seldom a little narrower, sides of 
clypeus often without carinae. Pronotum without carinae or 
with an obscure median carina; mesonotum very large; front 
legs Asimples sys -are kt: aut, s 3.cee eee ono Me ae eee Ricaniidae 


29. (28) Head narrower than pronotum. Sides of clypeus with carinae. 
Pronotum with carinae. Front legs expanded..... Lophopidae. 


30. (27) Clavus granulate. Apex of clavus sometimes bluut and closed, 
sometimes open. Claval veins separate or joined together at 
ER. es agos es eitke steve eyosad ade Cucina cemeenaiets eacie ne clusbpereea cers Flatidae 


I. TETTIGOMETRIDAE. 


Tettigometridae Germar (1821), Magaz, Entom.; type Tettigometra 
Latreille (1804), Hist. Nat. Ins., 12, p. 312. 

From the viewpoint of morphology and the relationship of the 
various fulgorids this family is the most interesting and impor- 
tant, although it is one of the smallest. Its synthetic characters 
make it hard to say whether it should be placed in the Cica- 
doidea or the Fulgoroidea, or whether it should be placed in a 
group by itself. For systematic purposes I have kept it in the 
Fulgoroidea because the majority of its characters indicate that 
to be its correct position. 

Its cicadoidean characters are as follows: The arista of the 
antenna is segmented; the shape of the head is typically cica- 
doidean, the frons reaches from eye to eye without any lateral 
carinae dividing off a small area around the eyes (a continua- 


_—— 


2? 


tion of the genae) on which both the lateral ocelli and the 
antennae are situated; the lateral ocelli are present on the frons; 
the antennae are situated nearer together than the eyes and not 
distinctly beneath them; the lorae are plainly visible in full view 
and form a curve with the clypeal region; the middle coxae 
allow of very little movement in a transverse direction and, in 
some species, the male genitalia have the genital plates (g 1) 
well developed and free. 

The fulgoroidean characters are as follows: The second seg- 
ment of the antenna is large and bears large and comparatively 
complex sense-organs; tegulae are present and well developed: 
the posterior coxae are fixed; the spiracles are on the lateral 
areas of the abdomen; the empodium is free for the greater 
portion of its length, and its apex is not deeply emarginate; the 
tegmina have a Y claval vein. 

The tegmina are small, convex, coriaceous and have a resem- 
blance to the tegmen of Cercopidae. The subcosta and radius 
are joined to beyond the middle, the claval veins form a Y, and 
there are irregular cross-veins in the apical area. 

In Hilda breviceps (fig. 2) the genital plates (g 1) are amal- 
gamated to the pygofer, but are recognizable; the periandrium 
is semibulbous, large, and in contact with the base of the anal 
segment, which is very short; the penis is short and tubular, the 
apodeme of the penis is large. In Tettigometra sp. (fig. 1) the 
genital plates are large and free; the periandrium forms a large 
ring which touches the base of the anal segment; the penis is 
long, angular in middle, and has a large membraneous “‘sac’’ at 
apex ; the anal segment is large. 

With the exception of the female external genitalia, which 
are abortive, and the venation, all the characters of this family 
are primitive. Whether it represents the direct line of evolu- 
tion from the precicadoidean type to the fulgoroidean, or 
whether it only represents an offshoot from the lower stem, it 
is difficult to say. But its cicadellian characters and the fact that 
the Cicadellidae have no intestinal filter, support the idea that 
the primitive cicadellian type was the starting point of the split- 
ting of the group into two, and that the Cicadellidae are the 
more direct descendants from the primitive type, but do not now 


222 


contain all the primitive characters, and are highly specialized 
in certain directions. 

It is interesting to note that the two types of male genitalia 
found in the Cixiidae are represented in the Tettigometridae by 
generalized forms, and so may go back beyond the Cixiidae. 


Ll. (CixmpAEr, 


Cixoides Spinola (1839), Soc. Ent. Fra., VIII, p. 202; type Cixius 
katrerlle (1804), ist..Nat. Crus.Ins., X11, p: 310, 

This family contains from, ninety to one hundred genera. 
Except in a limited manner in faunistic works, it has not been 
revised since 1866, when Stal tabulated thirteen genera. From a 
point of view of morphology and phylogeny it is of great 
interest, as from it, according to my views, the other families 
of the Fulgoroidea, with the exception of Tettigometridae, have 
most likely evolved. ! 

The chief characteristic of most of the Cixiidae, but not all, 
is the presence of a third ocellus. Apart from this, the absence 
of certain characters separates them from other families. The 
tegmina have no costal area, or only a small one at the base, and 
then it has no transverse veins. The claval vein runs into the 
hind margin of the clavus or, in a few cases, into the suture 
near the apex; the clavus is closed. There is no mobile spur on 
the hind tibia. The apical segment of labium is distinctly longer 
than wide, generally of considerable length. When no median 
ocellus is present the clypeus is often destitute of lateral carinae. 
The frons never has more than three carinae, viz., the median 
and lateral. 


At present I divide the family into two subfamilies, one of 
which can be divided into two tribes. 


iy (Oy Clenne) aiGhi capa eyes me bekae Foo cH eas G0 516 ne edeloudd 64 5'00 Cixiinae 
2. (3) No subantennal process and antennae not sunk into pits...Cixiini 


5. (2) Subantennal process present or antennae sunk into pits. 
Bothriocerini 


A) u@lavusmonamullateya stir. sterol sn ts lavas ctitssue Renee Meenoplinae 


In many of the genera of the Cixiini the ovipositor is com- 
plete; in these cases the abdomen is generally considerably flat- 
tened laterally, the tegmina steeply or fairly tectiform, the 
pygofer longer than wide, with a depression down the middle 


223 


in which the ovipositor rests, and the hind tibia seldom has 
spines. In the other genera the ovipositor is incomplete and 
often considerably reduced, the abdomen is not flattened later- 
ally but often flattened horizontally; the pygofer is flat, broader 
than long and covered with wax glands; the tegmina very 
slightly tectiform, and the hind tibiae often have spines. 

In the normal type of aedeagus of the Cixiinae the perian- 
drium is tubular, membraneous or chitinous, and often bears 
spines or other processes; the penis is often complex and large 
(figs. 7 and 8), or it is greatly reduced and difficult to separate 
as a distinct part of the aedeagus (fig. 25). There is a tubular 
apodeme from the base of the penis, passing through the perian- 
drium and connected with the apodemes of the genital styles. 
The ejaculatory duct passes through this apodeme and opens on 
the penis. In the genus A/nemosyne Stal the periandrium and 
apodeme of penis are amalgamated into one and form a strong, 
chitinous mass, with, in some species, a small membrane at apex 
to represent the penis (fig. 3). The genus Kinnara (fig. 4) is 
the exception to this type. 

In the Meenoplinae (fig. 6) and in the genus Kinnara (fig. 4) 
the periandrium is large, more or less funnel-shape, and the 
penis is drawn into it, the base of the penis often projecting 
through and beyond the base of the periandrium. The penis is 
sometimes also funnel-shape. 

The Delphacidae, Derbidae, Tropiduchidae, and Achilixiidae 
have the aedeagus as in the Cixiimae, or modifications of it, 
while the other nine families have the aedeagus on the Meenop- 
linae type. 

The fact that the Tettigometridae contain representatives of 
the two types of genitalia in generalized conditions indicates 
that the two subfamilies may have arisen among the precixiids, 
and should be regarded as distinct families. 

Unfortunately for systematists we cannot use the absence or 
presence of spines on the hind tibiae, or the complete or incom- 
plete ovipositor, to divide the Cixiini, as there are too many 
intermediate stages. 


The family will be greatly enlarged by a slight amount of 
collecting in the tropics. 


224 


om 


III. DELPHACIDAE. 


Delphacoides Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., VIII, p. 329 (1839); type 
Delphax Fabricius (1798), Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 500. 

This family has been neglected by most collectors, especially 
in the tropics, but at present it contains over ninety genera. It 
is recognizable from all other fulgorids by the presence of a 
movable spur on the apex of the hind tibia. It has been divided 
into two subfamilies and three tribes. 


1. (2) Posterior tibial spur subulate, with cross-section either circular or 
angular, apex acuminate, without teeth on sides..... Asiracinae 


bo 


(1) Posterior tibial spur cultrate, subeultrate or thin, with or without 
teeth soni ihemhinGdieman cuneate icir ecient Delphacinae 


3. (4) The tibial spur eultrate, solid, both surfaces convex, distinct teeth 
along, thes himdsamamoanie ten iter eateries er ere ae roe Alohini 


4. (3) Tibial spur thin, or if solid, then with the inner surface concave. 


5. (6) Spur eultrate, solid but with inner surface concave, no teeth on 
labhakG ree geabalemeenrerc morte aU Gor amc ome eon dk ae Tropidocephalini 


6. (5) Spur thin or foliaceous, sometimes tectiform, with or without teeth 
along ethe) hind sim arounenetyeree eeeeee eae Delphacini 


The female is furnished with a well-developed, complete ovi- 
positor, and the eggs are laid in the tissues of the food plant. 
The base of the ovipositor is situated considerably anterior of 
the middle of the abdomen, and the pygofer is long and narrow, 
with a groove along the middle for the reception of the ovi- 
positor. This makes the more posterior abdominal sternites more 
or less V-shape. The male has a well-developed pygofer, one 
pair of genital styles and an aedeagus consisting of a single 
tube which in some forms (Delphacinae) is simple (fig. 9) and 
in others (Asiracinae) complex, with a distinct penis and large 
periandrium (fig. 10). In most species there is no evidence of 
the anterior gonapophyses (g 1), but in others these are quite 
evident. The venation is of a simple form, very uniform, and 
similar to that of many Cixiidae. In many species brachypterous 
forms are known. 


steetens emygiiiin ey tite wig il 


225 


IV. TROPIDUCHIDAE. 


Tropiduchidae Stal (1866), Hem. Afr., IV, p. 130; type Tropiduchus 
Stal (1854), Afr. Vet. Ak. Forh., p. 248. 


This family was monographed by Melichar in 1914, at which 
date he recognized sixty-nine genera. Since then several new 
ones have been added. 

With few exceptions the claval vein reaches to the apex of 
the clavus, which is acutely closed. In a few cases it joins the 
suture near its apex, and in a few it joins the claval margin 
near the apex. In many genera there is a distinct costal area 
with cross-veins; in others the costal area is entirely missing. 
The genus Alcestis is of interest on account of its peculiar vena- 
tion. What Melichar considers the subcosta I consider to be the 
costa, so that in some species there is a very small costal area; 
Sc and R are joined for some distance at their bases, and Sc 
gives out branched veins which reach the costal margin. 


Melichar uses the presence of a suture that divides the pos- 
terior angle of the mesothorax from the disc as the distinguish- 
ing character of the family. If the forms it brings together can 
be retained in one family, then it is of great service and relieves 
systematists of considerable trouble. 

We know little about the genitalia at present. The ovipositor 
appears always to be of the incomplete form. The aedeagus 
shows considerable variation in the different groups. In Ommat- 
issus loufouensis Muir (fig. 11) the periandrium forms a small 
ring with two long, slender processes; the penis is long, slender, 
tubular and slightly sinuate; the genital styles are separate. In 
Tabinia formosa (fig. 27) the genital styles are connected to- 
gether at their base, the periandrium is like a semitube on the 
dorsal aspect of the penis (an epiandrium), and the penis is 
tubular. In l’anua poyeri Muir (fig. 20) the genital styles are 
amalgamated together and form a single, asymmetrical organ; 
the periandrium is a long, slender, chitinous tube, and the penis 
is complex and large. There is a large apodeme connecting the 
base of the periandrium with the apodemes of the genital style. 
It is possible that what I term the periandrium in this genus is, 
in reality, the penis, and that the periandrium is absent. It 
recalls the type found in Derbidae, but it is curved in an oppo- 
site direction and there is an apodeme. It is necessary to do 


226 


considerable more work in this family before we can follow the 
connection of the groups of genera. It is highly probable that 
it will be divided into two or more families. 

The following is a slight modification of Melichar’s table. I 
treat the groups as representing two subfamilies and seven 
tribes. 

1. (4) Costal area present with cross-veins.............. Tropiduchinae 
2 (6) Amiens Weay Sliomiky GAMO NCS. ocoleossnancscoocnsas Tropiduchint 
3. (2) Antennae longer, double as long as the width of the eye. 
Catulliint 
4. (1) Costal area absent or very small and without cross-veins. 
Tambiniinae 


oO 


(6) Costal area absent or very short; subeosta with many branches, 
some furcate, reaching costal margin. 72-22-52. a2 L{icestisint 


6. (5) Subcosta without fureate branches reaching to costal margin. 


. (12) Tegmina not leathery. 


“I 


8 (9) ‘Cross=verns absent +. sien cate otal iae Tripetimorphint 
9. (8) Cross-veins present. 
10. (11) Cross-veins distad of the middle of tegmin.......... Tambiniini 


11. (10) Cross-veins basad of middle of tegmen, apical area longer than 
(CLovM eS cam Aap ceom Oho co cles ODOT OA oon sao 6) 005 o Paricanini 


12. (7) Tegmina leathery, reaching but little beyond apex of abdomen. 
Hiraciint 
I consider that the Upper Permian fossil Prosbole can be 
placed within this family. It is very similar in venation to the 
living insect Neommatissus Muir, and to Trobolophya Mel. I 
cannot consider it in any way ancestral to the Heteroptera. It 
has no median furrow, and the posterior furrow (suture) 1s 
behind the cubitus and not between it and the media. 


V. DERBIDAE. 


Derboides Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fra., VIII (1839), p. 205; type 
Derbe Fabricius (1803), Syst. Rhyng., p. 80. 

This family contains about ninety genera. Every collection of 
any extent received from the tropics contains new species and 
genera, and when the tropics of Africa and America are explored 
for these insects the number of species will soon be doubled. 

The eggs are unknown, but they must be laid in rotten wood, 
or under bark, for that is where the nymphs are found. In 
some genera the ovipositor is absent or represented by mere 


227 


_—— 


rudiments ; in others the gonapophyses are fairly well developed, 
but never coadapted or developed for cutting, so that the eggs 
are most likely all laid on the surface. 

The family is recognized by the very short joint of the labium, 
except in a very few cases, together with the absence of other 
characters. The male genitalia are also quite distinctive. There 
is great diversity of form within the family; the head in several 
genera is more bizarre than in any other family of fulgorids, 
and the tegmina and wings run from quite normal cixiid-like 
forms to long, narrow tegmina and wings reduced to mere 
stumps and used as stridulating organs. There is no costal area 
except in a few forms, and then it is at the base and has no 
cross-veins. Many species have the claval area granulate. 


I divide the family into two subfamilies and six tribes. 

1. (4) Tegmina long and narrow. Wings very small or not more than 
half the length of the tegmina, narrow, the costal and pos- 
terior margins subparallel or converging to a pointed apex, the 
cubital and claval areas greatly reduced, with the claval veins 
missing or reduced, the posterior basal area large, corrugated 
and used as a stridulating organ................. Zoraidinae 

2. (3) Eyes in front not reaching to base of elypeus, subcostal cell 
lonosSomeumes, «very MArrOw-)...). --. deco «= re ove es Zoraidint 

3. (2) Eyes in front, reaching to the base of the clypeus; subcostal cell 
very short or absent; female genital styles abortive. .Sikaianini 

4. (1) Tegmina not long and narrow; wings nearly always more than 

half the length of tegmina, the anal area large and the cubital 
and anal veins normally developed................. Derbinae 

. (10) Claval cell closed or only narrowly open for a short distance, the 

extended claval vein not joining cubitus and not forming part 
of a contiguous series of submarginal cross-veins; cubitus gen- 
erally proceeding straight to hind margin. 


oO 


6. (7) Cubitus apparently with four or more veins, reaching to the hind 
TUE OU areca ae A eee eM Pm ee he aie acer eetass Contra eae « Derbini 

7. (6) Cubitus with léss than four veins reaching to the hind margin. 

8. (9) Cubitus simple or fureate, reaching the hind margin direct, not 
running into the basal median seetor.............. Cenchreini 


= 


(8) Cubitus connected with the basal median sector, forming an 
angular or quadrate cell; sometimes with a ecross-vein near the 
base of the basal median sector, forming a triangular cell; 
Toes Ser ED ERR TSB rats dye oS 5a cer we Pieieve On siaaie we G-i day Rhotanini 

10. (5) Clavus open, the cubital veins bent and touching and, together 

with the extended claval, forming part of the submarginal row 

BER MpIcaly Grassvernig tier wt C)2o'¢ wits Soros b'shn ae plows. Otiocerini 


228 


The Cenchreini are the most generalized tribe, and such 
genera as ’ekunta approach the Cixiidae very closely. In the 
genus Symidia we have an approach toward the Zoraidinae and 
in the genus Phaciocephalus toward the Otiocerini. 

So far no fossil forms have been recognized. The present 
distribution is over the entire tropics in forest country, with a 
few straying into temperate regions. he Zoraidinae and the 
Rhotanini are only known from the Eastern Hemisphere, while 
the two genera Derbe and Mysidia are confined to the Western 
Hemisphere. 


The aedeagus is quite typical of the family and can be recog- 
nized from all other fulgorids. The pygofer and anal segment 
are normal; the latter is often large and produced into one or 
two spines at the apex; the former is generally produced into 
the middle of the ventral margin. The genital styles vary in 
size and shape, their apodemes are fairly large and free from 
all connection (except muscular) with the aedeagus, and thus 
differ from most other fulgorids. The aedeagus is long, sub- 
tubular, slender, and curved upward, with a complex structure 
at the apex; the base is in contact with the base of the anal seg- 
ment and has a large surface connection with the body mem- 
brane. The curved basal section I am inclined to regard as the 
periandrium (fig. 28, pa.) and the apical section as the penis. 
Under this interpretation there is no apodeme of the penis, but 
only a small, strong apodeme on the base of the periandrium 
for the attachment of muscles. This type of genitalia, with slight 
modification among the Zoraidini, is found all through the 
family. The genus /’enata Distant has this type of genitalia and 
must be included in the family. 


VI. ACHILIXIIDAE. 
Type Achilixius Muir. Philippine Jour. Sci., 22 (5) (1923), p. 483. 


This family is easily recognized by the two processes on each 
side of the base of the abdomen, the anterior larger than the pos- 
terior. ‘The larger bears two hemispheroidal depressions and the 
smaller bears one. There is a somewhat similar appendage at the 
base of the abdomen in the genera Benna and Bennaria of the 
Cixiidae. The posterior margins of the tegmina beyond the clavus 
are not produced and do not overlap when at rest, the tegmina 


229 


being considerably tectiform. The male genitalia are very dif- 
ferent from those of other families, but the nature of the aedea- 
gus places it in the Cixiine group, although otherwise it might 
be placed near the Achilidae in the Meenopline group. 

The male pygofer is normal, with a transverse bar across the 
middle to which the base of the aedeagus is attached (fig. 5, 
t. b.) ; the aedeagus shows no sign of division into periandrium 
and penis, but is cultrate, the ventral margin being double and 
curved, the dorsal margin straight and single. The ovipositor is 
incomplete. 5 

The family is erected for a single genus containing four spe- 
cies. I hesitated before erecting the family, but as the genus 
cannot be placed in any recognized family without doing vio- 
lence to the family characters it is best placed by itself.* 


VII. DiIcTYOPHARIDAE. 


Dictiophoroides Spinola (1839), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fra., VIII, pp. 202, 
283; type Dictyophara Germar, Silb. Revue Ent., I, p. 175 (1833). 
This family was monographed by Melichar in 1912, at which 
time he recognized seventy-six genera. He divided it into five 
groups, which I shall consider as two subfamilies with five tribes. 


1. (6) A distinet suture dividing elayus from corium; tegulae and ocelli 
LOCO Vtemeee tpt ech pen hs ec ee he tee oes fer ler ney ayers fe ayci a6 Dictyopharinae 


bo 


(GS) Re Novcross-verns; ant they clayusije. cece. = jee Aes oe Dictyopharini 


(2) Clavus with a ecross-yein between first claval and suture. 


ve 


4. (5) Tegmina with narrow costal area................... Dichopterini 
ean (4) eee O MENA, wil HOUb (COStal, ALCAs ese cis es oes eyee + eee Cladyphini 
6. (1) No suture dividing the clavus from corium............. Orgerinae 
7. (8) Tegmina entirely or almost covering the abdomen........ Lynciini 
8. (7) Tegmina very short, not nearly covering the abdomen...Orgeriini 


Melichar called his Group IV Bursini, although he placed the 
genus Bursinia Costa in his Group V, Orgerini. The above 
classification is likely to be modified with further study. 

The tegmen has no costal area, or a very narrow one without 
transverse veins; the claval vein does not reach the apex of 
clavus. Besides the lateral margins the frons generally has two 


1 The writer has received from Dr. F. X. Williams specimens from 
Eeuador, representing two species of an undescribed genus which goes into 
this family. There is only one rounded process bearing three depressions. 


230 


or three median longitudinal carina. The family is closely con- 
nected with the Fulgoridae. At present it contains a number of 
aberrant forms which make it difficult to define. It is also diff- 
cult to separate from those Cixiidae without a median oceilus. 

The periandrium is large, often funnel-shape, membraneous 
or semi-membraneous, and often has the apical margin divided 
into lobes (fig. 29). The penis is a short tube or ring with two 
long processes (fig. 18, 29 a) very similar to the type found in 
the Fulgoridae (fig. 16). 


VIII. FuLcoripae. 


Fulgorellae Latreille (1807), Ger. Crust. Ins., VII, p. 163; type Ful- 
gvora, Linn, Syst. (Nat. .(1/67),; dap: 703; 

Kirkaldy ' considered that the type of the genus Fulgora is 
europaea Linn. and, therefore, should: be used in place of Dicty- 
ophara Germ. For Fulgora auctt. (type Laternaria Linn.) he 
used Laternaria Linn., which agrees with Stal. The question 
appears to stand upon whether Sulzer’s fixation of the type in 
1776 be valid. Van Duzee does not follow Kirkaldy, and as I 
am not in a position to follow the history of this name I shall 
place myself with the majority and not make the alteration. 

The family stands with about one hundred or more generic 
names. It needs a modern revision, as nothing has been done 
to it since Stal’s time except in local faunistic works where a 
number of genera have been described. It contains the largest 
and most showy species of the superfamily, and so has attracted 
more attention from collectors than any of the others. In some 
species the head is greatly elongated and enlarged, and has been 
stated by some to be luminous. The controversy on this subject 
is old, but an explanation may be found in Kershaw’s discovery 
that the prolongation of the head is filled by a diverticulum 
from the crop. The head at times may be filled with bacteria 
from the stomach and be in the same condition as the silkworm 
larva when attacked by luminous bacteria. 

The reticulation of the anal area of the hind-wings appears 
to be a constant character of this family, and cross-veins are 
numerous on the tegmina, which are comparatively narrow. The . 
costal area is absent or forms but a narrow area without trans- 


1 Haw. Sug. Planters’ Exp. Sta. Ent. Bull., XII, p. 11, 1913. 


verse veins. The Sc is free to the basal cell in some genera, 
the bases of R and M are generally joined together for a short 
distance. The clavus is open, the suture (Cu2) continues as an 
independent vein and is often branched and enters the apical 
margin. The first and second claval veins form a Y and often 
continues as a free, branched vein to the apical margin; the 
third claval (An3) is sometimes present as a free vein in the 
apical portion of the clavus. 


The lateral margins of the frons are generally straight, or if 
they are angular then the frons is longer than wide. 


The female ovipositor is incomplete and is often abortive. 
The eggs are laid on the surface, in some cases in double rows, 
and covered with wax. The aedeagus is very similar to that 
found in the Dictyopharidae. The periandrium is large, funnel- 
shape, and membraneous, the penis short and produced into two 
slender processes (fig. 16). The penis is sometimes greatly 
reduced. 


IX. EuryBRACHIDAE. 


Eurybrachydida Stal (1866), Hem. Afr., IV, p. 129; type Eurybrachys 
Guer. (1834) Voy. Belang. Ind. Orient, p. 475. 

This small family of some two dozen genera is a fairly diffi- 
cult one to place. In certain characters it approaches the Ful- 
goridae, in others the Achilidae. 

The female has an incomplete ovipositor. The male genitalia 
are complex and at present not fully understood. In Gelasiopsis 
imsignis Kirk. (fig. 24) the male pygofer is simple and the 
genital styles large but normal. The aedeagus is unique, so far 
as my knowledge extends; it forms a short tube flattened hori- 
zontally, on each side arises a large, strong spine-like process, 
dorsally and ventrally there is a semi-membraneous flap. In 
Olonia picea Kirk. (fig. 12) there is a large plate attached to 
the ventral margin of the pygofer produced posteriorly into two 
curved spines; this may represent a development of g 1. The 
genital styles are large and complex; the aedeagus is peculiar 
and consists of a membraneous area in which the genital open- 
ing is situated, with three pairs of sclerites, the basal pair being 
the largest, triangular and projecting as two large, broad spines ; 
internally there is a membraneous tube to which the apodeme is 


Dae 


attached (fig. 12 b). The genitalia require much further study 
before we can place the family with any certainty. 


The frons is broad, generally broader than long, and the 
lateral margins angular. In some genera there is a costal area 
with cross-veins, in others it is absent. The claval vein runs to 
the apex of the clavus, which is generally roundly closed; the 
vein proceeds beyond the clavus and ends in the hind margin 
and is sometimes branched. The third claval vein (An3) 1s 
sometimes present as a free vein in the apical half of the clavus; 
Cu2 or claval suture continues beyond the clavus, branches and 
terminates in the apical margin. The anal area of the hind-wing 
is reticulate in a few species. 


XS NCHILiDAR: 


Achilida Stal (1866), Hem. Afr., IV, p. 130; type Achilus Kirby 
GSils)e Mransaleinne SOG. le ondss line 75: 

This is a very homogeneous family of about sixty genera. 
The chief characteristics of the family are the claval vein reach- 
ing the apex of clavus, which is closed; the hind margin pro- 
duced beyond the apex of clavus; the tegmina, when at rest, 
very slightly tectiform or nearly horizontal, and the areas 
beyond the clavus overlapping. In only a few genera is there 
any sign of a costal area, and then there are no cross-veins. 


The female has an incomplete ovipositor. In the male the 
pygofer is considerably flattened horizontally, there is generally 
a pair of processes on the medio-ventral margin; the genital 
styles are large and complex; the aedeagus in EHurynomeus 
granulatus (fig. 23) consists of a periandrium which is pro- 
duced into three pair of processes, and a penis which is a small 
tube with two long, flat processes (fig. 23 a). In a large Philip- 
pine Achilid at present undetermined (fig. 26) the periandrium 
and penis are fairly normal, but the apodeme forms a long, 
semi-chitinous tube, the nature of which I do not understand. 
A great deal more work must be done upon the family before 
its correct position in the superfamily can be demonstrated. 
Certain points place it near the Eurybrachidae and Fulgoridae, 
but there are others which separate it very decidedly. 


230 


XI. ACANALONIIDAE. 


Acanonides Amyot and Serville (1843), Hemip., pp. LVIII, 520; type 
Acanalonia Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fra., VIII (1839), p. 447. 

This small family, which contains only five or six genera, was 
monographed by Melichar in 1902. It comes very close to some 
of the Issidae by which it appears to be separated by the absence 
of spines on the hind tibiae. 

The head is about as wide as the thorax and the clypeus lacks 
lateral carinae. The posterior margin of the pronotum is 
straight or but slightly concave, the pronotal carinae absent or 
obscure; the mesonotum is large. The tegmina are steeply tecti- 
form. This family differs from the Flatidae by having no 
costal area, or if there be one then it is obscure and has no 
transverse veins. 

The ovipositor is incomplete. The aedeagus is complex, the 
penis and periandrium appear to be amalgamated into a com- 
plex tube with appendages (figs. 30, 31), a condition found in 
some Issidae. 


Xl. aissmmaAr: 


Issites Spinola (1839), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., VIII, p. 204; type Issus 
Fabricius (1803), Syst. Rhyng., p. 99. 

This is a difficult family to characterize. With the exception 
of a few cases the head is as wide as the thorax, or wider. The 
hind margin of the pronotum is straight or but slightly concave 
or convex; the mesonotum is short, not more than twice the 
length of the pronotum, with a transverse carina across it par- 
allel to the hind margin of the pronotum, which divides it into 
two parts; the anterior portion is covered by the pronotum and 
is generally of a different sculpturing to the posterior portion. 
This character is also found in some Dictyopharidae and 
Lophopidae. 

The tegmen is without a costal area, or if one be present then 
it is small, obscure, and without cross-veins. The tegmen is 
often very short or very narrow and the venation obscured. 
The legs are generally thick and the hind basitarsus short and 
thick. 

The ovipositor is incomplete. The male genitalia are consid- 
erably diverse, even in the few species that I have examined. 


234 


In Hemisphaerius moluccanus Wirk. (fig. 33) the periandrium 
is large and semi-membraneous; the penis forms a fairly large 
tube produced into two processes with a median process in the 
middle. This aedeagus is like the type found in the Ricaniidae. 
In Danepteryx sp. (fig. 21) the periandrium forms a small tube 
which fits tightly around the large, semi-cylindrical, curved 
penis. In Gelastissus histrionicus Kirk. (fig. 35) the perian- 
drium is a short, wide tube with the dorsal edge curved over 
at its apex; the penis is smaller and has two large, curved spines 
at the apex. In Aphelonema vespertina Wirk. (fig. 34) the peri- 
andrium is large and membraneous, while the penis is thin and 
curved. These few examples show the diversity to be found in 
the family, and indicate the necessity for a great amount of 
work before we shall be able to understand the relationship of 
the genera included within it. 


Melichar monographed the family in 1906, when he recog- 
nized ninety-five genera; since then several new ones have been 
added. The following division of the family is based on Meli- 
char’s work. 

1. (2) Tegmina short and only reaching slightly beyond the base of the 


abdomen, or exceedingly narrow, parchment-like, thick or opaque, 
seldom hyaline; wings absent or rudimentary....... Caliscelinae 


2. (1) Tegmina entirely covering the abdomen or the greater portion of it. 


3. (4) Clavus and corium not separated by a suture. Tegmina generally 


convex, thick, and the venation obscure......... Hemisphaerinae 
4. (3) "Clayus*separated= from corm by a suburese se) ee eel ie Issinae 
5. (6) Wings absent or rudimentary, not folded.......... Hysteropterint 
6. (5) Wings present, entire. 
Ac -°C8)" Wangs Swath rar sins - ene tee sare cie causes ce ie eee eee eine Issini 


8. (7) Wings with a deep cleft in the apical margin, the anal area very 


NPE) CE Ec, A oiate tpasane hel ito totests taper oe aks aime Ramee Cena scape eee Thiontini 


The genus 4Augila Stal would come into the Issini. It might 
be as well to make a separate tribe, or even subfamily of it. 
Danepteryx Uhler and Gamergomorphus Melichar would go 
into the Caliscelinae near to Alleloplasis Waterh. It might be 
more natural to consider the Caliscelinae as a tribe of the 
Issinae. 


239) 


XIII. LopuHopipae. 


Lophopida Stal (1866), Hem. Afr., IV, p. 130; type Lophops Spinola 
(1i839)Anny Soc. Ent.) Bra, Vill, p: 387. 

This small and homogeneous family was monographed by 
Melichar in 1915, and twenty-seven genera were then recog- 
nized. The head is narrower than the thorax and there is a 
tendency for the middle portion of the frons to be produced; 
the front legs are flattened and expanded in most cases; the 
hind margin of pronotum is truncate; the clypeus is keeled later- 
ally ; the hind basitarsus is short and generally swollen; there is 
a distinct costal area with cross-veins. 

I donot follow Melichar’s tribes, as the characters he uses do 
not hold true, and he has placed some of his genera into the 
wrong tribes, according to his own characters. 

The ovipositor 1s incomplete. The aedeagus has a large peri- 
andrium (figs. 15, 17, 19), often considerably complex ; the penis 
forms a short tube with a pair of processes, often of a complex 
nature. It is a specialization upon the Dictyophara type near to 
the Ricantidae. 


XIV. RICANIIDAE. 


Ricaniida Stal, Hem. Afr., IV, p. 219 (1866); type Ricania Germ. 
Mag. Ent., III, p. 221 (1818). 

Head wide, in a few cases narrower than the pronotum. Pro- 
notum slightly roundly emarginate on hind margin; mesonotum 
very large. Tegmina large, steeply tectiform when at rest, a 
costal area with transverse veins always present, which is quite 
distinct. even when narrow; clavus not granulate, apex closed, 
pointed, claval vein reaching apex, the costal veins joining before 
the middle or shortly beyond the middle. Posterior tibiae with 
spines; hind basitarsi short. 

In 1898, when Melichar monographed the family, he recog- 
nized thirty-one genera. A few more have been added since. 
He divided the family into two groups. 


1. (2) Frons wider than long, or as wide as long; the sides of eclypeus 
WILE OWE CAMINIA OP even ueyecnettencdar Paks ote. cls Gusto, eoitucie ths oreicte os Ricaniini 


2. (1) Frons distinctly longer than wide or as wide as long; in the latter 
case the clypeus has lateral carinae.................. Nogodini 


I believe a better classification can be made on the venation, 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V. Plate IV. 





Male Genitalia of Fulgoroidea. 


237 


but my present knowledge of the family is too limited to allow 
me to carry out such a scheme. 

In the few genera which I have examined the male genitalia 
are all built on the same type. The periandrium (figs. 13, 22) 
forms a large and comparatively simple tube; the penis forms a 
more or less short tube or ring from which arises a pair of 
processes more or less narrow and with ample apices; within the 
penis there 1s a small process which is sometimes trilobed, and 
on which the gonopore appears to be situated, and which may 
represent the true penis. 

Most species of this family are comparatively large and often 
gaily colored, and so they have been given more attention by 
collectors than the more obscure fulgorids. The family is a very 
homogeneous one. 


XV. FLATIDAE. 
Flatoides Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., VIII, pp. 204, 387 (1839); type 
Flata Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., 511, 517 (1798). 
Head generally narrower than thorax. Pronotum with the 


posterior margin generally roundly emarginate, in some case 
subangularly and in a few cases straight; mesonotum fairly 





PARE Ve 


1. Tettigometra sp. (Tettigometridae). Right side view of aedeagus and 
anal segment. 

2. Hilda breviceps (Tettigometridae). Right side view of male genitalia. 

3. Mnemosyne efferatus (Cixiidae). Right side view of male genitalia. 

4. Kinnara maculata (Cixiidae). Left side view of male genitalia. 

9. Achilixius singularis (Achilixiidae). Left side view of male genitalia. 

6. Phaconura froggatti (Cixiidae). Right side view of male genitalia. 

Borysthenes fasciolatus (Cixiidae). Right side view of aedeagus. 

8. Myndus caligineus (Cixiidae). Left side view of aedeagus. 

9. Stenocranus seminigrifrons (Delphacidae). Right side view of male 
genitalia. 

10. Ugyops kellersi (Delphacidae). Right side view of anal segment, 
aedeagus and genital styles. 

11. Ommatissus loufouensis (Tropiduchidae). Right side view of male 
genitalia. 

Lettering on figures: aed, aedeagus; ags, apodeme of genital styles; 
ap, apodeme of penis; as, anal style; a seg, anal segment; ejd, ejacula- 
tory duet; g1, anterior gonopophyses; p, penis; pa, periandrium; pg, 
pygofer. 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soce., V. 


Male 


Genitalia of Fulgoroidea. 


Plate V. 





23S 


large. Tegmina large, in a few genera narrow, with a distinct 

costal area with cross-veins; the clavus granulate, often open 

and the claval veins separate, or the claval veins joined near 
apex. 

The family was monographed in 1902 by Melichar, who 
included the Acanaloniidae. By excluding these we have a 
homogeneous group of about eighty to ninety genera which can 
be divided into two subfamilies of strikingly different facies. 

1. (2) Body considerably compressed laterally, the tegmina steeply tecti- 
form, the apical portion of the costal margins and’ the apical 
margins meeting together, or approaching very closely when at 
MGS Gewese roep nae Ne erties lore ops asi iw MagsWohiaioa10,.01.6) oueseteogerels Flatinae 

2. (1) Body not compressed laterally or only slightly so; tegmina hori- 
zontal or only slightly tectiform, the apical portion of costal 
margins not meeting together beneath the abdomen. .Flatoidinae 

In the few genera in which I have examined the male geni- 
talia they appear to be very uniform. The periandrium forms 
a short tube or ring and from each side a long, narrow appen- 
dage arises which generally has the apex enlarged or complex. 
The penis forms a large tube, often funnel-shape and flattened - 





PLATE V. 


12. Olonia picea (Eurybrachidae). Ventral view male genitalia; a, right 
side view male genitalia with styles and g! cut away; b, aedeagus. 

13. Pochaza fuscata (Rieaniidae). Ventral view of aedeagus; a, dorsal 
view of aedeagus; b, dorsal view of penis. 

14. Neomelicharia guttulata (Flatidae). Left side view of aedeagus; a, 
basal portion of penis; b, process bearing gonopore. 

15. Pyrella aberrans (Lophopidae). Right side view of penis. 

16. Aphana sp. (Fulgoridae). Ventral view of periandrium; a, lateral 
view of penis. 

17. Pyrella aberrans (Lophopidae). Right side view of aedeagus. 

18. Dictyophara nerides (Dictyopharidae). Left side view of aedeagus. 

19. Virgilia nigropicta (Lophopidae). Right side view of male genitalia; 
a, dorsal view; b, lateral view of penis. 

20. Vanua poyeri (Tropiduchidae). Left side view of male genitalia. 

21. Danepteryx sp. (Issidae). Right side view of aedeagus. 

22. Mindura obscurus (Riecaniidae). Left side view of penis. 

25. Eurynomeus granulatus (Achilidae). Left side view of aedeayus; a, 
dorsal view of penis. 

24. Gelastopsis insignis (Eurybrachidae). Left side view of genitalia; 
a, dorsal view of aedeagus. 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V. Plate VI. 





Male Genitalia of Fulgoroidea. 


241 


laterally, the apical margin being cleft for some distance; on 
each side of the penis there is often a depression into which 
the process of the periandrium fits when at rest. Within the 
penis at its base there is a process on which the gonopore 
appears to be situated (figs. 14, 32). In the Flatoidinae the 
periandrium is large, forming a short, thick funnel, and the proc- 
esses are shorter; the penis is also shorter and wider (fig. 36). 
The ovipositor is always incomplete. 


PHYLOGENY, 


The classification of animals started early in the history of 
mankind, most likely with the dawn of speech. It was started 
for convenience and was empirical, and has continued down the 
ages on the same lines. With the dawn of biological science it 
was continued scientifically, and a natural order of arrange- 
ment became evident. Since Darwin made evolution a living 
force with biologists the natural arrangement, or natural order, 
has become predominant, in some cases even to the detriment 
of utility. 

The living species of animals represent the terminal twigs of 
the tree of insect life of which we examine but the surface. 





PLATE VI. 


25. Myndus musivus (Cixiidae). Left side view of male genitalia. 

26. gen. sp. ? (Achilidae). Right side view of male genitalia; a, dorsal 
view of aedeagus. 

27. Tambinia formosa (Tropiduchidae). Right side view of male geni- 
talia; a, ventral view of same. 

28. Phaciocephalus sp. (Derbidae). Right side view of male genitalia. 

29. Dictyophara euwropeae (Dietyopharidae). Left side view of male geni- 
talia; a, dorsal view of penis. 

30. Acanalonia sp. (Acanaloniidae). Left side view of male genitalia. 

31. Amphiscepa bivittata (Acanaloniidae). Right side view of male geni- 
talia. 

32. Siphanta acuta (Flatidae). Right side view of male genitalia. 

33. Hemisphaerius moluccanus (Issidae). Left side view male genitalia; 
a, left side view of penis. 

34. Aphelonema vespertina (Issidae). Right side view of aedeagus. 

35. Gelastissus histrionicus (Issidae). Right side view of male genitalia; 
a, ventral view of aedeagus. 

36. Uxantes sp. (Flatidae). Right side view of aedeagus. 


242 


What lies below that surface—the branches, limbs, and trunk— 
we can only speculate about, using for our guides the arrange- 
ments of fhe terminal twigs and such little evidence as is given 
us by paleontology. Such speculation we term phylogeny, and 
its existence entirely depends upon our belief in evolution; the 
form it takes is moulded by the nature of that belief. 


To the phylogenist the cut and dried dichotomous characters, 
which are such a boon to systematists, are often of little value. 
On the other hand, those organs showing a graduate series, 
which are anathema to the systematist, are generally the phy- 
logenist’s best friends. It is upon these lines that the following 
speculations proceed. 


The Hemiptera existed before the Heteroptera or Homoptera, 
and were characterized by the nature and function of the mouth 
parts. They were more generalized that either of these sub- 
orders are today, but they approached nearer to the former. 
The head would have possessed a gula region, and the beak may 
have been carried out straight. When not in use this position 
would be inconvenient, and it was possibly to avoid this that 
the main dichotomy came about. In the Heteroptera the gula 
region persisted and even became greatly developed and the 
beak bent at its base so that it packed away under the head and 
thorax. In the Homoptera the gula was reduced and the head 
became inflexed so that the beak when at rest lay straight out 
beneath the thorax without a bend at its base, thus the base of 
the labium was brought into intimate relationship with the pro- 
sternum. This turning under of the head led to a flattening and 
widening of the head capsule, especially the more apical por- 
tions such as the genae and lorae. This line of evolution of the 
head was carried to its greatest extent in the Cicadoidea, more 
especially in the specialized Cicadellidae. The Tettigometridae 
of the Fulgoroidea retains this type of head, but it is modified 
slightly along the fulgorid lines. It is possible that in the Ful- — 
goroidea the vertex lengthened and curved downward. In this 
case the lateral carinae of the frons would represent the ridge 
above the antennae in the Cicadoidea. 

After the departure of the Fulgoroidea from the main stem, 
or perhaps even before that, there arose the peculiar arrange- 
ment of the intestine whereby the “filter” or “colum” was 


*D192d07U9}/ 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V. Plate VIL. 






ae = 
sat tt 
me 3 
Sonat aS 
dl oh 
Deh 1a = 
2 ets : 
5 == 9 
aS SS 
5 a 
> ~ 
% 
o : 
~ Coccidae. 
fo) ~ 
8 . 
2 Aleurodidae. 3 
Q S 
= > 
Aphidae . eS 
als 
Psyllidae, Oe ee 
~S 
RY 
Q 
Q 
v Cicadidae. ; 
Ss D 
1) ™, 
oO 9 
> Cercopidae. Qa x 
S Q iS) 
S 8 S 
S P . 
QR Membracitdae. R mk 
: BS) Jal’ 
Q Cicadellidae. Si ees 
; a 
a 
6 
Le = 
Sa. oS a 
a Q Sy 
Fr 7 = 9 
nti S »S S 
eee oS x Ps 
<h oy as 
S >a es 
N Lo) Q 
~s, x ; 
~~ isn 
8 
“N . 
Ne 
NS 
~N 
~“s 
“XN 


Diagram 1, showing the morphological affinity of the Homoptera. 


244 


formed. This must have been on a side branch and it gave rise 
to the Cicadidae, Cercopidae, and Membracidae, as well as to 
the Sternorhynchi. The latter followed certain lines of evolution 
of their own, such as specialization by reduction, the formation 
of a setal chamber or crumena and the detachment of part of 
the head capsule from the rest of the head. This reduction may 
be due to their decrease in size together with their sedentary 
habits. The formation of the setal chamber may be for a 
mechanical perfection for controlling the long setae when in 
- use, as well as for a place of protection when at rest. This line 
of evolution of the Sternorhynchi culminates in the Coccidae, 
which are in general the smallest and most sedentary of the > 
group. 

The venation of the early Hemiptera approached Comstock’s 
theoretical wing very closely, and a somewhat similar type of 
venation is found in the more generalized of each of the larger 
groups. The tendency for the bases of the four chief systems 
to amalgamate one with another is traced through all the groups, 
especially with the reduction of the width of the wings. This 
is carried to its greatest extent among the Sternorhynchi and 
is possibly a result of reduction of size and disuse. 

According to my interpretation of the evolution of the Ful- 
goroidea, the Tettigometridae represent the modifed descend- 
ants of the most primitive fulgorids. They descended from a 
form having small hind coxae, as in Cercopidae, and not from a 
form having the present membracid-cicadellid type. The Cixi- 
dae represent a branch from the early stem which have retained 
certain primitive characters, such as the three ocelli, a simple 
venation and the complete ovipositor. At an early period the 
Cixiidae divided into two groups, Cixiinae and the Meenoplini.' 
From the former the Delphacidae arose by the acquisition of a 
mobile spur on the hind tibia; they carried over and retained 
the complete ovipositor and the more generalized male genitalia. 
The modification of the venation in the family is by reduction. 
The Tropiduchidae evidently came from a Cixiinae stock and 
have undergone considerable evolution within the family (if all 
the genera contained in it represent a monophyletic group). 





1 It is possible that this dichotomy goes back to a pre-cixiidae form, 
and that they should be regarded as distinet families. 


"D4L00I7N1f0}044 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V. 


Plate VILL. 
Flatidae 15. 
Ricantidae 1/4. 
Lophopidae /3. 


I[ssidae /2. 


Acanalontidae Il. 


Achilidae 10. 


Eurybrachidae a 


Fulgoridae 8. 
Dictyopharidae T. 


Meenopliinae 

Cixitda 
Cisctinae fe. 
Delphacidae 3. 
Tropiduchidae #. 
Derbidae 5S. 


Achilizitidae 6. 


Tettigometridae /. 


Diagram 2, showing the morphological affinity of the families of the 


Fulgoroidea, 


246 


Platygenesis has taken place in one group and stenogenesis in 
another. The aedeagus has undergone considerable evolution 
within the family, but, so far as present knowledge enables us 
to judge, it is of the Cixiinae type. The generalized Derbidae 
approach so closely to the Cixiidae that some genera have been 
shifted from one to another, but they possess distinct male geni- 
talia. The Achilixiidae belong to the Cixiinae group, but they 
are difficult to place as they have some synthetic characters. 
The other nine families arose from the Meenoplinae stock or 
from genera having their type of genitalia. Our knowledge is 
too slight to allow us to speculate on their relationship with any 
hope of being correct. The Dictyopharidae and Fulgoridae are 
closely allied. The Eurybrachidae show some affinities to the 
Fulgoridae, and so do the Achilidae. ‘The other five families 
may have arisen from the generalized Dictyopharidae or from 
a more direct Meenoplinae stem. The Issidae and Acanaloniidae 
are closely allied, but the possibility of the Issidae being a com- 
posite group must not be overlooked. ‘The Lophopidae and the 
Ricaniidae have affinities, and the Flatidae come close to them. 
With the exception of the Issidae, one of whose characteristics 
is a reduction and thickening of the tegmina, the last five 
families show considerable platygenesis, the last three often hav- 
ing a wide costal area containing cross-veins; the Tropiduchidae 
in part share this characteristic, and other families show it to 
some extent. Stenogenesis also appears in several families quite 
independently, so that neither of these characters can be used 
for the grouping of the families. 

It is to paleontology that we must look for information to fill 
in our time elements so as to round out our speculations in 
phylogeny. So far the evidence fits in with the above conclu- 
sions. The Tropiduchidae, Cixiidae, and Tettigometridae (if 
the latter are allied to /psvichia) are found in Mesozoic times 
or earlier, along with Cercopidae, Cicadidae, and Cicadellidae ; 
whereas Fulgoridae, Flatidae, Ricaniidae and, perhaps, the Der- 
bidae have only been found in much more recent formations. 


While paleontology gives us some positive data as to the pres- 
ence of certain forms at certain periods, yet the geological 
record is not nearly complete enough to allow us to accept nega- 
tive evidence as indicating that other forms did not exist at 


247 


those periods. We must use other evidence to support such a 
proposition. We cannot expect to find much evidence of Coc- 
cidae in the geological records, but we can reason from their 
high specialization that they appeared later than the more 
generalized Sternorhynchi. 

When considering the problems of phylogeny the possibilities 
and probability of parallel and convergent evolution must be 
constantly borne in mind. In every large group of animals there 
is evidence of such, and it is the first work of the phylogenist 
to decide where this has taken place. For this reason we must 
not base our conclusions upon one structure alone. But we 
must base our conclusions upon evidence, even if it be incon- 
venient. If evidence can be shown that the “filter” was once 
present in the Cicadellidae and has since been lost, then our 
task would be simplified; the Membracidae would then come off 
the same base and the Cercopidae would represent the more 
direct line. This is indicated by the thickened line in the dia- 
gram. But until such evidence can be produced we must take 
things as we find them and arrange our diagram accordingly. 

In drawing up diagrams Nos. 1 and 2 (Plates VII and VIII) 
I have tried to take the above remarks into consideration. ‘They 
do not indicate the time element, but simply try to express my 
conceptions of the morphological affinity of the families dealt 
with. As such they are liable to alterations and repairs, as they 
give way beneath the weight of accumulated knowledge. 





249 


New or Little-Known Crane-Flies from the Hawaiian Islands 
(Tipulidae, Diptera). 
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, AMHERST, MASS. 


(Presented by Mr. Bryan at the meeting of June 3, 1922.) 


The following records are based on a collection of Tipulidae 
kindly sent to me by Dr. James F. Illingworth. The types and 
uniques are preserved in the collection of the Bishop Museum, 
Honolulu. The chief papers dealing with the Tipulidae of the 
Islands are the following: 

Grimshaw, Percy. Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. III, pp. 6-10; 
1901. 
Alexander, Charles P. Notes on the Crane-Flies of the 


Hawaiian Islands. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. XII, 
Pp zoe LOTS, 


It now appears that the species of Limnobia, Styringomyia, 
and Trimicra are more widely distributed than was believed 
at the time of their original characterization in 1901. The 
numerous species of Dicranomyia, on the other hand, all seem 
to be endemic. The same is true of the single species of Gono- 
myia known from the Islands. 


Limnobia perkinsi Grimshaw. 

The following localities are represented: 

Oahu: Honolulu, October, 1919 (E. H. Bryan, Jr.). 
Fijt: Rewa, March, 1906 (F. Muir). 

The species is now known from other Pacific Islands as 
Samoa and Tahiti. In previous papers, the writer had consid- 
ered this species as being more properly referable to Libnotes. 
Following the definition of the latter genus as diagnosed by 
Mr. F. W. Edwards, the present species is to be retained in 
Limnobia. 


Dicranomyia stygipennis Alexander. 
(D. brunnea Grimshaw, preoccupied. ) 
The following records are available: 


Oahu: Kolekole, Waianae, February 29, 1920 (KE. H. 
Bryan, ce; Pauoa Vy lune 17, 1917 (j.:C. Bridwell) ; 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


250 


Moanalua V., altitude 1200 feet, April 9, 1922 (E. H. 
Bryan, Jr): 
Mam: altitude 2000 feet, March 19, 1919 (J. A. Kusche). 
Kauat: altitude 4000 feet, April 23, 1919 (J. A. Kusche) ; 
Kokee, January, 1919 (( Ji2AesKusche)- 


The synonymy of D. briunnea with stygipennis is established 
by a comparison of paratypes of the two. Grimshaw described 
the wings as being “hyaline,” which is certainly not the case. 
The present species appears to be the most abundant Tipulid in 
the Islands. 


Dicranomyia grimshawi Alexander. 
(D. apicalis Grimshaw, preoccupied. ) 
The following localities are represented: 
Oahu: Cooke Trail, April 5, 1919 (O. H. Swezey). 
Kauai: altitude 4000 feet, April 23, 1919 (J. A. Kusche) ; 
Kokee, March 30, 1919 (J. A. Kusche). 


Dicranomyia hawaiiensis Grimshaw. 
The following locality is added: 
Hawai: Honaunau, June, 1919 (J. G. Stokes). 


Dicranomyia kauaiensis Grimshaw. 
This very rare crane-fly is represented by material from near 
the type-station. 
Kauai: Summit Camp, September 2, 1920 (O. H. Swezey). 


Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swezey. 
Three specimens from the following stations: 


Oahu: Cooke Trail, April 5, 1919 (O. H. Swezey) ; Moana- 
lua V., altitude 1200 feet, April 9, 1922 (E. H. Bryan, Jr.). 


Dicranomyia nigropolita sp. n. 

General coloration shiny black; anterior part of vertex and a con- 
spicuous ventral area on thoracic pleura silvery white pubescent; wings 
faintly infuseated, the stigma conspicuous, dark brown; eell first M2 open 
by the atrophy of m. 

Male. Length about 3 mm.; wing, 4.6 mm. 

Female. Length about 4 mm.; wing, 4.8 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae black, the basal flagellar 
segments subglobular. Head black, the narrow vertex silvery white anteriorly. 


Zo. 


an 


Pronotum obseure yellow, blackened medially. Mesonotum shiny black; 
in some cases the humeral region of the praescutum obscure yellow; lateral 
margins of the praescutum very narrowly yellowish. Pleura brownish 
black, shiny, with a conspicuous, ventral, obscure yellow area that is 
densely covered with a microscopic appressed pubescence that appears like 
a bloom when viewed obliquely from above; this area extends from behind 
the fore coxa to dorsal of the mid-coxa. Halteres pale brown, the base of 
the stem and the knobs yellow. Legs with the fore coxae obscure yellow; 
mid-coxae yellow, the base extensively infuscated; posterior coxae with 
the outer face infuscated; trochanters obscure yellow; remainder of the 
legs black. Wings with a faint brownish tinge; stigma conspicuous, oval, 
dark brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc short, SeZ ending just 
before the origin of Rs, Sc? apparently atrophied; cell first M2 open by 
atrophy of m; basal deflection of Cui close before the fork of M. 

Abdomen black, the ventral lobes of the hypopygium brownish yellow. 

Habitat—Hawaiian Islands. 


Holotype, male, Kaumuahona, Oahu, November 23, 1919 
CBE Bryan, Jr). 

Allotype, female, Southeast Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Feb- 
ruary 11, 1917 (J. C. Bridwell). 

Paratypes, female, Wahiawa, Oahu, October 31, 1920 (O. H. 
Swezey); male, Waihee, Maui, September 4, 1919 (E. H. 
Bryan, Jr.). 

This handsome little fly is readily told by the shiny black 
coloration and the open cell first M2. 


Styringomyia didyma Grimshaw. 

The following records are available in this. material: 

Oahu: Central Y. M. C. A., Honolulu, February 16, 1922 
(William A. Meinecke) ; one pair, taken in copula. 
Hawan: Honaunau, August 13, 1919 (O. H. Swezey). 

Trimicra pilipes (Fabricius). 

Mr. F. W. Edwards believes that most, if not all, of the rather 
numerous described species of the genus are synonyms or varie- 
ties of the common T. pilipes. There can be no doubt but that 
the total number of valid species is much less than has gener- 
ally been supposed. The Hawaiian records have been listed 
hitherto as 7. lateralis Grimshaw. The following observations 
are available: 

Kauai: Kaholuamano, April, 1920 (J. A. Kusche ). 
Hawaii: Honaunau, June, 1919 (J. G. Stokes). 


252 


Undescribed Species of Australasian and Oriental Crane-Flies 
(Tipulidae, Diptera). 
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, AMHERST, MASS. 


(Presented by Mr. Bryan at the meeting of July 6, 1922.) 


The species herein described as new are from Southeastern 
China, Papua, and Eastern Australia and were collected by 
Messrs. Kershaw and Muir, and the late Messrs. R. Helms and 
F. W. Terry. They were included in the collections of the 
Bernice P. Bishop Museum and were kindly submitted to me 
for determination by my friend, Dr. James F. [lingworth, to 
whom I am indebted for many kind favors. 


GENUS GYNOPLISTIA WESTWOOD. 


Gynoplistia nigrithorax, sp. n. 

General coloration black; head reddish; antennae with ten branched seg- 
ments; wings with a very heavy brown pattern. 

Female? Wing, 11 mm. 

Rostrum obscure reddish; mouth-parts dark; palpi dark red, paler at 
the incisures. Antennae reddish, the pectinations dark brown; seventeen- 
segmented, the formula being 2+2+8-+5, the longest pectination (on 
flagellar segments five and six) about three times the segment; pectina- 
tion of flagellar segment ten shorter than the segment. Head shiny red. 

Pronotum velvety black. Mesonotum subshiny, black throughout; pseudo- 
sutural foveae very large, oval in outline. Pleura velvety black. Halteres 
black, the extreme base obseure reddish. Legs with the coxae and trochan- 
ters black, the femora abruptly orange with the tips narrowly infuseated, 
broadest on the posterior femora, almost obliterated on the fore femora; 
tibiae orange, the fore tibiae slightly infuscated, the extreme bases and 
the broader apices darkened; tarsi black. Wings with a faint yellowish 
tinge, the base and cell C more strongly flavous; a very heavy brown 
pattern, appearing as two broad crossbands, the first broadest, extending 
from arculus to beyond the level of the origin of Rs, interrupted in cell Rk 
proximad of Rs and not ineluding cell second C except the base; basal 
two-fifths of cell second A flavous; the second band occupies the level of 
the cord, is of nearly equal width throughout and completely traverses the 
wing; wing-apex darkened, restricting the ground-color to a very narrow 
and ill-defined area across the apical cells; veins dark brown, brighter in 
the yellow areas. Venation: Cell M7 longer than its petiole; cell first M? 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


253 


areuated at its proximal end; basal deflection of Cui about one-third its 
length beyond the fork of M. 


Abdomen broken. 


Hab.—Papua. 


Holotype, female ?, Laloki, New Guinea, November, 1910 
(F. Muir). 


Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


Gynoplistia fumipennis, sp. n. 

General coloration black, the thoracic pleura dusted with grey; legs 
black; wings suffused with dark brown; abdomen orange, the terminal two 
segments and the ovipositor black. 


Female. Length, 12.5 mm.; wing, 10.5 mm. 


Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, the flagellum badly twisted 
in the unique type so the number of segments cannot be accurately ceter- 
mined. Head shiny black. 

Thorax shiny black, the pleura with an appressed microscopic grey 
pubescence that appears like a bloom. Halteres brownish black. Legs with 
the coxae black, dusted with grey; remainder of the legs black. Wings 
with a dark brown suffusion, almost uniform over the entire surface, the 
costal region only being a little darker, pale longitudinal streaks in cells 
R, M, Cul, first A, second A, and along vein M; veins dark brown. Vena- 
tion: r near tip of RZ; petiole of cell M7 very short, about one-half longer 
than m; basal deflection of Cul just beyond midlength of cell first M2. 

Abdomen bright orange, segments eight and nine shiny black. Ovi- 
positor black, the valves elongate. 


Hab.—New South Wales. 
Holotype, female, Blue Mountains, December, 1912. 
Type in the Bishop Museum. 


Gynoplistia helmsi, sp. n. 

General coloration greenish black; abdomen violaceous, the third and 
genital segments reddish; legs black, the femoral bases broadly reddish; 
wings subhyaline, heavily banded with brown; antennae with not more 
than seventeen segments, the basal seven flagellar segments pectinate. 

Female. Length, 8.8 mm.; wing, 8.2 mm. 

Rostrum greenish black; palpi black. Antennae with sixteen or seven- 
teen segments, the formula being 2+2+5-+7 (or 8), black. Head greenish 
black. 

Mesonotum greenish black, shiny. Pleura black, dusted with whitish. 
Halteres yellow. Legs with the coxae black, dusted with white; trochan- 
ters black; femora black with the basal half or less reddish, the tips some- 
what clavate; remainder of the legs black; posterior legs lost. Wings sub- 


254 


hyaline, the base yellowish; cell C light brown, Se dark brown; a heavy 
brown pattern distributed as follows: bases of cells R and M, continued 
into cells Cu and first A; a large, quadrate area at origin of Ks, barely 
reaching M; a crossband extending from the stigma across the wing 
along the cord, leaving a pale spot in cell first M2; wing-tip rather nar- 
rowly dark brown, including the distal two-fifths of cells R2, R3, and R5 ; 
all of Mi and the extreme tip of second M2; a brown cloud beyond mid- 
length of cell second A; veins brown, yellow at the base of the wing. 
Venation: Cell second Ri very small, triangular; cell MZ about as long 
as its petiole; basal deflection of Cui at about one-third the length of cell 
first M2. 

Abdomen violaceous, the third segment reddish. Ovipositor elongate, 
orange, the tips darkened. 


Hab.—New South Wales. 

Holotype, female, Blackheath, January, 1904 (le. Helms). 
Type in the Bishop Museum. 

This species is dedicated to the memory of the collector. 


GENUS ERIOCERA MACQUART. 


Eriocera praelata, sp. n. 

Male. Length, 24 mm.; wing, 24 mm. 

By Edwards’ Key to the Old World species of Hriocera, the present 
species runs down to FL. mesopyrrha (Wiedemann), from which it differs 
as follows: 

Size very large, one of the largest species of the genus known. Antennal 
scape dark brown, the flagellum obscure yellow, the terminal segments 
darker. Head dark brown, the vertical tubercle small, comical. Mesonotal 
praescutum rich reddish brown, the remainder of the mesonotum darker; 
seutellum conspicuously protuberant. Pleura brown. Legs with the fore 
and middle femora reddish brown, the tips narrowly infuscated; posterior 
femora dark brown, the bases brighter. Wings rich brown with a broad 
but diffuse yellowish crossband, this lying mostly proximad of the cord; 
base of anal cells similarly brightened; distal third of costal region dark 
brown; the yellow discal band includes the bases of cells R3 and first M2; 
veins pale brown. Venation: Ks spurred at origin; 7 about one and one- 
half times its length beyond the fork of Rs; M2 shorter than the petiole 
of cell M1; vein second A strongly sinuous, bent strongly toward vein 
first A at the tip so the large cell second A is narrower at the margin 
than is cell Cu. Abdomen rich reddish brown, segments one and five to 
nine brownish-black, the caudal margins of tergites two to four narrowly 
darkened; basal half of tergite two shiny; hypopygium black. 


Hab.—China. 
Holotype, male, Macao (F. Muir). 
Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


Eriocera muiri, sp. n. 

General coloration black; wings brown, cells C and Se yellow; a very 
broad yellow erossband before the cord; abdomen black, the basal halves 
of the tergites scoriaceous. 

Male. Length, 14 mm.; wing, 14.5 mm. 


Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae dark brown, the terminal 
flagellar segments broken, the basal flagellar segments a little paler than 
the scape. Head dark brown. 

Mesonotum dark brown, with three almost concolorous smooth stripes; 
scutellum and postnotum shiny dark brown, the scutellum projecting. 
Pleura shiny dark brown. Halteres rather short, dark brown, paler basally. 
Legs dark brown. Wings brown; cells C and Se yellow; wing-apex broadly 
darker brown; a very broad yellow crossband, lying almost wholly proxi- 
mad of the cord; veins dark brown, those in the yellowish areas paler. 
Venation: 7 on R2 about one and one-third times its length beyond the 
fork of Rs; cell M1 present; vein second A sinuous, cell second A at 
wing-margin a little narrower than cell Cu; cell second A large. 

Abdominal tergites bicolorous, the base of each segment scoriaceous, 
liliaceous brown, the apical half velvety black; hypopygium dark; sternites 
more uniformly brown. 

Hab.—China. 

Holotype, male, Macao (F. Muir). 

Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 

This interesting Eriocera is named in honor of the collector, 
Mr. Frederick Muir. By Edwards’ Key, this species runs out 
at couplet seventy-one by the combination of scoriaceous cross- 
bands on the abdominal tergites and the presence of five pos- 
terior cells. 


Eriocera obliqua, sp. n. 
Female. Length, 15-16 mm.; wing, 14-14.5 mm. 
Allied to £. nepalensis (Westwood), from which it differs as follows: 


Wings with the base not at all brightened; the white band before the 
cord broadest in cells R and M, narrowed at the ends. Venation: r very 
oblique as in this group of species, inserted at or before the fork of R2+3, 
Ovipositor with the base black, only the valves dark horn-colored. 


Hab.—China. 

Holotype, female, Macao (F. Muir). 

Paratopotypes, two females. 

Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


The general appearance of this fly is more like E. hilpa 


256 


Walker and allies (hilpoides Alexander, davidi Alexander, etc. ), 
from all of which it is readily told by the position and course 
of r. 


Eriocera terryi, sp. n. 


Male. Length, 12.8 mm.; wing, 11.5 mm. 
Female. Length, 15 mm.; wing, 12.4 mm. 
Related to H. geminata Alexander (Japan), differing as follows: 


Antennae of the male longer, with long and conspicuous setae. Thor- 
acie stripes black, almost concolorous with the interspaces. Legs brownish- 
black throughout. Wings with the discal pale band larger, oblique in posi- 
tion and pale yellow in color, only a little paler than the paired spots in 
cell R; the diseal band extends from cell Sc? across cells second R1, R, 
and M, barely attaining cell Cu; a pale area in the center of cell Cul. 
Venation: r+ approximately its own length beyond the fork of R2+5 and 
twice its length from the tip of #1; fork of vein Cu forming a greater 
angle; basal deflection of Cuil at or before midlength of cell Cui. Ovi- 
positor and genital segment fiery orange. 


Hab.—China. 

Holotype, male, Hongkong, 1908 (F. W. Terry). 
Allotopotype, female, in copula with the type. 

Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


This interesting species is named in memory of the collector, 
the late Mr. F. W. Terry. By Edwards’ Key, it ‘runs out at 
E. hilpa Walker, to which group of species it should be referred. 


Eriocera submorosa, sp. n. 


General coloration black; vertical tubercle deep red; wings brown; cell 
M1 lacking; abdominal tergites with alternate opaque and shiny cross- 
bands. 

Male. Length about 12.5 mm.; wing, 12.2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the scape brown, the 
flagellum black; antennae, if bent backward extending beyond the base of 
the abdomen. Head black, the region of the vertical tubercle deep red 
with a small, circular black spot. 

Pronotum dark brown medially, paler laterally. Mesonotum velvety black. 
Pleura brownish black. Halteres dark brownish black. Legs brownish black 
throughout. Wings strongly tinged with brown, somewhat darker at the 
base and in the costal region; veins dark brown, Venation:* Sci ending 
beyond the fork of R2+3; r on R2 about two and one-half times its 
length beyond the fork and on #7 nearly four times its length from the 
tip; cell M7 lacking; cell first MZ rectangular; basal deflection of Cul 


257 


before midlength of cell first M2; Cu? about one-half the length of the 
basal deflection of Cul. 

Basal abdominal tergite velvety black; segments three to seven more 
dilated and with the basal two-thirds of each segment shiny, glabrous, 
somewhat glaucous; hypopygium black; sternites deep reddish brown. 


Hab.—China. 
Holotype, male, How-lik Mountains, 1907 (Kershaw). 


Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


GENUS PSELLIOPHORA OSTEN SACKEN. 


Pselliophora kershawi, sp. n. 

General coloration orange; wings yellow, the apex dark brown; wing-base 
variegated with paler brown; eighth sternite of male hypopygium not pro- 
jecting. 

Male. Length, 19 mm.; wing, 15.5 mm. 

Female. Length, 25 mm.; wing, 19 mm. 


Rostrum reddish; palpi reddish brown. Antennae orange, the terminal 
segments darker; all flabellations black; pectination of first flagellar seg- 
ment in the male stout, orange; antennae of female orange, the terminal 
three segments minute. Head orange. 


Thorax entirely orange, immaculate. Halteres orange, the knobs a little 
darker. Legs with the coxae and trochanters concolorous with the thorax; 
femora obscure orange, the posterior femora with the tips conspicuously 
infuseated; tibiae orange, the posterior tibiae with a broad but diffuse 
pale annulus at base; metatarsi brownish orange, the terminal segments 
brown. Wings yellow, the apex beyond the cord dark brown, this inelud- 
ing the distal half of the stigma; the yellow base is extensively suffused 
by paler brown, including a very broad, oblique crossband, broadest in 
cells R and M, narrower in cells Cu and first A; cell second A and the 
caudal margin of first A entirely dark; the yellow ground-color appears as 
a broad, conspicuous band completely traversing the wing before the cord 
and a narrow longitudinal area in the bases of cells Cu and first A, on 
either side of vein first A, continued across cell first A to the margin near 
the tip of vein second A. In the male the brown basal pattern is some- 
what less intense, especially in cells R and M, and the base of cell second 
A is yellow. Venation: Cell M1 barely sessile; m-cu long. 

Abdomen orange; caudal margin of ninth tergite of male and the ovi- 
positor of the female black. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite hay- 
ing an oval median notch, the lateral lobes obliquely truncated, with the 
caudal face tumid, heavily blackened, the surface microscopically rough- 
ened. Ninth sternite with two flattened mesal plates, each terminating in 
an acute spine directed dorsad, the caudal margin of the plates lying side 
by side, the ventral mesal angle produced caudad into a chitinized rod 


258 


which is directed ventrad, the apex feebly bilobed. Eighth sternite not 
produced. 


Hab.—China. 

Holotype, male, How-lik Mountains, 1907 (Kershaw). 
Allotopotype, female. 

Type in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


This interesting species of Pselliophora is dedicated to the 
collector. 


GENUS HABROMASTIX SKUSE. 


Habromastix heroni similior, subsp. n. 
Male. Length, 15 mm.; wing, 18 mm.; antenna, 19 mm. 
Female. Length, 21 mm.; wing, 17 mm.; antenna, 6.5 mm. 


Generally similar to H. heroni Alex. (Dorrigo, New South Wales), dif- 
fering in the wing-pattern, as follows: 


Pale ante-stigmal area in costal cell small or lacking; the distal pale 
area in cell M completely traverses the cell from vein M to Cu (in heroni 
confined to the vicinity of vein Cu); center of cell first M2 usually pale. 
Venation: &s shorter; cell M7 short-petiolate, sometimes sessile. 


Hab.—New South Wales. 

Holotype, male, Sydney, March, 1910 (R. Helms). 
Allotopotype, female, April 10, 1909 (R. Helms). 
Paratopotypes, two males, April 15-20, 1909. 

Type in the Bishop Museum. 


Other Malayan, Oriental, and Australasian Crane-Flies.* 


In addition to the foregoing new species of Tipulidae described 
by Professor Alexander, the following species from the same 
collections were determined by him. Specimens in the Bishop 
Museum. 


AUSTRALIA, HELMS COLLECTION. 
Gynoplistia melanopyga Sch., Sydney, N. S. W. 
Gynoplistia bella (Wh.), Sydney, N. S. W. 
Ptilogyna ramicornis (Wh.), Centennial Park. 
Leptotarsus scutellaris Skuse, Blackheath, N. S. W. 
Pseudolimnophila indecora Al., Perth, W. Aust. 


* List furnished by E. H. Bryan, Jr. 


259 


Macromastix constricta Skuse, Sydney, N. 5. W. 
Macromastix costalis (Swed.), Sydney, N. S. W. 
Ischnotoma serricornis (Macq.), Sydney, N. S. W. 
Ischnotoma rubroabdominalis (Macq.), Millthorpe, N. S. W. 
Discobola australis (Skuse), Ourimbah, N. S. W. 

Trimacra hirtipes (Wh.), Sydney, N. S. W., Perth, W. Aust. 
Plusiomyia gracilis (Wh.), Sydney, N. S. W. 

Gnophomyia fascipennis (Thom.), Sydney, N. S. W. 
Dolichopeza cinerea Macq., Sydney, N. S. W. 

Dolichopeza longifurca Skuse, Sydney, N. S. W. 
Dicranomyia sp., Sydney, N. S. W. 


MALAYAN AND ORIENTAL. 


(Collected by F. Muir, except where otherwise noted.) 


Eriocera chrysomela Edw., Lo fou Mountains (100-1000 feet), 
China. 

Ertocera nepalensis West., Lo fou Shan (100-1000 feet), China. 

Eriocera basillaris Wd., Java. 

Eriocera paenulata End., Sandaglaija, Java. 

Eriocera perennis O. S., Los Banos, Philippine Islands ( Wil- 
liams ). 

Ctenacroscelis sp. (locality not given). 

Trentepahlia (Mongoma) sp., Amboina material, S. S. Tyjib- 
odus. 

Conosia irrorata (Wd.), Kowloon (Terry). 

Pselliophora gaudens (Walker) Makassar (S. W. Celebes). 

Pselliophora tripudians Bezzi, Los Banos, Philippine Islands 
(Williams ). 

Pselliophora sp., Macao Island, China. 

Tipulodina sp., Macao Island, China. 

Nephrotoma sp., Macao Island, China. 

Nephrotoma sp., Amboina. 


Other papers by Charles P. Alexander on the Crane-flies of 
these regions are: 
1917. Two New Crane-flies from the Philippine Islands, In- 
scutor Inscitiae Menstruus, V, pp. 6-8. 


1918. New Species of Tipuline Crane-flies from Eastern Asia. 
Journal New York Ent. Soc., XXVI, pp. 66-75. 


260 


1922. New or little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). Australasian 
Species. 
VIII. Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist. (9), IX, pp. 145-160. 
IX, .Ann.'& Mag.of Nat: Hist: (9), 1Xs-pp: 297-315. 
X.- Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist. (9), IX, pp. 505-524. 
1922. Undescribed Crane-flies (Tanyderidae and Tipulidae) in 
the South Australian Museum, No. 2. 
Records of the South Australian Museum, II, No. 2, 
pp. 223-270. 


261 


Descriptions of Lantana Gall-Fly and Lantana Seed-Fly 
(Diptera). 


BY DR. J. M. ALDRICH, 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


(Presented at the meeting of February 2, 1922. 


LANTANA GALL-FLY. 


Eutreta xanthochaeta new species. 

Male. Very similar to Eutreta sparsa Wd., except that the bristles of 
the head and thorax are all pale yellow in color. Head brownish yellow, 
the front with numerous flattened whitish hairs, of which a row in front 
of the ocellar triangle are turned backward; a very distinct black spot 
on the orbit at the level of the first antennal joint; face with two large 
round black spots; antennae yellow, including the arista. Palpi yellow, the 
hairs at the tip blackish. 

Thorax brownish yellow. Mesonotum covered with flattened, pale yellow 
hairs; pleura of the same color, with a darker stripe just above the sterno- 
pleura; metanotum black, opaque. Abdomen reddish yellow at base, espe- 
cially on the sides, the first segment elongated, second and third with a 
transverse dark spot, the fourth mostly black. Hypopygium small, reddish. 
The hairs of the abdomen are black where the ground color is black. Legs 
yellow, the femora slightly infuscated, especially on the lower edges; the 
front femora with an irregular double row of short, yellow bristles above, 
and on the lower outer side a row of four or five longer yellow bristles 
which begin at the middle. 

Wings broad, but not circular in outline, deep brownish in color, sprinkled 
- with numerous small, whitish dots; the costal edge is white throughout, 
but very narrowly so, with an undulating border where it joins the darker 
color. This pale border becomes wider and more uniform beyond the tip 
of the second vein and ends a short distance beyond the fourth vein; from 
this point around the hind border of the wing there are about twelve 
somewhat equally spaced white dots of which the first three or four rest 
on the margin. 

Female. Ovipositor broad at base, about as long as the two preceding 
segments varying in color from reddish brown to black. Darker specimens 
show two dark spots close together below the eye, the lower one joining 
the edge of the mouth and also a median spot at the edge of the mouth. 


Length of male, 5.1 mm.; of female, including ovipositor, 6 mm. 


Described from twelve specimens of both sexes bred from 
Lantana in the Hawaiian Islands. 


Type. Male, Cat. No. 25,203, U. S. Nat. Mus., Honolulu, 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


262 


March 18, 1918, O. H. Swezey, Collector. Paratype specimens 
will be deposited in the collection of the Experiment Station of 
the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association and in the Bernice 
Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 


Although this species is an importation from Mexico, there 
are no specimens in the National Museum from any part of 
the American Continent which have pale bristles. Hendel in 
Abhandlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zoologischen und An- 
thropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden, Band 
XIV (1912), p. 54, published June 15, 1914, has given a syn- 
opsis of the South American forms belonging to this genus, 
none of which agrees with the present species. 


a LANTANA SEED-FLy. 


Agromyza lantanae* Froggatt. 


A minute shining black species, with black halteres, the male having 
very strong up-curved vibrissae. 

Male. Front one-third the head width; orbits very narrow, slightly 
shining, with four bristles; ocellar triangle shining, a little elongated. 
Antennae black, small, inserted below the middle of the eyes, a very dis- 
tinct prominence between them. Facial orbits very narrow, hardly visible; 
the cheek about one-sixth the eye-height, slightly wider anteriorly where 
it is a little produced and bears on each side a large bristle or, more 
correctly, a pencil of hairs which are glued together. This pencil is quite 
slender at the base and consequently much less tapering than in curvi- 
palpis Zett., coniceps Malloch and affinis Malloch. Palpi small, black. 
Mesonotum with two pairs of dorso-centrals, the small hairs covering the 
surface extending almost to the seutellum; the latter has four large 
bristles. Pleura shining black. Halteres black, calypters brown with 
blackish margin bearing a dense row of short black hairs. Abdomen shin- 
ing black without any blue or green reflection, not highly polished. Legs 
entirely black. 

Wings subhyaline, narrow at the apex, but widening rapidly toward the 
base and with a well-developed nearly square anal angle. The anterior 
cross-vein is barely beyond the tip of the first vein and at about two- 





* This name was first used by Froggatt in a paper on the Lantana Fly 
in the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, XXX, pp. 665-668, 1919, 
with the impression that the insect had been previously described under 
that name. Froggatt gave a very brief description of the fly, not intended 
as a technical deseription, and entirely inadequate to distinguish the spe- 
cies. Hence, the advisability of the present description, although the name 
lantanae must be accredited to Froggatt. 


263 


thirds of the length of the discal cell. The hind cross-vein a little longer 
than the preceding section of the fourth vein, about two-thirds as long as 
the last section of the fifth vein. The costa extends to the fourth vein. 


Female. Oral margin only a little produced with a single small vibrissa 
on each side. Ovipositor short, shining black with numerous hairs, the 
apical ones as long as any of the abdomen. 


Length, 1.5 mm. in both sexes. 


Described from thirty-three specimens of both sexes bred 
from seeds of lantana in the Hawaiian Islands by O. H. Swezey. 

I identified this species a few months ago as Agromyza affinis 
Malloch, a species which was described from a single female 
taken in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. Mr. Malloch doubt- 
fully associates with this female two males from Key West, Fla. 
I have recently succeeded in identifying the true male of affinis 
from approximately the latitude of Washington. I find that it 
differs from the male of Jantanae in having the cluster or pencil 
of vibrissal hairs much more thickened at the base; that is, 
apparently part of these hairs are short so they only increase 
the size of the cluster at the base. I am still unable to see any 
satisfactory characters for separating the two species in the 
female sex, but since lantana does not grow at Washington, 
affinis must have an entirely different larval habit, which would 
tend to confirm their distinctness. Mr. J. C. Bridwell has sub- 
mitted a series of twelve specimens of an Agromyza which he 
bred from Lantana camara at Brownsville, Tex., in April and 
May, 1921. The specimens are badly denuded, but I do not 
doubt that they are the same species. 

Four specimens sent by Dr. J. F. Illingworth from Gordon- 
vale, North Queensland, where they were bred from lantana, 
are also the same species. I also include here the two males 
from Key West, Fla., mentioned by Malloch in connection with 
his description of affinis. 


ie ate ae Tae 20, are 
i ar ae mie ve ta, final by se 


its ttt ra te 1 he : 


Aine th te La 
Were 





265 


Notes on Diptera Occurring in Hawaii. 


BY J. F. IELINGWORTH. 


(Presented at the meeting of February 2, 1922.) 


Comparatively little has been published on Hawaiian Diptera. 
The rather extensive investigations of Terry, while doing much 
to aid local entomologists in a knowledge of many species, was 
unfortunately cut short by his untimely death; hence, few of his 
data were ever published. 

In this paper it is my desire to submit accumulated informa- 
tion on two of our commonest flies, and also add a few remarks 
on several other species listed in the Fauna Hawaiiensis, but not 
known in collections here. Most of the matter dealing with 
terminology has come through the kindly assistance of Dr. J. M. 
Aldrich, of the United States National Museum, Dr. Guy A. K. 
Marshall, of the British Museum, and Major W. S. Patton, of 
Edinburgh University, the latter having visited the principal 
type collections of Europe during the summer. 


Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Van de Wulp), det. by Patton. 
Cyrtoneura nudiseta Wulp, Argentine Republic. 
Synthesiomyia brasiliana B. & B., Brazil. 

This American species is evidently a rather recent arrival in 
the islands. Terry did a lot of breeding work on it in 1910, and 
though I first collected it in Fiji (June, 1913), I found it abun- 
dant here as soon as I began breeding carrion flies, early in 
1914. At that time this species went under the common name 
of the red-tailed Sarcophagid, as designated by, Bridwell,t who 
had done some breeding work with the species, and discovered 
that the larvae made cocoons in sand. My Fiji specimens were 
determined by Aldrich as 5. brasiliana B. & B. and, I believe, 
Bridwell, too, so determined it, for he used this name in his 
paper,” presented before the Medical Society here. ‘ 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 





1 Bridwell, J. C., Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., vol. 3, p. 15 (September 4, 
1913), 1914. 

2 Bridwell, J. C., Trans. Med. Soc. Hawaii, for 1916-17, pp. 27-32, 1918. 
(See, also, Rev. Appl. Ent. Ser. B., vol. 6, pp. 163-4, 1918.) 


206 


I found this species very localized in Australia, apparently 
occurring only around Brisbane. After my return to Honolulu, 
I sent specimens to Patton, who found that this was Van der 
Wulp’s species nudiseta, originally described from Argentine 
Republic, in 1883.3 He placed it in Macquart’s genus Cyrto- 
neura,* which was characterized by having the antennal bristle 
thickly feathered. However, in 1893, Brauer and Bergenstam, 
securing specimens from Brazil, named the species brasiliana 
and were compelled to create the new genus Synthesiomyia® for 
it. Other localities on record for it are Florida and Georgia.® 7 

At a previous meeting I called attention to the very peculiar 
manner in which the maggots congregate so compactly side by 
side, that a cross-section of the mass of hair and dirt from the 
carcass, in which they are imbedded, gives the appearance of 
old honeycomb. 

In breeding out these flies on a dead rat, I found that the 
maggots were considerably slower in getting started than either 
those of Sarcophaga fuscicauda Bott. or Chrysomyia mega- 
cephala (Fab.); being more closely associated, when ready to 
pupate, with the larvae of Ophyra nigra Wied. These two latter 
species both have smooth shiny maggots, but those of S. nudi- 
seta have conspicuous black caudal spiracles, whereas those of 
O. nigra are brown in color, making them easy to separate. 


Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabr.), det. by Patton. 


Musca megacephala Fabr. Ent. Syst., vol. IV, p. 317, 1792. 
Musca dux Eschscholtz, Entomographien, 1822, p. 114. 
Lucilia dux Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl., vol. II, p. 399, 1828. 
Lucilia flaviceps Maequart, Dip. Exot., 3d Sup., p. 302. 
Musca remur Walker. 


This oriental species was probably an early introduction into 


3 Wulp, F. M. Van der, Amerikanische Diptera; Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 26, 
p..42. Also noted, Zool. Record, 1883, Ins., p. 248. 


4 Macquart, M. J., Suit a Buffon, vol. 2, p. 13, 1835. Description of the 
genus Cyrtoneura (Curtoneura). 


5 Brauer, Friedrich and Bergenstam, J. E. von, Zweifl. d. Kaiserl. Mus., 
vol. 6, pp. 96, 110, et seq., 1893. 


6 Hough, G. de N., Biol. Bull., vol. 1, p. 29, figs. 


7 Johnson, C. W., Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 335, 1895. 
Johnson, C. W., Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XXXII, p. 76, 1913. 


267 


the Islands. Hence, here, as well as elsewhere, it has gone 
under a variety of names. Van Dine got it determined in the 
United States National Museum, in 1907, as Calliphora dur 
(Esch.), and, in 1909, Terry determined it as Lucila dux 
(Esch.). Early in 1916, Swezey sent specimens to the United 
States National Museum, and these were determined by Knab 
as Chrysomyia dux (Esch.). Now, Patton has compared our 
specimens with the type and cleared up the synonymy. In his 
letter of September 10, 1922, he says: “I went to Kiel and 
found that the whole of Fabricius’ collection of Diptera was 
destroyed, only pins left. Fortunately his type of megacephala 
was not completely gone and I was able to recognize it. At the 
back of the label were the words ‘Ex. Ind. Or.’ This finally 
disposes of this species. The type came from India and not 
from West Africa. Ch. flaviceps Macq. is the same species, as 
is also Wusca dux Esch.” 

The distribution of this species is extremely wide, extending 
from India, probably its native home, to Hawaii. Muir collected 
it in China, Borneo, and Java, and Fullaway took specimens in 
Guam, Eschscholtz’s type locality. It is also found in New 
Hebrides and Australia. I saw a male specimen taken near 
Sydney, in the Australian Museum, and a male has just been 
forwarded in a collection from New Hebrides. 

It breeds in all kinds of animal matter, and has been recorded 
repeatedly as a sheep-maggot fly in Hawaii. The adults are 
particularly fond of sweets, and are frequently found in swarms 
in fields of corn affected by leaf-hoppers, where they feed 
upon the honey dew. 


Lucilia caesar Linn. 


This widespread carrion species probably does not occur in 
Hawaii. The basis for including it in our fauna has been How- 
ard’s record * of three specimens collected by Henshaw, on the 
island of Hawaii. No one has collected caesar here subsequently, 
so I asked Dr. Aldrich to try to locate these specimens in the 
United States National Museum collection and clear the matter 
up. May 20, 1922, he wrote: “I find no Hawaiian specimens 
under this species in the collection, but there are three speci- 
mens collected by Henshaw, April 16, 1900, correctly placed 
under Lucilia sericata. Inasmuch as Howard did not mention 


268 


the latter species, I think there is little doubt that his reference 
was a misidentification which has been corrected since then.” 


Ophyra leucostoma (Wied.). 


This is another European species probably incorrectly referred 
to our fauna. The single record is the female specimen from 
the Waianae Mountains, Oahu, in the Henshaw Collection, 
recorded by Howard.* Dr. Aldrich wrote that he looked through 
the material under Ophyra leucostoma, but found none from 
Hawaii. He says, “Our Anthomyid material has been sorted 
over repeatedly and I presume the specimen has been trans- 
ferred to another species.” 


I wrote Dr. Marshall, of the British Museum, November 15, 
1922, as follows: 

“Going over Diptera, we found a number of records in the 
Fauna Hawatiensis which are probably errors; hence, to clear 
these up may we ask you to see if the following specimens can 
be located, and if they stand under these names. 

“Leucostoma analis Meigen ?, Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 20. 

“Calliphora azurea Fln., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 27. 

“Ophyra aenescens Wied., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 30. 

“Phora sp., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 76. 

“(We are sending you specimens of Aphiochaeta scalaris to 
compare with this headless specimen. ) 

“Rhinia testacea Desv., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 83. 

“Homalomyia femorata Loew, Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 84. 


- 9 


“Sapromysa sp., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 3, p. 85. 

In reply, December 16, 1922, Dr. Marshall wrote: 

“With regard to the Diptera in the ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis,’ men- 
tioned in your letter, all of these are in the British Museum 
under the names you give, with the exception of the Phora, 
which appears to have been lost. I, therefore, am unable to 
compare your specimens of Aphiochaeta scalaris with it. 

“Major Austin informs me, however, that the fact that these 
insects have been incorporated in the collection under these 
names is no guarantee that the names are correct, as Grim- 
shaw’s identifications have not been checked. He thinks the 





8 Howard, L. O., Proe. Ent. Soc., Washington, vol. IV, p. 490, 1901. 


269 


specimen labeled Leucostoma analis Mg. is probably not that 
species, but is very closely allied to it.” 

Major Patton, remarking recently on Grimshaw’s record of 
Calliphora asurea, suggests, though he had not seen the speci- 
men, that it is almost certainly Chrysomyia megacephala. 


270 
Insect Fauna of Hen Manure. 


BY j. FE. ILLINGWORTH. 


(Presented at the meeting of April 6, 1922. Se 


During 1916 the writer, while making some studies of the 
stick-tight flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea Westw.) upon poultry, 
became interested in the swarms of insects which were observed 
in and about the manure that had been removed from the hen- 
houses. In this instance, the droppings had been collected and 
stored in old kerosene tins, preparatory to placing on the garden. 
These stood in the open, so had collected considerable moisture 
from rains, etc., and in a few tins the contents had even become 
saturated. Yet conditions appeared to be ideal for the develop- 
ment of insects, for even these supersaturated contents were a 
writhing mass of larvae of various Diptera, etc., together with 
the various forms of predators and parasites that had gathered 
around to prey upon them. 

Since all exact information of the breeding habits of insects 
is valuable for reference, the writer thought it well to record 
all of the organisms that came under these observations. Nat- 
urally with the Hawaiian fauna, the great majority of dung- 
feeding insects are Diptera. Twelve species of flies were bred 
out from this material. Of the natural enemies of these—preda- 
tors and parasites—I was able to note fully twenty species. 


DIPTERA REARED; GIVEN IN THE ORDER OF ABUNDANCE. 


1. Sarcophaga fuscicauda Bottcher—This species I found 
also in North Queensland, where it proved exceedingly trouble- 
some about human habitations, breeding upon any available 
food or excrement. Its association with man in the tropics is 
almost as close as that of the house-fly, Musca domestica Linn., 
though it is more of an outdoor species, living primarily about 
camps, etc. Like the house-fly, too, this species is quick to 
follow along the lines of commerce, the indications being that 
it came to Hawaii either from Australia or from other Pacific 
countries to the west, during rather recent times. The earliest 
specimens in collections here bear date of 1905. Dr. R. R. 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


271 


Parker identified this species for Mr. Timberlake early in 1919. 
I sent a lot of Sarcophagids from North Queensland to Parker, 
February 9, 1918, and he also found this species among them. 


Even in the semi-liquid manure, the larvae appeared perfectly 
happy; yet, when full fed, they died if they were unable to 
migrate to a fairly dry situation. 

2. Musca domestica Linn., the house-fly. 

3. Stomoxys calcitrans Linn., the stable-fly. 

4. Ophyra nigra Wied.—These shining black Anthomyids 
also appear to be closely associated with man in the tropics, 
for they are widely distributed. They are very abundant in 
Queensland, principally as carrion feeders; and are regarded as 
one of the sheep blow-flies. 

The larvae have a characteristic smooth, shiny appearance, 
and the caudal spiracles are particularly small and brown in 
color. Unlike the house-fly and stable-fly, the larvae of this 
species were found to pupate right in the excessively moist 
manure, from which they were able to emerge successfully. 


Mr. Frederick Knab of the United States Museum deter- 
mined specimens for Mr. Swezey, early in 1916; and also deter- 
mined a lot which I sent from the College of Hawaii about the 
same time. Later (March 22, 1918) Dr. Aldrich found that 
specimens, which were bred and collected in North Queens- 
land, also belonged to this species. Described from China, and 
being widely distributed in the Orient, introduction to Hawaii 
was evidently through shipping. The earliest reference to the 
species here is probably that in the Fauna Hawaiiensis, where 
two females taken during 1893 and 1894 are placed in the genus 
Hydrotaea Desv. The earliest specimens that we find in collec- 
tions here are dated Hawaii, February 28, 1905, taken by Terry. 

5. Fannia pusio Wied.—The larvae of this smaller, omniv- 
orous Anthomyid also swarmed in the semi-liquid manure; yet, 
like the Sarcophagid, I found that it was necessary for them to 
get a fairly dry place to pupate, in order to emerge successfully. 

6. Milichiella lacteipennis Loew.— This tiny Agromyzid 
occurred in great swarms, with three other undetermined spe- 
cies, about the tins of manure. All three species were later bred 
out from the mass. 


272 


7. An undetermined Mycetophilid (No. 20) also bred out 
in considerable numbers. This is the tiny fly that is so trouble- 
some, coming into houses to the lights, especially when one is 
reading in the evening. Their small size permits them to pass 
through ordinary mosquito screens. 


8. Lucilia sericata Meig.—I was surprised to have this 
carrion-fly breed out, even in small numbers, from the hen 
manure; for knowing the habits of this species I naturally 
assumed that the numerous individuals swarmed about the 
manure-tins only to feed. This common English blow-fly has 
gradually extended its range round the world. It probably got 
to Hawaii some time about 1900, the first specimens in collec- 
tions here being dated 1904, by Terry. 


9. Euxesta annonae Fabr.—This well known Ortalid bred 
out of the manure in limited numbers. Though I frequently saw 
the adults sitting about on the surface while the mass was fer- 
menting, I was not able to identify any of their young. The 
earliest Hawaiian record, that I have been able to locate, of 
this species, is in the Fauna Hawaiiensis, a female specimen 
taken in the Honolulu mountains, 1900. 


NATURAL ENEMIES OF DIPTERA FOUND IN THE MANURE. 


Predators were abundant all the time that the dipterous larvae 
were developing in the manure; on the other hand, parasites 
were little in evidence (due to their small size), yet they finally 
emerged in considerable numbers from the pupae of the flies. 

Two species of earwigs were common during the earlier 
stages, Euborellia annulipes (Luc.) and Spingolabis hawaiiensis 
(Borm.). A few of a third, a small species, Labia pilicorms 
(Motsch.), were also captured. 

The common  Hydrophilid, Dactylospermum abdominale 
(Fabr.), was active, and I also secured specimens of Crypto- 
pleurum minutum Fabr. and another small undetermined species. 

Four species of Staphylinids were abundant during the earlier 
part of the work, Philonthus longicornis Steph., which Mr. 
A. M. Lea of the South Australian Museum informs me is the 
correct name for our P. scybalarius, which is a synonym; Philon- 
thus discoideus Grav.; a species of Tachyporus; and a small 
Oxytelus sp. 


273 


Ants swarmed over the surface of the manure and burrowed 
in where they found the mass dry enough, seeking both the 
eggs and the larvae of the flies. Pheidole megacephala Fabr. 
proved most useful in this work, attacking even the full grown 
maggots; Ponera perkinsi Forel was also in evidence. 

Mites gave considerable distress to the flies when they began 
to emerge, their bodies being frequently so covered with these 
predators that they could scarcely move about. 

At least seven species of hymenopterous parasites were 
secured, as they emerged from the various dipterous pupae. 
The large Cynipid, Eucoila impatiens Say, apparently came only 
from the puparia of the Sarcophagid; Spalangiids were very 
abundant, at least four species being present; Spalangia cam- 
eront Perk., S. philippinensis Full., S. simplex Perk., and one 
that is apparently new. Of the remaining, there were two spe- 
cies of Diapria and a few Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashm. The 
determinations of these Hymenoptera were kindly supplied by 
Mr. Fullaway and Mr. Timberlake; they are all fairly recent 
introductions. 


Plate IX. 


Soce., V. 


nt. 


E 


Haw. 


Proe. 





House Flies. 


hs) 
House-F lies. 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


(Presented at the meeting of November 2, 1922. 


Attempting to straighten out the terminology of our Muscoid 
flies, particularly those records of specimens not recognized in 
collections here, some interesting observations have come to my 
notice. Apparently the common house-fly, Musca domestica 
Linn. of Europe, North America, etc., does not occur here, at 
least not in its typical form. Collecting thousands of flies, dur- 
ing the past decade, has failed to disclose a single specimen. 

I have on exhibition typical domestica from San Francisco 
and Mojave Desert, Cal.; Ithaca, N. Y.; and Sydney, Australia. 
It is to be noted that, in comparison with these, where the eyes 
of the males are well separated, most of the Hawaiian speci- 
mens have the eyes, in that sex, almost contiguous, with some 
variations. 

There is a record of Musca favinervis Thomson in the Fauna 
Hawaiiensis, which has troubled me, since no specimens have 
been recognized in collections here. During the voyage of the 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 





PL AYUE, LXe. 


Face View oF MALE HOUSE-FLIEs. 
(Semi-diagrammatic, Camera Lucida sketches. ) 


EXorTIcs. 


Fig. 1. Typical Musca domestica Linn., from Mojave Desert, Cal., 1916, 
Illingworth collector. 


Fig. 2. Typical Musca flavinervis Thomson, from Cape Town, South Africa, 
Bridwell collector. 
HAWAIIAN VARIETIES. 
Fig. 3. Nearest approach to Musca domestica of all the flies taken. Oahu, 


January 2, 1914, Illingworth collector. 

Fig. 4. Nearest approach to Musca flavinervis of all the flies taken. 
Puna, Hawaii, March 13, 1922, Swezey collector. 

Fig. 5. An intermediate form which is representative of the Hawaiian 
house-flies. University of Hawaii Farm, October 17, 1922. 
Illingworth collector. 


276 


Eugenia, 1851-3, the specimens which Thomson described were 
collected on Ross Island, on the coast of China (7), and he 
further stated that a variety was taken at Honolulu. I have 
typical specimens, which I take to be this species, from Cape 
Town, collected by Bridwell, and it is very interesting to note 
that the common house-flies of Hawaii compare more closely 
with these than with specimens of the true domestica. It will 
further be seen that there is some variation in the width of the 
space between the eyes of the males in the Hawaiian flies, just 
as one might expect. Hawaii, being the “melting pot of the 
Pacific,” flies coming from the East and from the West, along 
the lines of commerce, have met and mingled here, with the 
result that our variety of the common house-fly is not typical of 
either species, but rather a hybrid. 


THE LittrLuE HouseE-FLy. 


Fannia canicularis Linn. is another species which was recorded 
from Hawaii,’ two specimens having been sent from that island 
to Dr. Howard in 1901. Yet no further specimens had been 
placed in collections here. During my recent visit to the large 
island (June, 1922) I found that this was the most abundant 
species, literally swarming in the hotel where I stopped in 
Waimea. Hence, it would appear that we overlook the com- 
monest things in our collecting, by taking too much for granted. 





? Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., IV, p. 490; 1901: 


2hf 


A List With Notes of the Insects Found on the Parker 
Ranch, June, 1922. 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


(Presented at the meeting of November 2, 1922.) 
Those marked with an asterisk (*) were not collected. 


DIPTERA, 


* Psychoda sp., abundant on manure piles. 
Tipulids—several species collected on grass and under shrubbery. 
These were sent to Alexander for determination. 
* Culex quinquefasciata Say, troublesome at night. 
Chironomid, ex shrubbery. 
Mycetophilid, abundant on cowdung. 
Neoexaireta spinigera (Wied.), on shrubbery. 
Sciapus pachygyna Maeq., on shrubbery. 
Eristalis punctulatus Maeq., on flowers. 
Eristalis tenax (Linn.), on flowers. 
* Xanthogramma grandicornis (Macq.), on flowers. 
Allograpta obliqua Say, on flowers. 
Aphiochaeta scalaris Loew, bred abundantly from cutworm material. 
Frontina archippivora Williston, abundant on cutworms. 
Chaetogaedia monticola Bigot, abundant on cutworms. 
Sarcophaga pallinervis Thoms., abundant on cowdung. 
* Stomorhina pleuralis (Thoms.), ex grass. 
Musca flavinervis Thoms. (?) (domestica), abundant in houses. 
* Stomorys calcitrans (Linn.), on cattle. 
Haematobia irritans (Linn.), on eattle. 
Lucilia sericata Wied., on shrubbery. 
Chrysomyia albiceps Wied., on shrubbery. 
Chrysomyia megacephala Fabr., on shrubbery. 
Calliphora latifrons Hough, on shrubbery. 
Hydrotaea houghi Malloch, on shrubbery. 
Ophyra nigra Wied., on shrubbery. 
Ophyra aenescens Wied., on shrubbery. 
Fannia canicularis (Linn.), abundant in house. 
Drosophila xanthosoma Grim. (?), on shrubbery. 
Rhodesiella elegantula Becker, on shrubbery. 
Rhodesiella tarsalis Adams, on shrubbery. 
Dacus cucurbitae Coq., on shrubbery. 
Ceratitis capitata Wied., on peaches. 
Atherigona excisa Wied. (Acritochaeta pulvinata Grim.), on shrubbery. 
Hylemyia cilicrura Rondani (Phorbia fusiceps Zett.), on shrubbery. 
Nine undetermined Anthomyids, ete., ex grass and shrubbery. 


* 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


278 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Pycnocelus. surinamensis (Linn.), under stones. 
Cutilia soror (Brunn.), under stones. 

Blatella germanica (Linn.), in house. 
Euborellia annulipes (Lue.), under stones. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Oechalia griseus (Burm.), ex shrubbery. 
Reduviolus blackburni (White), ex shrubbery. 
Reduviolus capsiformis (Germ.), ex shrubbery. 
Hyalopeplus pellucidus (Stil), ex shrubbery. 
Nysius delectus White, ex shrubbery. 

Nysius sp., ex shrubbery. 

Siphanta acuta Walker, ex shrubbery. 

Jassids, three species, ex shrubbery. 

Aphis maidis Fitch, ex corn. 

Psocus, two species, ex corn. 


NEUROPTERA. 


Nesomicromus vagus Perk., ex shrubbery. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Amblyteles koebelei (Swezey), ex cutworms. 
Amblyteles purpuripennis (Cresson), ex cutworms. 
Echthromorpha fuscator (Fabr.), ex cutworms. 
Diplazon laetatorius (Fabr.), ex shrubbery. 
Chalcis obscurata Walk., ex shrubbery. 

Eucoila impatiens Say, ex diptera larvae in dung. 
Aphaereta muscae Ashm., ex diptera larvae in dung. 
Sceliphron caementarium (Drury), on shrubbery. 
Apis mellifera Linn., on flowers. 

Pheidole megacephala Fab., ex insects. 

Crabro polynesialis Cam., ex shrubbery. 

Odynerus heterochromus Perk., ex shrubbery. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.), ex growing corn. 
Agrotis ypsilon Rott., ex growing corn. 
Agrotis crinigera (Butl.), ex growing corn. 
Lycophotia margaritosa (Haw.), ex growing corn. 
* Vanessa cardwi Linn., on thistle. 
* Lycaena boetica Linn., on growing beans. 
* Anosia erippus Cram., on milkweed. 
* Pontia rapae (Linn.), on cabbage, nasturtiums, ete. 


2/9 


COLEOPTERA, 


* Aphodius lividus Oliv., ex cowdung. 
Gonocephalum seriatum Boisd., under stones. 
Monocrepidius exsul Sharp, ex growing corn. 
Philonthus longicornis Steph., ex dung. 
Rhyzobius ventralis Erichs., ex shrubbery. 
Coelophora inequalis (Fabr.), ex shrubbery. 

* Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls., ex shrubbery. 

* Hister bimaculatus Linn., under cowdung. 
Anthicus floralis G., ex grass sweepings. 
Diachus auratus (Fabr.), ex flowers. 

Nitidulid, ex Ricinus seed. 
Nitidulid, ex grass. 
Pantomorus godmani (Crotch), ex growing corn. 


280 


Insects Attracted to Carrion in Hawaii. 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


(Presented at the meeting of December 7, 1922.) 


Recently while carrying on experiments, with dead rats as 
bait, I was interested in the variety of insects attracted. Nat- 
urally the first to appear were the blow-flies, Sarcophaga bar- 
bata Thoms., S. dua Thoms., Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabr.), 
Ch. albiceps Wied., and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). Other flies 
breeding in carrion, usually coming after decay sets in, were 
Ophyra nigra Wied., Fannia pusio Wied., Synthesiomyia nudi- 
seta van der Wulp, and these were accompanied by a consider- 
able variety of insects, apparently attracted by the odor of 
decay, as follows: Eristahs aeneus (Scopoli), E. punctulatus 
Macq., Dacus cucurbitae Coq., Atherigona excisa Wied., Musca 
domestica Linn., Eusxesta annonae Fabr., Brachydeutera argen- 
tata (Walker), the wasp, Pachodynerus simplicornis Sauss., and 
the beetles Clytus crimicornis Chevr., and Melanoxanthus melan- 
ocephalus Thunb. Finally, when the carcass was pretty well 
decomposed, it was visited by the predaceous Staphylinid beetle, 
Creophilus maxillosus L., the young of which feed upon the 
larvae and pupae of the flies, and the skin beetles, Dermestes 
vulpinus Fabr., D. cadaverinus Fabr., Attagenus plebeius Sharp, 
and Necrobia rufipes Fabr. 


I was interested to observe the predaceous habit of the larvae 
of Chrysomyia albiceps. After the carcass was almost eaten, 
the spiny larvae of this fly were frequently observed around the 
edges on the surface of the soil, with their hooks inserted into 
the bodies of the larger maggots of the Sarcophagids, etc. This 
observation led me to a little experiment. I placed fifty of these 
predaceous larvae in a jar of soil, with 100 larvae of the large 
Sarcophagid, S. barbata. On emergence, I found forty-eight of 
the Ch. albiceps came through in good condition—the other two 
dying in the puparium—while only fifty-nine of the Sarcopha- 
gids came through, three others dying in the puparium; hence, 
showing clearly that 38 per cent had fallen a prey to the larvae 
of the smaller, predaceous species. Since Ch. albiceps is a rather 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


281 


recent introduction into these islands, from Australia, it may 
have an important bearing upon our other carrion feeders, espe- 
cially the Diptera. It is worthy of note that Lucilia sericata is 
already noticeably scare here, while both Ch. albiceps and Ch. 
megacephala have become exceedingly abundant. 

While in Honopu, Napali, Kauai, last June, Mr. Bryan col- 
lected a very similar fauna from a dead goat in the advance 
stages of decay, with the addition of the predaceous Histerid 
beetle, Saprinus lugens Erich., the other Clerid, Necrobia rufi- 
collis Fabr. and some earwigs. 


% * C & 
crite hee hr? shitty psinenhel Opt deri tie ss 
anal ‘ee a 

bp vices staat Seg teas: 7 


7 


- 





283 


Halobates in Hawaii (Hemiptera). 


Be. els BRYAN jak: 


(Presented at the meeting of May 4, 1922.) 


The only insects to defy the terrors of Neptune living about 
Hawaii, or, with a few exceptions, to be found anywhere in the 
world, belong to the genus Halobates. These pelagic Heterop- 
tera belong to the family Hydrometridae or water striders, and 
are characterized by a pubescent oval body; triangular head; 
four-jointed antennae; short, stout front legs; long, slender 
middle and hind-legs, which are inserted at the sides of the 
posterior end of the thorax; a very small abdomen, and an 
entire absence of wings. 

Of the fifteen or more species of Halobates known, eleven 
are carefully described and figured in an excellent monograph 
by F. Buchanan White, in the Report of the Voyage of H. M. S. 
Challenger, Zoology, Vol. VII, pt. 19, pp. 1-82, with three 
plates. Using this, Dr. Illingworth and I were able to deter- 
mine the identity of the specimens in the Bishop Museum 
collection. 


Halobates wiillerstorfi Frauenfeld was brought back from 
Palmyra in July, 1913, as recorded by Mr. Swezey (Proc. Haw. 
Ent socs lll (p: 16,1913). “This species is comnion tothe 
North and South Atlantic, Indian, and Western Pacific Oceans, 
but was apparently unknown previously from the East Pacific. 

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz is the common species cap- 
tured at Waikiki, especially after Kona storms. It has been 
recorded by Osborn and Pemberton in these proceedings, Vols. 
III and IV. It has also been taken by Dr. C. M. Cooke, Jr., 
at Malaekahana, near Kahuku, Oahu, October 31, 1915; by 
G. P. Wilder at sea between Maui and Kahoolawe, October, 
1913; and by Mr. Greenly and others at Waikiki beach, 1914 
to date. F. B. White records that, next to H. wiillerstorffi, it 
is the most abundant species, but almost confined to the North 
Pacific Ocean. The bulk of the Challenger specimens were from 
stations “from Japan to Honolulu.” 

Dr. Sharp (Cambridge Natural History, Insects, Pt. II) states 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


284 


that when the sea is calm they skip rapidly over its surface, but 
disappear when it becomes agitated. The whole life-cycle may 
be passed through far away from land. They are strong divers 
and shelter themselves from rough sea by keeping well below 
the surface. They are gregarious. 


285 


Notes on Diptera. 


BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 


(Presented at the meeting of July 6, 1922. 


Trypanea. 

Entomologists in Hawaii have for some time questioned the 
correctness of using Tephritis as the genus of the three species 
of Trypetidae, crassipes, cratericola, and dubautiae, with the 
large fuscous spot near the apex of the wing and the radiating 
fuscous bands. A short time ago I sent specimens of these 
three species and of 7. swezeyi to Dr. Aldrich, for his opinion, 
and received the following reply: ‘The three species which you 
were in doubt about undoubtedly go in Trypanea, or as origi- 
nally spelled and preferred by Bezzi, Trupanea. The amended 
spelling is on the authority of Hendel, which is about as good 
as anything could be in this family; and I prefer the corrected 
form, as undoubtedly the Greek ‘u’ should be represented in 
English by ‘y’ as in the word ‘psyche.’ Tephritis swezeyi is 
placed in the correct genus, as you thought. I should mention 
that Trypanea covers the same group as Urella in the sense of 
Loew’s Monograph.” 

These species, crassipes (Thomson), cratericola Grimshaw, 
and dubautiae Bryan, are therefore to be referred to Trypanea 
Schrank (Briefe Donaumoor, p. 147, 1795). This genus is 
characterized by a slender body, scutellum with two bristles, and 
pattern of the wing, star-shaped and limited to the apex, with 
the rest of the wing immaculate or only spotted fuscous (in 
contrast to the non-radiating, reticulate pattern of Tephritis, 
covering nearly the whole wing). These two genera are well 
characterized and figured in Bezzi, Indian Trypaneids ( fruit- 
flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Memoirs 
of the Indian Museum, Vol. III, pp. 162, 166, Pl. X, 1913. 


Dolichopus exsul Aldrich. 

Dr. Aldrich identified a series of Dolichopodidae, previously 
known as Dolichopus sp., which I sent him, as this species, 
which he recently described in Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 
61, Art. 25, p. 15, 1922. This new species was mentioned by 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


286 


Mr. Timberlake at the last meeting. Dr. Aldrich said, in a 
recent letter: “I was greatly interested in this species, because 
it was the only one known of the genus, large as it is, which 
occurs in a tropical climate. There are at least 350 species, and 
I think near 400, known in this genus now.” What seems to 
me equally interesting is that the Oriental Collection of Mr. 
Muir contains a single specimen of what appears to be the same 
species from Tokyo, Japan, May, 1913. 


Limnophora arcuata Stein. 

The recently captured species of Anthomyid “hovering fly,” 
with the four prominent black spots on the gray abdomen, 
reported on by Mr. Illingworth recently,* was identified by Dr. 
Aldrich as Limnophora arcuata Stein (Berlin Ent. Zeitsch., 
Vol. 42, p. 201), described from Georgia and Louisiana. It 
has since been found rather widely over the United States, in 
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, and Brazil. In 1920, Malloch (Trans. 
American Ent. Soc., Vol. 46, p. 145) made it the type of a new 
genus, Eulimnophora. Dr. Aldrich says, “The characters men- 
tioned seem rather slight, and I have postponed changing the 
name of the species until I can get a more comprehensive view 
of the genera allied to this so as to see how many there should 
really be.” This species is now known from Mount Olympus, 
Palolo Valley, Kaimuki, and Moanalua Valley, Oahu, and Kala- 
lau, Kauai. 


Pygophora lobata Stein. 

A specimen of Anthomyid collected by Fullaway in Guam 
(No. 1259) was sent to Dr. Aldrich, and was identified by Mal- 
loch as Pygophora lobata Stein. 





* Reported at the April 6, 1922, meeting. See page 188 preceding. 


28/7 


Insects from the Summit of Mauna Kea. 


BGG Ee pv aU. eye 


(Presented at the meeting of October 5, 1922.) 


Several reports have been made on the insect life at higher 
elevations on Mauna Loa. On September 7, 1916, William H. 
Meinecke exhibited specimens collected by him in Mokuaweoweo 
crater (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., III, p. 285). December 14, 1916, 
William A. Bryan exhibited a similar series, which he had cap- 
tured on the summit the previous August (id., III, p. 295). 

As long ago as 1897, Dr. H. B. Guppy, writing in the Pacific 
Commercial Advertiser on “The Summit of Mauna Loa” (see 
review in Nature, Vol. LVII, p. 21, November 4, 1897), speaks 
of the insect life on the summit as follows: 

“Curiously enough, insects of various descriptions are com- 
mon on the summit. One species of butterfly common at the 
coast is not at all infrequent. The butterflies were more often 
to be found dead than alive, and those flying about were in a 
half-drowsy condition and easily caught. There were flies of 
different kinds, the house-fly and the blue-bottle fly proving a 
great nuisance. Besides these there were moths, bees, gnats, 
and an occasional dead dragon-fly ; while bugs and other insects 
were collected as they fed upon the bodies of dead butterflies. 
These insects were more common when the wind was southerly, 
and no doubt they had been brought up to this absolutely sterile 
region by the wind. Evidently most if not all of the butterflies 
and moths soon die, and probably the other insects, too. The 
whole matter is, however, very suggestive, and shows how 
readily insects (even the parasitic bug) may find their way into 
the upper air currents.” 

Mr. William H. Meinecke ascended to the summit of Mauna 
Kea, July 25, 1922, where he secured specimens of the follow- 
ing species: Lepidoptera: Pontia rapae (Linn.), the cabbage 
butterfly; Diptera: Chaetogaedia monticola Bigot, and Fron- 
tina archippivora Williston; Hymenoptera: Amblyteles koebelei 
(Swezey), Echthromorpha fusco-orbitalis Cam., Bassus laeta- 
torius (Fabr.), and Limnerium blackburni Cam. 





Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


288 


Concerning these he says: “Several dead cabbage buttertlies 
were observed. Other insects, principally flies and ichneumons 
dead on the snow, the larger ones causing the formation of 
deep holes in the snow. Several flies and wasps were alive when 
captured.” He thinks there is little doubt that all these insects 
were carried to the higher altitudes by the wind, and that 
between the lower temperature and the lower air pressure few 
are able to survive for any length of time. 


289 


Review of Dr. Heinrich Karny’s “Der Insektenkorper und 
seine Terminologie.” 


ISG De Lal UGE Me 


(Presented at the meeting of October 5, 1922. 


Dr. Heinrich Karny states, in his introduction, that his object 
in writing “Der Insektenkorper und seine Terminologie” was to 
provide a simple handbook and glossary of insect morphology 
for persons using his tables for the determination of indigenous 
insects. He has done more than that. 

To the student familiar with German he has given a compact, 
simple, little introduction to the morphology and classification 
of insects, such as one would find in the chapter on insects in 
a good text-book of Zoology. To this he has added a compre- 
hensive glossary of 475 entomological terms, both Latin and 
German, with their explanations in German. 

The value to the average American student of science, how- 
ever, is of a different nature. Rarely do you find a young 
entomologist or zoologist who is also a good student of lan- 
guages. And rarer still is the text-book or dictionary of a for- 
eign language which gives the student much material help on 
scientific terms. That is one of the reasons for the misunder- 
standings between the English-speaking and foreign systema- 
tists. They either dislike or are unable correctly to translate 
each other’s descriptions and remarks. 

Dr. Karny’s greater contribution, as I see it, lies in his hav- 
ing provided an elementary text-book of scientific German for 
the student studying entomology. 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


290 


New Records, Identifications, and Synonymy of Diptera 
Found in Hawaii. 


BYE. IE BRYAN. Re 


(Presented at the meeting of December 7, 1922. 


During the course of my work on Hawaiian flies, names have 
come to light which have been apparently omitted from local 
literature. Some of these determinations were made by Mr. 
F. W. Terry, of specimens in his collection. Some were identi- 
fied for Dr. Illingworth by the late Mr. Frederick Knab, and 
others, recently, by Dr. Aldrich. A few of the synonyms were 
suggested by Major W. S. Patton, of Edinburgh. 


New ReEcorps. 


Calliphora latifrons Hough. | Muscidae. | 
Identified by Aldrich; specimens collected by Illingworth, near 
Waimea, Hawaii, June, 1922. 


Conicera atra (Meigen). [Phoridae. | 
Identified by Knab; specimens bred by Illingworth, “‘ex rotten 
potatoes,’ Oahu, March, 1916. 


Hydrotaea houghi Malloch. [Anthomyidae. ] 

Identified by Malloch; specimens collected by Hlingworth, near 
Waimea, Hawaii, June 19, 1922; a single specimen (Swezey), 
Kilauea, Hawaii, February 24, 1919. 


Milichia sp. |Agromyzidae. | 
Det. by Knab; specimens bred “ex barley seed,” by Illing- 
worth, March, 1915. 


Rhodesiella elegantula (Becker). [Chloropidae.] 

Specimens collected by Illingworth, near Waimea, Hawaii, 
June 18, 1922. Identified by Aldrich, who says: “(Meroscinis 
of Becker, Monog. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., IX, 1911, p. 89.) 
Known from Formosa, Java. Bezzi, in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 
XXVII, 1919, 174, has explained that Meroscimis is a syn. of 
Rhodesiella Adams.” 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


291 


Rhodesiella tarsalis Adams. [Chloropidae.] 

Specimens collected by Illingworth, near Waimea, Hawaii, 
June 18, 1922. Identified by Aldrich, who notes: “(Meroscinis 
scutellata de Meijere.) A widespread Oriental and African 
species.” 


Sapromyza sp. [Sapromyzidae. ] 
Det. by Aldrich; specimen collected by Illingworth, near 
Waimea, Hawaii, June 14, 1922. 


RECENT IDENTIFICATIONS AND SYNONYMY. 


Aedes aegypti (Linn.) [Culicidae.] 
Our common day mosquito. (— Aedes calopus (Meigen), 
Stegomyia fasciata (Fabr.) etc.). 


Aphiochaeta scalaris (Loew). | Phoridae.] 

Identification by Knab of specimens bred by Illingworth 
“ex dead roach,’ April 7, 1913. Recently identified again by 
Dr. Aldrich. The common, large, brownish Phorid, locally 
known as “Phora sp.,” the one I bred in 1920 from dead land 
shells (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IV, p. 489). 


Atherigona excisa (Wied.). [Anthomyidae.] 





(— Acritochaeta pulvinata Grimshaw.) Synonymy by Malloch. 


Drosophila repleta Wollaston. [Drosophilidae.] 

Specimens bred “ex rotten potato,’ March, 1916, by Illing- 
worth, were so determined by Knab, who noted: “= carinata 
Grim.” The descriptions do not agree. Also recorded by Sturte- 
vant from Hawaii (Carnegie Pub., 301, 1921, p. 101). 


Gitona perspicax (Knab). [Drosophilidae.] 

Sturtevant (Carnegie Pub., 301, 1921, pp. 54, 55) says that 
he does not consider Gitonides Knab distinct from Gitona 
Meigen. 


Hylemyia cilicrura Rondani. [Anthomyidae. ] 

(—Phorbia fusciceps Zett.), which was determined from 
Hawaii by Knab, bred ex beets, by Illingworth, 1916. Synonymy 
by Aldrich; specimens collected by Illingworth, near Waimea, 
Hawaii, June 18, 1922. 


292 


Leptocera ferruginata Stenhammar. [Borboridae. | 

(= Borborus sp. in local collections.) Identified by Knab; 
specimens collected by Illingworth, Oahu, June, 1914. Very 
common about refuse and manure. 


Milichiella lacteipennis (Loew). [Agromyzidae.] 

(= Ophthalomomyia lactetpennis Loew.) Synonymy by Knab. 
The very abundant little shiny black dung-fly, with the very 
shiny hyaline wings. 


Puliciphora sp. [Phoridae.| 
The Phorid with the wingless females. Det. by Knab; speci- 
mens bred by Illingworth, “ex dead roach,” January, 1916. 


Synthesiomyia nudiseta van der Wulp. [ Muscidae. | 

(= S. brasiliana B. & B.; “the red-tailed Sarcophagid,” etc.) 
Synonymy suggested by Major Patton; bred extensively ex dead 
tat by Illingworth. The maggots pupate together in the fur. 
forming a honeycomb-like mass. 


293 


The Leaf-Miners of Pipturus (Lepidoptera). 


BY 0) (Ey SWEZEY: 


(Presented at the meeting of January 5, 1922. 


The mamake tree, Pipturus albidus, is endemic to the Hawaiian 
Islands. It occurs in the forests of all the large islands of the 
group, and is one of the trees which supports a considerable 
insect fauna, as shown by a paper on the subject in Proceed- 
ings Hawaiian Entomological Society, II, p. 153, 1912. At that 
time the leaf-miners attacking this tree were not so well known 
as now, but one species “being mentioned, and, as it turns out 
now, was incorrectly determined. 

Now that the leaf-miners of Pipturus have been more thor- 
oughly studied, it is found that there are several species, some 
of which closely resemble one another, but occur in different 
localities or on different islands, illustrating the production of 
species by geographic isolation. 

These leaf-miners all belong to the Lepidopterous family 
Tineidae. At present six species are recognized, and no doubt 
others will be found by further collecting in regions where no 
particular attention has been given to these insects. 


Philodoria micropetala Walsm. 

Fauna Hawaiiensis, I, p. 719, Pl. XXV, fig. 22, 1907. 

This species was described from a single specimen collected 
at Halemanu, Kauai. I collected specimens of it on Pipturus 
trees at Kokee (which is near Halemanu), on August 23, 1921. 
The trees had mined leaves, and I consider that the mines be- 
longed to this moth. It is found that the specimens agree .with 
the figure and Walsingham’s description of micropetala. That 
being the case, all of my previous references in Proceedings 
Hawaiian Entomological Society to this species occurring on 
Oahu as a leaf-miner in Pipturuws are in error, as the Oahu 
species is not the same as these Kauai specimens. I determined 
specimens from Pipturus on Oahu by comparison with the figure 
of micropetala, and as they nearly agreed, and as there were no 
other near related species known at the time, I felt that prob- 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


294 


ably there might be variation enough to account for the differ- 
ence between my specimens and the figure. 


IngWProc. }iaw. Hat: Soc. Gulp. 222) NOS. We stated etiat 
micropetala (the species which was mistaken for it) occurred 
on all the Islands. The leaf mines that had been found in 
Pipturus up to that time, I had taken to be all of the same spe- 
cies of moth. Since then I have discovered several other species 
in different places by rearing them from the mines in the leaves. 


Philodoria floscula Walsm. 
Fauna Hawaiiensis, I, p. 718, Pl. XXV, fig. 21, 1907. 
This species was described from Hilo and Olaa, Hawaii. I 


have collected it on Pipturus at Mountain View, Hawaii, March 
31, 1906. 


Philodoria pipturicola Swezey. 


Proceedings Hawaiian Entomological Society, III, p. 96, 1915. 


This species was reared from mined leaves collected from 
Pipturus in the forest above Punaluu, Oahu, September 13, 
1914, and above Wailuku, Maui, December 9, 1922. 


Philodoria pipturiella n. sp. 


Antennae brownish; palpi white inwardly, externally brownish at apical 
portion of median and terminal joints; head and thorax grayish brown. 
Fore-wings bronzy brown, costal margin narrowly white to about two- 
thirds, where a white spot projects inward, pointing obliquely outward; 
sometimes the white on costa extends only half-way to this spot; a large 
nearly circular white spot in middle of wing at about one-third the fold 
which traverses its center; a large white spot at tornus, an orange spot 
opposite it on costa, narrowly separated from it by a metallic blue patch 
which widens apically; beyond the blue patch a large orange patch ocecu- 
pies the remaining apical portion of the wing except a small apical black 
spot followed by metallic blue in the apical cilia; cilia otherwise brownish, 
with two white spots in the costal cilia above the orange patch. Expanse 
of wings 5-6 mm. Hind-wings brownish as in fore-wings, cilia paler brown. 
Abdomen bronzy brown, whitish beneath. Legs pale brownish, whitish 
beneath. 


Holotype in collection of Hawaiian Entomological Society. 
Paratypes in author’s collection, and the collections of the 
Bishop Museum and Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association. 

Hab.—Oahu: practically the whole island wherever Pipturus 


295 


grows. I have reared it many times from mines in Pipfturus 
leaves collected at various places in the S. E. Koolau Moun- 
tains: Palolo, Kaumuahona, Tantalus, and Pacific Heights, and 
also from Mount Kaala and Makaleha, in the Waianae Range. 
The large leaves of Pipturus often contain great numbers of 
the mines, even up to a hundred, but usually the larvae in most 
of them die or are parasitized so that but few of them reach 
their full growth and spin cocoons.. The cocoons are made on 
the under side of the leaf alongside a prominent vein, white and 
not very conspicuous. 

Any mention that I have previously made to micropetala in 
the Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society per- 
tains to this species. 


Philodoria pipturiana n. sp. 

Antennae pale fuscous, apical portion white. Palpi whitish, streaked 
with fuscous externally. Head sordid whitish. Thorax dark fuscous, white 
beneath. Fore-wings dark fuscous to nearly black, with several white mark- 
ings: a white costal bar outwardly oblique from about middle of costa 
extends about half-way across wing; another oblique white bar at two- 
thirds of costa, which recurves to the costa, terminating in a few white 
scales in the costal cilia; just beyond this is a curved transverse white bar 
nearly interrupted in the middle, its costal end terminating with a few white 
scales in the costal cilia (not present in the paratype); a longitudinal 
white streak on basal third of fold, followed by a large oval white spot 
about middle of fold; a large oval white spot on dorsum about at end of 
fold; cilia fuscous except for the white scales previously noted in costal 
cilia and a few white scales at base of apical cilia. Expanse of wings 
8-9 mm. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs pale 
fuscous, tarsi white spotted. 


Described from two specimens collected on Pipturus tree 
which had leaves containing leaf-miners, on the Upper Ham- 
akua Ditch Trail, Kohala Mountains, Hawaii, July 31, 1921. 
In color this species resembles nigrella from Kilauea and forest 
above Hilo, Hawaii, but the white markings are distinctly dif- 
ferent. The habits of nigrella are not known. 

Holotype in the collection of the Hawaiian Entomological 
Society ; paratype in collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ 
Association. 

Gracilaria neraudicola Swezey. 
Proceedings Hawaiian Entomological Society, IV, p. 385, 1920. 
Reared from leaf mines in Neraudia melastomaefolia (a tree 


296 


near related to Pipturus), at Punaluu, Oahu, June 11, 1916, and 
Waiahole, Oahu, August 13, 1916. Reared from leaf mines in 
Pipturus at Pahoa, Hawaii, September 20, 1918; in the jungle 
along Volcano Road south of Hilo, Hawaii, July 25, 1921; and 
at 2000 feet elevation on Judd Trail, Kona, Hawaii, August 
14, 1919. 


CORRECTION. 


My record in Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., II, p. 222, 1913, of breed- 
ing Philodoria basalts Walsm. from leaf mines in Pipturus 
leaves in Kohala Mountains, Hawaii, is an error. There is a 
mistake about it somewhere, for since that time I have ascer- 
tained that basalis is the leaf-miner in Metrosideros or ohia 
lehua, on Hawaii and Maui. 


TABLE OF PIPTURUS LEAF-MINERS. 


1. (8) More or less orange at apex of fore-wing. 
2. (7) White spot on fold usually not reaching dorsal margin.’ 
3. (4) Apical half of fore-wing with ground color orange. .P. pipturicola 
4. (38) Much less orange at apex of fore-wing. 
Se (6) MWihiterspot ont toldenearlycurcnlans ceri P. pipturiella 
Gi) (5) s wWhitesspotuont told semi-circular err tar) -r-ieten ia P. micropetala 
7. (2) White spot on fold, narrow, extending to dorsal margin. 

P. floscula 
8. (1) Fore-wing not orange on apical portion. 
9. (10) Three outwardly oblique white spots extending inward from 


GLOMAKUNNT, (ONE “THOR MNNNERS Joe S on son aca soUmOb ONG oE G. neraudicola 


10. (9) Oval white spot on dorsum near end of fold...... P. pipturiana 


297 


The Erythrina Twig-Borer (Terastia meticulosalis) in 
Hawali (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera). 


BY ©] Hi SWEZEY. 
(Presented at the meeting of February 2, 1922.) 
Terastia meticulosalis Guené, Delt. & Pyr., p. 212, 1854. 
Terastia subjectalis Led., Wien. ent. Mon., p. 480, 1863. 
Megaphysa quadratalis Walker, Cat., XXXIV, p. 1527. 
Megastes coeligenalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., XIII, 156, 1886. 


Terastia meticulosalis, Hampson, Fauna of British India, Moths, IV, p. 381, 
1896. 


What appears to be this Pyralid moth, I have reared from 
pupae found in pods of the wiliwili tree (Erythrina mono- 
sperma). Three of these pupae were found in pods on a tree 
in Makaleha Valley, Oahu, January 8, 1922. The larvae had 
eaten the immature seeds and pupated within a cocoon partially 
within the remains of the skin of the seed. There were quite a 
good many pods on the tree which had matured and were hang- 
ing opened with the seeds exposed. Other pods were found in 
which the seeds had been eaten, besides the three which con- 
tained pupae. This is the first time that the wiliwili pods or 
seeds have been found eaten in this way, and the first record 
of this moth for the Hawaiian Islands. 

Hampson, in Fauna of British India, Moths, IV, 381, 1896, 
gives a description and figure, and the distribution as: St. 
Domingo; Honduras; Ceylon; Java; Philippines. He states that 
the “larva bores in young stems of Erythrina.” 

Fletcher, in Some South Indian Insects, p. 439, 1914, gives 
the distribution in South India as Bellary, Madras, and Coimba- 
tore. He says the larva “bores into terminal shoots and unripe 
seed-pods of Erythrina of various species.” 

In Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting at Pusa, 
India, 1917, I find it stated that “it is sometimes a serious pest, 
especially of Erythrina Indica, the larva boring in the young 
shoots so that all the new growth may be killed back.” 

Dyar, in Journal of the New York Ent. Soc., IX, 21, 1901, 
describes the larva from Erythrina herbacea in southern Florida, 


Proe. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


298 


and says: “The larva is an internal feeder, boring in the younger 
stems which it completely hollows out, killing them. When the 
plant is in early flower, the young flower heads are often killed 
and webbed up into a foul mass by this larva. Spins a large 
webby cocoon in the ground.” 

Hulst’s description of coeligenalis does not exactly agree with 
the description of meticulosalis given by Hampson. My speci- 
mens do not quite agree with these, nor with the figure given 
by Hampson. Where a species has been described under four 
different names, it must have some variation. Hence, I think 
that my specimens, the three of which show quite a bit of varia- 
tion in color, come near enough to be considered this species. 
However, I shall endeavor to have it verified, either at the 
United States National Museum or by someone in India. 


It seems strange that no one should have noticed the work of 
this moth on this side of the island, and that this first record 
should come from a valley so far removed from the more 
densely settled portions, where we should expect a new immi- 
grant to be first noticed. 


On January 29, I made considerable search for evidence of 
this moth on wiliwili trees on the Ewa coral plain south of 
Sisal. In that region there are a good many of the trees, many 
of them being very large. Just at this time there are many ripe 
pods hanging on the trees with the seeds exposed. Seach among 
these finally revealed the presence of remains of eaten seeds 
containing the cocoons of a moth. Examination of the empty 
chrysalids showed them to belong to the Phycitid moth Mvyelovs 
ceratoniae, and gives us a new addition to the food plants of 
this moth. Six such seeds were found, but in all cases the moths 
had already issued. Search will be made in other localities as 
opportunities present. 


Apparently the insect has been here a long time, but has not 
increased abundantly and has thus escaped notice. It no doubt 
arrived some time in the past, when seeds of Erythrina Indica 
or some other species were imported. 


299 


Records of Introduction of Beneficial Insects into the 
Hawaiian Islands. 


BY OF GL SWEZEY: 


(Presented at the meeting of November 2, 1922.) 


Apparently the first beneficial insect purposely introduced into 
Hawaii was the lady beetle (Novwvius cardinalis), which is an 
enemy of the cottony cushion scale (/cerya_purchasi). This was 
introduced from Australia in 1890 (probably via California) by 
Mr. Albert Koebele, who was engaged at that time in intro- 
ducing beneficial insects into California to attack their orchard 
pests. 

Since that time, there have been many species of beneficial 
insects successfully introduced into Hawaii, from various parts 
of the world, and by several institutions here. Mr. Koebele was 
engaged for this work in 1893. Between that time and 1904 
many valuable lady beetles were introduced, also parasites of 
scale insects. In 1904 the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian 
Sugar Planters’ Association began introducing parasites for the 
sugar-cane leafhopper, and has continued the work of intro- 
ducing beneficial insects for one insect pest or another ever 
since. The Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry has 
also been active in this line of work; the United States Experi- 
ment Station and the Honolulu office of the United States 
Bureau of Entomology have also had a share in this important 
work. 

The records of these introductions are very scattered, and in 
some cases very obscure, possibly entirely lacking in many cases. 
Herewith an attempt is made to put together for convenient 
reference the records of all successful introductions, so far as 
they could be found. They are grouped according to the various 
purposes for which they were introduced. The date of introduc- 
tion is given, so far as known, the country from which intro- 
duced, and the particular pest on which it preys. 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


300 


LApy BEETLES PREYING ON SCALE INSEcTS, MEALY-Bues, ETc. 


~1890. Novius cardinalis Muls. From Australia via California. 


7 


On cottony cushion scale. 2 
? 1 Novius koebelei. From Australia via California. On 
cottony cushion scale. 
1894. Cryptolaemus montrousiert Muls. From Australia via 
California. ? On mealy-bugs. 


¥1894. * Rhizobius ventralis Erich. From Australia via eawee 


nia. On mealy-bugs. 

P 'Cryptogonus orbiculatus Gyll. Japan. On mealy-bugs. 
1895, 1906, 1914. Nephus sp. near bipunctatus Kugel. Japan, 
South China, Philippines. On mealy-bugs. 

1894. Orcus chalybaeus (Boisd.). Australia. Diaspine scales, 
1894. Serangium maculigerum Blkb. Australia. Diaspine scales. 


P Lindorus lophanthae Blaisd. California. Diaspine scales. 
1895. Chilocorus circumdatus Schon. South China. Diaspine 
scales. ; 
1895. Sticholotis punctatus Crotch. China, Japan. Diaspine 
scales. 


V1895. *% Pentilia nigra Weise. China, Japan. Diaspine scales. 


1908. Asya luteipes Muls. Mexico. Lecaniinae. : 
1908. Hyperaspis jocosa (Muls.). Mexico. Orthezia.’ 7 | 


+1922. Curinus coeruleus Muls. Mexico. Pseudococcus. nipae. 


1922. Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise. Mexico. Pseudococcus nipae. 
1922. Nephus sp. Mexico. Pseudococcus bromeliae. 

1922. Diomus sp. Mexico. Mealy-bugs. 

1922. Diomus sp, (four-lined). Mexico. Mealy-bugs. 


Coccip PARASITES. 


+1894. ? Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw. China, Japan. On di- 


aspine scales. 
1905. Scutellista cyanea Motsch. California. Saissetia nigra. 





1 Abundant in 1897, but later disappeared. 

2 The lady beetle introduced under this name, and for a long time con- 
sidered as such, has recently been shown by Mr. Timberlake to be a species 
of Lindorus. 

38 Recorded as introduced, but this name is used by Koebele incorrectly, 
and the species supposedly introduced, although established, is as yet unde- 
termined. 


301 


1908. * Comperiella bifasciata How. Japan. Diaspine scales. 

1915. Leptomastidea abnormis (Gir.). Sicily via California. 
Pseudococcus kraunhiae. 

1922. Pseudaphycus utilis Timb. Mexico. Pseudococcus nipae. 

1922. Coelaspidia osborni Timb. Mexico. Pseudococcus cal- 
ceolariae. 

It is probable that many of the other parasites established in 
the Hawaiian Islands on introduced Coccids are some of those 
that were purposely introduced, but on account of their identity 
not being known at the time of introduction definite records are 
lacking. ; ; 

Lapy BEETLES PREYING ON PLANT LICE. 
1893. ° Coccinella californica Mann. California. (Disappeared 
after 1896. ) 
1894. Coelophora inaequalis (Fab.). Australia, Ceylon, China. 
1894. Platyomus lividigaster Muls. Australia. 
1894. Diomus notescens (Blkb.). Australia. 
1895. Coelophora pupillata (Schon.). Hongkong. 
Before 1894. ® Callineda conformis (Boisd.). Australia. (Dis- 
appeared after 1900.) 
1895. Synonyche grandis Thun. China, Japan. (Disappeared 
after 1896.) 
1895. Verania discolor Fab. Hongkong. (Disappeared after 
1896. ) 
1895. Coelophora biplagiata Swartz. Hongkong. (Disappeared 
after 18906. ) 
Scymnus, several undetermined species introduced ; details 
of introduction not known. 


OTHER ENEMIES OF PLANT LICE. 

Syrphid flies and Chrysopa flies were reported established by 
Koebele in 1897. It is not known which species, nor where 
from, nor when introduced. 

1904. Chrysopa sp. Australia. 
1907. Trioxys sp. ? California. Parasite on orange Aphis. 
1919. Micromus vinaceus Gerst. Queensland. 


4 Doubtfully established. 
5 Again introduced in 1905, but failed. 
6 Again introduced in 1904, but failed. 


1904. 
1904. 


1904. 
1905); 
1906. 
1907. 
1916. 


1920. 


1910. 
LOO: 
L921: 
$921; 
LOZ 


LOA 


1913. 


1913. 


1914. 


1914. 


OMS: 


1913. 


LONG, 


302 


ENEMIES OF THE SUGAR-CANE LEAFHOPPER. 
Paranagrus optabilis Perkins. Queensland. Egg-parasite. 
Paranagrus perforator Perkins. Queensland. Ege-para- 

site. 

Anagrus frequens Perkins. Queensland. Egg-parasite. 

Ootetrastichus beatus Perkins. Fiji. Egg-parasite. 

Haplogonatopus vitiensis Perkins. Fiji. Parasite on 
nymph. 

Pseudogonatopus hospes Perkins. China. Parasite on 
adult. 

Ootetrastichus formosanus Timb. Formosa. Egg-para- 
site. 

Cyrtorhinus. mundulus (Bredd.). Queensland and [*iji. 

Predacious on eggs. 

BRUCHID PARASITES. 

Uscana semifumipennis Gir. Texas. Egeg-parasite. 
FHeterospilus prosopidis Vier. Texas. Parasite on larva. 
Lariophagus texanus Cwid. Texas. Parasite on larva. 
Urosigalphus bruchi Cwfd. Texas. Parasite on larva. 
Glyptocolastes bruchivorus Cwfd. Texas. Parasite on 

larva. 
Horismenus sp. Texas. Parasite on larva. 


FRUIT-FLY PARASITES. 
Opius humilis Silv. South Africa. On larva of Ceratilis 


capitata. 

Diachasma tryont Cam. Australia. On larva of Ceratitis 
capitata. 

Diachasma fullawayi Silv. Africa. On larva of Ceratitis 
capitata. 


Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvy. West Africa. On larva 
of Ceratilis capitata. 

Dirhinus giffardu Silv. West Africa. On pupa of Cera- 
titis capitata. 

“Galesus silvestru Kieffer. West Africa: On pupa of 
Ceratitis capitata., 

Opius fletchert Silv. India. On larva of Bactrocera 
cucurbitae. 





7 Doubtfully established. 


1906. 
1909. 
1909. 
1913. 
1914. 
1914. 


1914. 
L921. 


1895. 


1895. 


mw 


1904. 


1909. 


1910. 


19106. 


1916. 


303 


OrHer ENEMIES OF DIPTERA. 

Eucoila impatiens Say. Arizona. On larva of Sarc@pfaga. 

7 Bathymetis sp. Germany. On puparium of horn-fly. 

Hister bimaculatus L. Germany. Predacious on maggots 

Muscidifurax raptor Gir. & Sand. South Africa. Parasite 
on puparia. 

Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashm. Philippines. Parasite on 
puparia. 

Spalangia philippinensis Ful. Philippines. Parasite on 
puparia. 

Spalangia sp. Africa. Parasite on puparia. 

Creophilus erythrocephalus Fab. Australia. Predacious 
on maggots. 


PARASITES OF LEAF-ROLLERS AND ARMY WoRMS. 


Microbracon omiodivorum (Terry). Japan. On larva of 
leaf-rollers. 

Chalcis obscurata Walker. Japan. On pupa of leaf- 
tollers, €tc. 

Amblyteles koebelei (Sw.). California. Army-worm 
parasite. 

Amblyteles purpuripennis (Cress.). California. Army- 
worm parasite. 

Frontina archippivora Will. North America. Army-worm 
parasite. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Aphanomerus pusillus Perk. Queensland. Egg-parasite 
of Siphanta acuta. 

Blastophaga psenes (Linn.). California. Caprifier ot 
edible fig. 

Ceromasia sphenophori Vill. New Guinea. Parasite otf 
larva of Rhabdocnemis obscura. 

Paranagrus osborni Ful. Philippines. Egg-parasite of 
corn leafhopper. 

Scolia manilae Ashm. Philippines. Parasite of larva 
Anomala and Adoretus. 


f 


e) 


7 Doubtfully established. 


304 


Dolichurus stantoni Ashm. Philippines. Parasite on 
nymph of roach. 

Tschiogonus syagrii Ful. Australia. Parasite of larva of 
Australian fern weevil. 

Pleistodontes froggatti Mayr. Australia. Caprifier of 
Ficus macrophylla. 

Pleistodontes imperialis Saund. Australia. Caprifier of 
Ficus rubiginosa. 

Notogonidea luzonensis Rohwer. Philippines. Parasite 
of field cricket. 

Stethorus vagans Blackburn. Predacious on leaf-mites. 


LANTANA INSECTS. 


Agromyza lantanae Frogg. Mexico. Larvae in seeds. 

Thecla echion Linn. Mexico. Larvae on flowers. 

Thecla agra Hew. Mexico. Larvae on flowers. 

Crocidosema lantana Busck. Mexico. Larvae in flower 
clusters. 

Platy ptilia pusillidactyla Walk. Mexico. Larvae in flower 
clusters. 

Cremastobombycia lantanella Busck. Mexico. Leaf- 
miner. 

Teleonema lantanae Distant. Mexico. Leaf-bug. 

Eutreta xanthochacta Aldrich. Mexico. Stem gall-fly. 


305 
ANNUAL ADDRESS. 


Notes on the Mealy-Bugs of Economic Importance in Hawaii. 


BY DAVID T. FULLAWAY. 


(Presented at the meeting of December 7, 1922.) 


These notes have resulted from a study of our common dactyl- 
opiine species? made preparatory to handling the material col- 
lected by H. T. Osborn in Mexico, which, during the past few 
months, has been chiefly mealy-bug enemies. Mr. Osborn’s in- 
vestigations in this field began primarily with the definite pur- 
pose of introducing and acclimatizing the coccinellid beetle 
Hyperaspis silvestrii, observed by Koebele and Silvestri to be an 
important enemy of Pseudococcus nipae in Mexico. The pursuit 
of this object led him gradually to widen the scope of his work, 
with the result that we have received from him numerous and 
sizable shipments of four species of coccinellid beetles, in addi- 
tion to Hyperaspis silvestrii, and five or six internal parasites 
of mealy-bug species existing here. While the extent of Mr. 
Osborn’s achievement in Mexico could scarcely be anticipated, 
the results amply justify a belief which I have held for some 
years; namely, that, in view of the comparative scarcity of some 
of the species existing here which are attacked by internal para- 
sites, it should be possible to ameliorate present conditions with 
regard to other species unchecked by internal parasites, by seek- 
ing out such enemies as exist and introducing them here. I 
believe all of the economically important mealy-bug species 
found here have been brought to the islands in the course of 
time with plants. In some cases, one or other of their enemies 
have been brought with them, or have since been purposely 
introduced. Undoubtedly the present situation with regard to 
mealy-bug infestations represents a great improvement over the 


Proe. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 





1 According to list following. Wriococcus araucariae and species of 
Asterolecanium omitted from consideration, as Hriococcus and allies and 
Asterolecanium and allies are now viewed as separate subfamilies. The 
affinities of Phyllococcus also being in question, that genus has not been 
included in the present discussion either. 


306 


conditions prevailing, say twenty or twenty-five years ago, and 
much of this improvement is due to the excellent work done 
by the numerous species of coccinellid beetles introduced by 
Koebele from the Orient and Australia. But with regard to 
most of the species, and particularly those infesting crop plants, 
the present situation is far from being satisfactory, and a remedy 
should, be sought in the way I have indicated. Mr. Osborn’s 
work in Mexico furnishes an example of what can be done. 


In carrying out an idea of this sort, a primary concern is to 
learn the center of distribution of the noxious species, and to 
that end all the data bearing on this point should be collected 
and carefully considered. Unfortunately, in some cases, the 
available data is valueless for the purpose mentioned. In that 
contingency, the only recourse is to investigate one zoological 
region after another until a fruitful one is found. In other 
cases, however, the way is clearly marked. 


The point is here made that conversely to the proposition 
above stated, the presence of several or numerous parasites of 
a noxious species in any definite region is prima facie evidence 
on the origin or center of distribution of the species. Such evi- 
dence is now available for three of our species, and Mr. Tim- 
berlake has pointed out the weight of evidence with regard to 
two others. 


Another important consideration in an undertaking of this 
kind is ability to recognize any particular species in hand. The 
main purpose of my study was to familiarize myself with the 
different species, so that the material sent in could be handled 
with safety and utilized to the greatest advantage. After gain- 
ing a thorough knowledge of the species, it was easy to formu- 
late the keys here given to the subfamily, genera, and species 
under consideration, which may be useful to others working on 
this group of insects. Thanks to the careful and painstaking 
work of Ferris, Morrison, and others, who have pointed out the 
greater dependability of morphological characters, the distine- 
tion of mealy-bug species now rests upon much surer ground 
than formerly. With regard to the keys just mentioned, I will 
say that I have tried, in the case of species, to combine morpho- 
logical characters in a table with the more obvious distinguish- 
ing marks or traits. I have also sought to indicate my views as 


307 


to the relationships of the different genera and species. And 
where I could facilitate access to species in nature or in the 
literature by giving data or references I have done so. A 
few drawings are furnished to illustrate obscure points in the 
descriptions. 

According to the latest classifications of the Coccidae, the sub- 
families Monophlebinae, Ortheziinae, Eriococcinae, Dactylopi- 
inae, Asterolecaniinae, Coccinae, and Diaspinae include all the 
Hawaiian species, and the following key will indicate the dis- 
tinction of the species under consideration. 


KEY TO SUBFAMILIES. 


1. Body covered by a firm waxy seale separable from the insect and 
made up in part of larval exuviae; legs lacking; posterior end of 

Wie jalownen joygeacsbuKomnl —eooocbposboscascecsoddudgouDe Diaspinae 

Not so 2 


bo 


With two or more pairs of abdominal spiracles, anal ring placed 
dorsally some distance before the body apex and not at the end of 
NCL Teena eRe tee ecu me Reverie oro stelct sleet. thouana sree iadscsneieye suc 3 


Without abdominal spiracles, anal ring placed at or close to the body 
apex, or if dorsally, at the anterior end of a cleft in the body... 4 


3. With not more than two pairs of abdominal spiracles, anal ring 
MTOM SEACH ecchemsct-us,a ce creme ciel etsicne rage ss syeversiot Meets) o's cen Monophlebinae 
With seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, anal ring with setae. 
Ortheziinae 
4. Body usually with the posterior extremity cleft, anal opening at the 
anterior end of this cleft and covered by a pair of triangular 
plates; these characters more or less obscured in the species that 
ATE MCOVOLEC Myvi ll WA RGary sy a.c)sia sidtetaie cfs (eleieuNetepoualle © reveP-ucteel oe cae 3 3 Coccinae 
Posterior extremity of body not cleft, sometimes more or less in- 
dented, but never with plates over anal opening...............-- 5) 


5. Body margin with a row of eight-shaped gland pores; legs wanting; 


antennae very much reduced, minute...............4 Asterolecaniinae 

NCHS OMMRS eR I otere eee fey nsec ets patentee. ols to Noyce eas ee sido, s eile she at natsi eye (a) 5 chalets 6 
GaPeDOrsall GOSLIOLES, PLESEWME. oop cus ou ie or eleyeiele sie -ei+ = aie 6) si dl eleh= Dactylopiinae 
Words OSHLOLES DSCs c')- ois\c1cords) hela) cleseters ele ope else e ons ees Eriococcinae 


The group Dactylopiinae as delimited for the purposes of this 
paper comprises the following species, listed under their respec- 
tive genera according to the author’s conception of their afhlia- 
tion. ‘The synonymy is also indicated. 


308 


GENuS ANTONINA SIGNORET. 


bambusae (Mask.). 
vide Morrison, Pr. U. 8S. N. M., 60, p. 55 (1922); Green, Coccidae of 
Ceylon, Pt. V (1922). 
Sphaerococcus bambusae Mask. N. Z. Trans., XXV, p. 237 (1892). 
Chaetococcus bambusae (Mask.) Ckll. Rey. Mus. Paul., III, p. 501 
(1898). 
Kermicus bambusae (Mask.) Ckll. Entomologist, XXXII, p. 93 (1899). 


crawi CkIl. 
Psyche XS sp. 7a (900) wkeuwana,, Pre} CalsAce Scion lls paso 
(1902); Ehrhorn Pr. H. E. S., III, p. 236. 


indica Green. 
Mem. Dep. Ag. India, II, 2, p. 27 (1908) Fig. 
Antonina boutelouae auct. vide Ehrhorn, Pr. H. E. §., III, p. 282. 


GENus GEOCcOCCUS GREEN. 
radicum Green. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., XXXVIII, p. 262 (1902). 
Ripersiella rhizoplilla Fullaway & Kotinsky (sine deser.) Ent. News, 
XXI, p. 49 (1910); Fullaway, Pr. H. E. S., I, p. 108. 


GENUS FERRISIA Novum. 
virgata (Ckll.). 


Dactylopius virgatus Ckll. Entomologist, XX VI, p. 178 (1893). 
Pseudococcus virgatus (Ckll.). Kirkaldy, F. H., IIT (2), p. 103 (1902). 


GENuS TRIONYMUS BERG.-: 
sacchari (CkIl.). 
Dactylopius sacchari Ckll. Jn. Trin. Nat. Club, II, p. 195 (1895). 
Pseudococeus sacchari (Ckll.). Ehrhorn Pr. H. E. 8., III, p. 1 (1913). 
Pseudococcus calceolariae auct. Ehrhorn loe. eit. 


calceolariae (Mask.). 
Daetylopius calceolariae Mask. N. Z. Trans. XI, p. 218 (1878). 
Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.). Kirkaldy F. H., III (2), p. 103. 
Pseudococcus sacchari auct. vide Ehrhorn loe, cit. 
Pseudococcus saccharifolii auct. Ferris in litt. 


lounsburyi (Brain). 
Pseudococcus lounsburyit Brain An, Ent. Soe. Am., V, p. 179 (1912), 


5 ee 
Migs. 


insularis Ehrhorn. 
Pr. HE. 8., III, p. 244 (1915). 





aes se 


309 


GeENus PsEupococcus WEstwoop. 
nipze (Mask.). 
Dactylopius nipae Mask. Tr. & Pr., N. Z. Inst., 1892, XXV, p. 282 
(1893), Figs. 


filamentosus (CkIl.). 
Dactylopius filamentosus Ckll. Entomologist, XXVI, p. 268 (1893). 
Pseudococcus vastator (Mask.) Kirkaldy F. H., IID (2), p. 103 (1902). 


kraunhiae (Kuwana). 
Dactylopius kraunhiae Kuw. Pr. Cal. Ac. Sei. (3), III, p. 55 (1902), 
Figs. 
Pseudococcus citri auct. 
longispinus (Targ.). 
Dactylopius longispinus Targ. Cat., p. 32 (1869). 
Pseudococcus adonidum (ULinn.). Kirkaldy F. H., IIL (2), p. 108 
(1902). 


brevipes (CkIl.). 
Dactylopius brevipes Ckll. Entomologist, XXVI, p. 267 (1898). 


Pseudococcus bromeliae auct. vide Science n. s., LV, 1422, March 31, 
1922, and LVI, 1446, September 15, 1922. 


GENUS TyLococcus NEWwSsT. 
giffardi Ehrhorn. 
Pr. H. E. S., ITI, p. 243 (1915). 


GENUS RIPERSIA SIGN. 
palmarum Ehrhorn. 
Pr. H. E. S., III, p. 245 (1915). 
KEY TO GENERA. 


1. Abdomen of the adult female posteriorly invaginated, the anal ring 


at the inner end of this invagination...................Antonina 
OMe AIG cit tM hI aie op ele Ga San. uciele's owls « 2 
2. Anal lobes very prominent, chitinous, with a stout sabertooth-like 
spine at extremity of each lobe and two pairs of chitinous hooks 
on the dorsum, one pair on the head and the other immediately 
COMMA AM Ol OMe ua TIO. cn ble. S one he syesele 2) ofaveus ce laia ols wei seco Geococcus 
INI EO) So.Geomues ode OOo SnD Seer Gs Pian CI en Cache RC nS eso 3 
Sua ale cerarin xwith ty OuCeraTiam SPINES ie ie «ie hace eo adn 4 
Anal cerarii with more than two cerarian spines................-.. 6 


4. With tubular wax pores in clusters about margins of segments, par- 
ticularly at caudal end..........2--.-s. eee cece eee Ferrisia n. g. 
NRLHESD Better) CeCe ag ao ex ald sei Sb Ses lech eens wihee nee siah wastes s 5 


310 


5. With cireular wax pores numerous and closely crowded in derm of 
caudal segments, numerous dorsal setae, few pairs of cerarii and 
these on the distal segment or segments of abdomen, body usually 
Cana Sean betas So em boteo etn Aono oocldmumots Dom ot ae Trionymus 

With circular wax pores.less numerous and closely crowded in derm 
of caudal segments, fewer dorsal setae, many pairs of cerarii, 
usually seventeen to nineteen, distributed on the abdominal, thor- 
acic, and cephalic segments, body usually of oval form. 

Pseudococcus 


6. Antennae eight-segmented, body with marginal tumescences. 
Tylococcus 
Antennae six-segmented, body without marginal tumescences Ripexsia 


GENUS ANTONINA SIGNORET. 


Pseudococcine forms without legs in the adult female; with 
the antennae in the adult female reduced to mere stubs; without 
recognizable cerarii; with the posterior end of the body more or 
less invaginated, this invagination forming a tube at the inner 
end of which is the anal ring. Spiracles very large and con- 
spicuous. Circular, multilocular pores present on the dorsum. 


Type of the genus Antonina purpurea Sign. 


Three species of this genus are commonly found in Hawaii, 
two on bamboos grown for ornamental purposes, and one on the 
common lawn and pasture grass Cynodon dactylon. They are 
of no great significance economically. 


The species may be distinguished by use of the following key: 


1. Entire derm heavily chitinized; large; 8 mm. long.......... bambusae 
Less heavily chitinized, the derm thick only on posterior abdominal 

sSeomentss? «smaller +2J.4. 5%). ance ei eae een sue ote ora ease oI tee ee 2 

2. Abdominal spines fairly stout; body oval (on bamboo)......... crawt 


Abdominal spines very slender; body rotund (on Bermuda grass) . .indica 


Morrison (Pr. U. S. N. M., 60, p. 56) describes and figures 
bambusae, and it is on the basis of his comparisons (p. 58) that 
the species is included in Antonina. Green gives excellent fig- 
ures of indica and bambusae and describes the latter in consider- 
able detail in Part V of the Coccidae of Ceylon. 


GENUS GEOCOCCUS GREEN. 


Pseudococcine form with the antennae set very close together 
at the front of the head; six-segmented, the terminal segment 


311 


large; legs present. Body terminating in a pair of prominent 
S S y 5 I 

anal lobes with a stout sabertooth-like spine at the extremity of 
each lobe. Derm with trilocular pores. Anal ring setiferous. 


Type of the genus Geococcus radicum Green. 


A monotypical genus described from Ceylon and, according 
to Green (loc. cit.), not known elsewhere except in Hawait. 
Mr. Ehrhorn, however, has called my attention to the similarity 
of Kuwana’s Ripersia oryzae (Bul. Imp. Cent. Ag. Exp. Sta., 1, 
p. 186, 1907), described from Japanese material collected on the 
roots of rice and other plants, and in Ent. Mo. Mag., LIX, 
p. 18, January, 1923, the species is said to occur in the West 
Indies. The species is fairly common in Hawaii, in a more or 
less complete pulverulent white waxy sac on the roots of plants 
(koa, mango, nut-grass, etc.), but of no great significance eco- 
nomically. A good figure and description of the insect is fur- 
nished in a paper by the author published in Proc. Haw. Ent. 
Soc., II, p. 108. Green, in his recently published Pt. V of the 
Coccidae of Ceylon, also gives excellent figures and redescribes 
the insect in much detail. No mention, however, has heretofore 
been made of the chitinized strip of the derm at the margin of 
the penultimate segment extending inward obliquely and_ bear- 
ing two prominent setae. It is quite plain in stained specimens. 
Green's figures also fail to show the accessory spines in the 
adult, although present in the nymph. It is possible that the 
Hawaiian forms so far observed have all been immature. 


GENUS FERRISIA Novum. 


Characterized for the reception of the species hitherto passing 
under the name of Pseudococcus virgatus. A pseudococcine 
form without a tooth or denticle on the face of the tarsal claw 
and with eight-segmented antennae, but differing from typical 
species of Pseudococcus by having only a single pair of cerarii, 
situated on the anal lobes, and by the possession of numerous 
peculiar wax ducts, which are unusually large and have their 
mouths surrounded by a small chitinized area bearing one to 
four small setae. 

Type of the genus Pseudococcus virgatus (CkIl.). 

This is a tropical species with a wide distribution. The facts 
with regard to this so far elicited have warranted Timberlake's 


312 


stating that it points to Oriental origin. The species is treated 
by Ferris in an article on Mealy-Bugs in Jn. Econ. Ent., XII, 
p. 297, where the fact in regard to its aberrancy is plainly stated. 
Ferris describes the morphological characteristics and figures 
the important distinguishing characters. Morrison in his paper 
on the Philippine Non-diaspine Coccidae (Phil. Jn. Sci., 17, 2, 
1920) and Green in his Coccidae of Ceylon, Pt. V, also figure 
the essential characters of this species. The latter author gives 
a rather poor illustration of the insect as it appears in nature. 


GENUS TRIONYMUS BERG. 


Pseudococcine forms with circular wax pores numerous and 
closely crowded, particularly in the derm of caudal segments ; 
with numerous dorsal setae and few cerari. Tarsal claw with- 
out a denticle and antennae of adult female seven or eight- 
segmented. 

Type of the genus Trionymus perrisii (Sign.). 

Four species referable to this genus are commonly found in 
Hawaii, two on sugar-cane, the other two on lilies and Bermuda 
grass respectively. The species commonly known as the Pink 
Mealy-Bug, formerly referred to as Pseudococcus ‘calceolariae 
and now believed to be Cockerell’s P. sacchari, is always present 
behind the leaf-sheath on sugar-cane, and usually the infestation 
is extensive. It is a pest of considerable economic importance. 
The legs, antennae, and certain morphological characters have: 
beenyaieured by Morrison: (Phil, jn. Sas l7, 2.1920). ithe 
species, formerly misidentified as P. sacchari and P. saccharifolii 
but now believed to be Maskell’s calceolariae, has not heretofore 
been fully characterized or figured. A brief diagnosis follows, 
illustrated by drawings: 


Trionymus calceolariae (Maskell). 


In life—Concealed beneath the sheathing bases of the leaves of its host, 
surrounded by masses of wax. It appears slenderer and less rotund than 
either of the other two species of mealy-bugs occurring in the same situa- 
tion, and the body color is grayish rather than pinkish, as in those species. 
The filaments of wax from the penultimate and anal lobes are heavy; and 
there are also four or five finer filaments cephalad of these on either side. 
The dorsal covering is mealy and rather light. Oviparous, the ovisae loose 
and fluffy. Color when heated in KOH lilac, a rose tint being meanwhile 


313 


imparted to the liquid. The species is less prevalent than either of the 
other two, presumably on account of an extensive parasitism. 

Morphological characteristics.—About twice as long as wide, legs and 
antennae well developed; i. e., fairly long and thick. Antennae seven or 
eight segmented, apical segment the longest, one and two stout, second 
next to apical segment in length and considerably longer than first, though 
scarcely more than half as wide; third shorter and narrower; fifth, sixth, 
and seventh (or fifth and sixth in seven-segmented specimens) subequal, 
fourth smaller. Anal lobes and anal ring fairly well developed. Six pairs 
of cerarii at the caudal end of body, only the anal lobe pair well devel- 
oped, the others decreasing in size as they progress toward anterior end 
of body, and all without chitinizations, but with triangular pores grouped 
about them fairly closely and accompanied by auxiliary setae. A triangular 
chitinization (weakly developed in some specimens) on the ventral side of 
the anal lobe. Anal lobe setae long and fairly stout, somewhat longer and 
stouter than the anal ring setae. Derm with many triangular pores, small 
tubular ducts without raised rim about the mouth, and large numbers of 
multilocular pores, particularly at caudal end of body. Dorsal body setae 
fairly numerous, particularly so on the head. 


Authentication. Authenticated by Ferris, who has examined 
specimens sent to Green by Maskell himself. 

The species heretofore passing under the name of Pseudo- 
coccus lounsburyi is a pest on lily bulbs, and affects to some 
extent the growing plants. It would be of considerable impor- 
tance economically if lilies were more extensively cultivated here 
than they are. Brain’s description and figures of the insect 
(loc. cit.) are ample. I have, however, figured the anal lobe 
cerarii of this and the grass-infesting species, imsularis, to illus- 
trate morphological distinctions referred to in the following key. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF TRIONYMUS. 


1. Form short oval, width, considerably more than half the length (on 
TLGETAG NOS EHTGh AMD) ES Aci os OOS Oba OU a0 SoD ano MD Eo pumice Obie sacchari 
Slenderer, width hardly more than half the length...............- 2 


bo 
. 


With six pairs of cerarii on the six posterior abdominal segments 
(Gin: SLISENP RID) As Bhai do Co atlop od pd Cabo gee me or paodoe calceolariae 

With only one or two pairs of cerarii on the ultimate or ultimate 
and penultimate segments ..........-------ess secs e ence ceeees 3 

3. With two pairs of cerarii and numerous wax pores (about twenty- 

five) closely grouped around cerarian spines on anal lobe (on lilies). 
lounsburyi 

With only one pair of cerarii, the anal lobe pair, wax pores around 

the cerarian spines fewer, not more than twelve, and less closely 
placed. (ony) Bermuda: STAags))) . cis cee ee cee eee oe insularis 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V. Plate X. 





Trionymus calceolariae. 


on 


GENUS PsEupococcus WESTWooD. 


Pseudococcine forms with triangular wax pores in the derm 
predominating over those of the circular type; with many cer- 
arli, usually seventeen to nineteen pairs, distributed among the 
abdominal, thoracic, and cephalic segments. Tarsal claw with- 
out a denticle and antennae of adult female seven or eight 
segmented. 


Type of the genus Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.). 


As limited above, the genus comprises but five species in 
Hawaii, all of which are agricultural or horticultural pests of 
considerable economic importance and are consequently treated 
im extenso. 


The species may be distinguished by use of the following key: 


1. Derm with dorsal rows of spines, besides the marginal cerarian spines, 
the latter toward the middle of the body tending to become widely 
SOP Ar aibe Ue eacter hatenie ecg testes icky aie ts series tome ot Sch s cides Sais ares 2 


Mermy without dorsal rows’ of spines: -..--.o-- -c- > tea 3 


2. Cerarian spines short and stout, the three pairs of the marginal series 
in front of the anal lobe pair widely separated. 


Usually oceurring individually; ovovivyiparous, therefore never 
developing an ovisac; dorsal secretion in rows of small granu- 
lar masses, lateral filaments subequal, cylindrical; derm dark 
red, becoming purple madder when boiled in KOH; wide range 
of host plants, but commonly found on guava, avocado, palms, 
Ficus ecarica, Ficus bengalensis, Sterculia urens, Asparagus 


310) Depp etl oY-1t a eee ean eee CO me ee cr Ce coae Seaice nos aaiaee nipae 


Cerarian spines longer and more slender, the pairs immediately in 
front of the anal lobe pair close together. 


Usually occurring in clusters, under cover of densely matted 
yellowish white wax; the species is oviparous and this cover- 
ing is the ovisac; eggs purplish; integument shining black, 
becoming violet carmine when boiled in KOH; secretion heavy, 





Fig. 1. Trionymus caleeolariae (Mask.) a, antennae; b, leg; ¢, anal 
lobe showing cerarii, triangular pores, and auxiliary setae; d, anal lobe, 
ventral side, showing triangular chitinization. 

Fig. 2. Antonina spp. abdominal spines; a, indica; b, crawi. 

Fig. 3. Trionymus spp. Anal lobe cerarii, triangular wax pores, and 
auxiliary setae; a, lounsburyi; b, imsularis. 


316 


lateral filaments so wide they appear coextensive around mar- 
gin of body, which is elevated from its base by cushion of 
waxy filaments, dorsal secretion appearing as four heavy 
double knob-like masses on each side and some finer filaments 
extending laterally behind these. Wide range of host plants, 
but commonly found on citrus, leguminous plants, cotton, 


hibiscus, Clerodendron squamatum ................ filamentosus 


3. Cerarii without auxiliary setae, except in the last two abdominal 
pairs; eighteen pairs of cerarii, each with two spines, filiform at 
apex, those of the anal lobe cerarii longest, with scattered pores 
and two or three auxiliary setae, ventral surface of anal lobe with 
a prominent narrow chitinized streak extending inward obliquely 
from the base of the large seta, the latter about a third to a half 
longer than the anal ring setae. 


In life dull brownish yellow, dorsal secretion of wax light, giv- 
ing body a grayish tinge, a dark median longitudinal streak 
often apparent; color when boiled in KOH carmine; marginal 
filaments short and approximately equal in length, those from 
anal lobe a little longer; oviparous, egg sac formed posteriorly 
and somewhat spherical in shape, eggs yellow. Wide range of 
host plants, but commonly found on mango, crotons, pome- 
granate, Ficus bengalensis (aerial roots), Calathea. ..kraunhiae 


Cerarii with auxiliary setae........ spe cenit comauc bol es 16.5) Motel Soares cEaaslonerene rs 4 


4. Anal lobe and penultimate cerarii strongly chitinized, seventeen 
pairs of cerarii, the first three or four pairs with three .or four 
conical spines, the, remainder with two, these increasing in size 
gradually toward posterior end of body, penultimate pair and anal 
lobe pair much larger, the latter being extremely stout, all accom- 
panied with numerous pores which are concentrated into a crowded 
circular area about spines in the case of anal lobe and penultimate 
cerarii. Ventral side of anal lobes with a large triangular chitin- 
ized area, apex directed forward, a narrow thickening along median 
edge. Anal lobe setae shorter and more slender than anal ring setae. 


In life dull yellowish brown, form long oval, dorsal secretion of 
wax light with some short filaments, giving body a farinose 
to grayish tinge; marginal filaments unusually long, lateral 
filaments half body width, those from anal lobes as long as 
body, penultimate pair stouter and only half as long; body 
elevated from its base by cushion of waxy filaments, but 
ovoviviparous, therefore no egg sac formed; color when boiled 
in KOH becoming purple lake. Wide range of host plants 
and particularly in glass-houses on maiden-hair fern, orna- 
mental. species of Asparagus, ete: /:.¢....- 20.0666: longispinus 


Anal lobe cerarii weakly chitinized at most, penultimate pair not 
chitinized, seventeen pairs of cerarii, all with numerous pores, first 


Jl7 


three, the penultimate and the three or four pairs anterior to the 
penultimate pair usually with three or four spines, those of the 
anal lobe the largest, no chitinized areas about any of the cerarii, 
although chitinization is faintly indicated about anal lobe cerarii. 
Ventral side of anal lobes with quite large chitinized area extend- 
ing in from the base of the anal lobe setae; anal lobe and anal 
ring setae nearly equal, one and one-half times diameter anal ring. 
In life salmon pink, form oval to short oval, fairly convex, 
dorsal secretion of wax fairly abundant, hiding the color of 
the derm; marginal filaments not very long (less than one- 
fourth width of body) and more or less uniform in length 
excepting the filaments from the anal lobes and those immedi- 
ately anterior to them, which grade posteriorly from the length 
above stated to nearly the full length of the body in the case 
of those of the anal lobes. Beneath this pair are two short 
plate-like filaments and some fluffy wax, occasionally a drop 
of honey-dew. The species is negatively phototropic. It is 
ovoviviparous, therefore no egg sac is produced. Always 
present on pineapples, sugar-cane, and bananas, and often 
found on other plants, particularly on sisal, soursop, and on 

Phe roots Of (Cannas, Nut-orags, ete. .- sc. - - wnieie brevipes 


Pseudococcus brevipes (Cockerell). 


I have accepted Professor Cockerell’s suggestion to use the 
above name for the common species on pineapples, bananas, etc., 
which has apparently now become widely distributed with the 
transference of plants from one region to another in the interest 
of agricultural development. Secretive in habit, it could be over- 
looked without fault of anyone on plants in transit from one 
country to another, and this habit has probably aided its dis- 
semination. 

The species appears to be partial to bromeliaceous and allied 
plants, and, in view of the discovery of several internal para- 
sites of it in Central and South America, I consider it indigenous 
in the tropical portion of the American continent. It does not 
seem to flourish outside the tropics. 

The species (under the name bromeliae) is treated by Ferris 
in a paper entitled “Observations on Some Mealy-Bugs” in 
Jn. Econ. Ent., XII, p. 296, and a figure given of the distin- 
guishing morphological characters. Ferris established the iden- 
tity of our species by including it with specimens from Florida 
and the West Indies, which Cockerell has stated are identical 
with brevipes. Morrison (loc. cit.) and Green (Pt. V, Coccidae 


318 


of Ceylon) also figure the morphological characteristics of the 
species (under the name bromeliae ). 

Ehrhorn considers that Kuwana’s ananassae is probably the 
same species. 


Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.). 


This is another species believed to belong to the tropics of the 
American continent, although now widely spread through the 
transference of ornamental plants from one region to another. 
The belief just mentioned is based on the presence of numerous 
enemies of this species in Mexico, some of which appear to be 
rather strict. As already stated, the species is a serious agri- 
cultural and horticultural pest, and the Hawaiian Government 
has recently introduced three species of coccinellid beetles and 
three internal parasites (two encyrtids and one scelionid) to 
secure a measure of relief from its attacks on fruit trees and 
ornamental plants. 


The species is treated by Ferris in a publication on “The 
California Species of Mealy-Bugs” in the Stanford University 
series, p. 49, and a figure given of the penultimate and anal lobe 
cerarii and the ventral side of the anal lobe showing the peculiar 
character of the chitinization and grouping of pores. 


Pseudococcus filamentosus (Cockerell). 


This is another tropical species now widely distributed, prob- 
ably on citrus stocks or scions, as it affects citrus very gener- 
ally and has proved a great hindrance to citrus culture ‘in 
Hawaii, causing malformation of the terminal growth. Accord- 
ing to Koebele it gained entrance to Hawaii about 1891, from 
Japan. It also affects leguminous plants generally, and in Cairo, 
Egypt, caused serious injury to leguminous shade-trees in 1909. 
At that time it was the subject of much study and investigation, 
which was afterward reported upon in a paper by F. C. Will- 
cocks, entomologist to the Khedevial Agricultural Society, pub- 
lished in the Bull. Ent. Res., I, p. 121. The species was con- 
sidered as new and was so described by Newstead and Will- 
cocks under the name Dactylopius perniciosus, but Kranzlin, in 
1913, in describing a similar infestation at Dar-es-Salaam (see 
Rev. Appl. .Ent., 11, p.| 146), refers thes Eeyptany and the 
Tanganyika insect, rightly I believe, to flamentosus. 


319 


Newstead and Willcocks (loc. cit.), Robinson (Phil. Jn. Sci., 
XII D, p. 8), and Ferris (Coccidae of Lower California, Stan- 
ford U. Pubs. Biol. Ser., I, 2, p. 83) have all described or 
figured structural details of this species. The account of the 
first-mentioned authors is particularly full and complete. In 
this account the authors make the statement: “Small parasitic 
Hymenoptera belonging to the family Chalcididae appear to play 
a very important role in the natural control of this pest. Three 
members of this family have been reared from the mealy-bug.”’ 
This parasitism of the species in Africa by Chalcids has been 
confirmed by E. W. Rust, field entomologist of the California 
State Department of Agriculture, who reared parasites from it 
in South Africa. The presence of parasites of this species on 
the African continent and their absence elsewhere leads me to 
believe that the species is indigenous to that continent. The 
introduction of these parasites at Hawaii would be a valuable 
service, and if their establishment could be secured, they would 
undoubtedly help materially in the control of P. filamentosus, 
which now rests entirely on the work of the polyphagous 
predators, Cryptolaemus montrouziert, Scymnus bipunctatus, and 
Gitonides perspicax. 

Morrison (loc. cit.) also figures the leg, antennae, and cer- 
tain morphological features of this species, and the present 
author in Bul. 18, Hawaii Experiment Station, illustrates its 
appearance in nature. 


Pseudococeus kraunhiae Kuwana. 


The distinction between Pseudococcus kraunhiae and Pseudo- 
coccus citri is made on the basis of very slight differences. 
Ferris, however, believes the species can be discriminated in 
California, and the morphological characteristics of the Hawaiian 
form, as judged by his standards, point to its identity with the 
former species rather than the latter. Timberlake brings addi- 
tional evidence to bear on the question by claiming a biological 
dissimilarity between the Hawaiian mealy-bug and what passes 
for citrt in California. He says: “Whatever species ours is, it 
it constantly parasitized by the encyrtid Pauridia peregrina, 
while the species in California which goes under the name of 
citri is apparently not receptive to this parasite.’ Possibly both 
species are present in Hawaii as well, but this contingency has 


320 


never been satisfactorily demonstrated. If, as held by some, 
kraunhiae and citri are synonymous, the Hawaiian insect repre- 
sents a very widely spread and polyphagous species. On the 
other hand, the distribution of typical kraunhiae is very lim- 
ited, it being confined to Japan and California outside of Hawail. 
Once it was recorded from quarantined plants in New Jersey, 
but the record lacks confirmation. ‘The Hawaiian insect is 
heavily parasitized by Leptomastidea abnormis as well as by 
Pauridia peregrina and is the prey also of other polyphagous 
mealy-bug enemies. It is, therefore, of much less significance 
as an agricultural and horticultural pest than some of the other 
mentioned species, although occasionally a heavy infestation will 
be observed. 

Ferris has described the morphological characteristics of both 
species in his paper on “The California Species of Mealy-Bugs” 
(loc. cit.), and figures the distinguishing characters. A good 
illustration of P. citri as it appears in nature, which might well 
pass for P. kraunhiae also, is found in connection with Sanders’ 
paper on “The Identity and Synonymy of Some of Our Soft 
Scale Insects” in Jn. Econ. Ent., Il, p: 428: 


Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.).: 


This is another tropical or subtropical species of wide dis- 
tribution and with a wide range of host plants. It is particu- 
larly a greenhouse pest, flourishing most luxuriantly in a warm, 
still, moist atmosphere. Ferris treats this species in his paper 
on “The California Species of Mealy-Bugs”’ (loc. cit.), describ- 
ing the morphological characteristics and giving figures of the 
important characters. Sanders, in a paper on “The Identity 
and Synonymy of Some of Our Soft-Scale Insects” (loc. cit.), 
gives an excellent illustration of this mealy-bug as seen in 
nature. Green also describes and figures the species in Pt. V 
of the Coccidae of Ceylon. 


GENUS TyLococcus NEwsT. 


Pseudococcine forms without a tooth or denticle on the face 
of the tarsal claw and with eight-segmented antennae, well 
developed anal ring bearing six long stout setae, and marginal 
tumescences corresponding to the cerarii, each of which con- 
sists of a triangular or scutiform chitinization beset with a 


321 


number of stout spines, auxiliary setae, and triangular wax 
pores, the caudal pair the largest and provided each with a very 
long seta. Derm with numerous triangular pores, a few circular 
pores, and setae in rows and patches. 

Type of the genus Tylococcus madagascariensis Newst. 

Only one species referable to this genus is found in Hawaii, 
viz., T. giffardi Ehrhorn. It infests species of Pandanus, but 
without very serious consequences. The species is included 
because Pandanus odoratissimus, which grows wild in Hawaii, 
is the source of the lahala woven fabrics. Several other forms 
are cultivated as ornamental plants. The type species is illus- 
trated by Newstead in the original publication, but the figure 
showing the outline of the body is believed to exaggerate the 
degree of marginal tumescence. 


GENUS RIPERSA SIGN. 


Pseudococcine forms with six-segmented antennae in the adult 
female, without a tooth or denticle on the face of the tarsal 
claw, with marginal cerarii bearing two or more spines, at 
least on the caudal segments, and with anal ring bearing six 
setae. The derm with numerous triangular pores and some 
circular ones. 

Type of the genus Ripersia corynephori Sign. 

This genus has only one accredited species in Hawaii, viz., 
Ripersia palmarum Ehrhorn. It infests a variety of palms, 
including the so-called traveler’s palm (Ravenalla), but without 
very serious consequences. It is mentioned here because it is 
commonly encountered on ornamental palms, where it is difficult 
to extirpate. 


crag 


hg i il 


ot Eig lak ee: 





323 


Descriptions of Two New Species of Encyrtidae From Mexico 
Reared from Mealy-Bugs (Hym., Chalcidoidea). 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 


(Presented by title by Mr. Fullaway at meeting of December 7, 1922. 


The following species of Encyrtidae were discovered by Mr. 
H. T. Osborn in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in the course 
of his explorations for natural enemies of mealy-bugs to introduce 
into the Hawaiian Islands. Of these Pseudaphycus utilis has be- 
come established at Honolulu, but Coelaspidia osborni has not 
been recovered as yet, although liberated in large numbers. The 
types are in the collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ 
Experiment Station, and paratypes will be distributed to various 
museums. 


Pseudaphycus utilis n. sp. Figs. 1-4. 


This species has a different habitus from all other species of 
Pseudaphycus known to me, but I think that it is properly 
placed in this genus. It is easily distinguished from all the 
described species of the genus and of the closely allied genera 
Acerophagus and Bothriocraera by its comparatively large size, 
entirely hyaline wings, and the bright yellow coloration with 
blackish pubescence on the mesonotum. In my table of the 
species of Pseudaphycus (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 50, p. 570, 
1916) it runs to graminicola, but differs in having the face 
and cheeks of normal length, the coloration bright yellow, the 
pubescence of the mesonotum dark instead of whitish, the abdo- 
men much shorter or hardly longer than wide, the ovipositor 
more briefly protruded, the wings considerably wider, etc. The 
species is a parasite of Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell) and 
has become established at Honolulu from material collected at 
Orizaba, Mexico, by Mr. Osborn in the spring of 1922. 

Female. General form robust, the thorax being almost as thick dorso- 
ventrally as wide; head rather thick fronto-occipitally, the outline in dorsal 
view broadly elliptical with the occipital margin slightly and broadly emar- 
ginate at the middle, the surface strongly convex from side to side; as seen 


from the side the outline is triangular with the facial side about a fourth 
longer than the dorsal side, the angulation well rounded off; as seen from 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 2, September, 1923. 


324 


in front it is slightly wider than long, the dorsal part strongly rounded in 
outline, the cheeks strongly converging below toward the mouth; occiput 
only slightly coneaye, its dorsal margin acute; eyes large, broadly oval, a 
little broader below and not quite reaching to the occipital margin, the 
width of each somewhat more than a third of the total width of head; 
frontovertex slightly more than twice as long as wide, its sides parallel; 
ocelli either in an equilateral triangle or with distance between the pos- 
terior pair slightly less than the other two sides of the triangle, the 
anterior ocellus placed slightly behind the center of the frontovertex, the 
posterior pair about one-fourth their own diameter from the eyes and about 
twice their diameter from the occipital margin; cheeks somewhat shorter 
than the greatest width of eyes; the face a little longer than the cheeks, 
the serobal impression moderately deep and nearly semi-circular, the scrobes 
proper in the form of converging lines not meeting above. 

Antennae inserted far apart close to the clypeal margin; scape slender, 
slightly flattened but not expanded, reaching well beyond the scrobal im- 
pression of face; pedicel long and slender or about equal to the first three 
funicle joints and one-half of the fourth joint combined, or a little more 
than one-third as long as the scape proper; funicle joints gradually increas- 
ing in size distad, all somewhat wider than long, the fifth not quite twice 
as wide as the first; club large, oval, a little longer than the funicle, well 
rounded and slightly obliquely truncate at apex. 


Mandibles with the two outer or ventral teeth distinct, the middle one 
longer and more acute, but the inner or dorsal tooth nearly rectangular. 
Maxillary palpi four-jointed, the joints not greatly unequal in length, the 
first one shortest, the apical one longest, and the third one stoutest; labial 
palpi indistinctly three-jointed with the middle joint very short and per- 
haps not always differentiated. 

Thorax moderately convex above, the collar of pronotum of about the 
normal structure found in Aphycus and allies; mesoseutum twice as wide 
as long, without traces of parapsidal lines; axillae rather large, twice as 
wide as long, and meeting rather broadly at their inner tips; scutellum 
somewhat longer than its basal width, acute at apex, the disk strongly 
depressed, the lateral margins abruptly declivous and well elevated; pro- 
podeum very short medially, but longer at the sides, depressed anteriorly, 
but strongly declivous on posterior half, especially at the sides. 

Wings reaching well beyond apex of the abdomen and moderately wide; 
submarginal vein with about twelve well developed setae; the marginal 
vein punctiform, the postmarginal somewhat longer than the marginal, but 
indistinct and with one moderately large seta; stigmal vein moderately 
long, enlarged at apex, but not slender at base as in P. angelicus (Howard) ; 
disk of wing uniformly pubescent, even in the basal area, the setae being 
considerably coarser and not so dense as in angelicus, the costal cell with 
four rows of fine setae in its basal half and with one to three rows in 
different parts of the apical half, the setae near apex of the cell becoming 
much larger; speculum yery narrow next to the stigmal vein, but widening 


325 


below, where it is separated by one row of setae from the hairless streak 
along the posterior margin, but connecting therewith by means of an arm 
directed toward the base of the wing. Legs rather long, especially the 
middle pair; middle tibiae strongly enlarged at apex; the middle tarsi 
stout at base and tapering toward apex, the first joint nearly as long as 
the four following joints combined; tibial spur stout and as long as the 
first joint of the tarsus. 


Abdomen hardly longer than wide and much shorter than the thorax, its 
apex broadly rounded, the dorsum depressed and slightly concave; ovi- 
positor briefly protruded, the exserted part about one-fifth as long as the 
abdomen, or about equal to the basal joint of the hind tarsi. 


Sculpture throughout extremely fine and alutaceous; under high magnifi- 
zation the surface of the head and notum appears finely reticulate, the 
reticulations of the frontovertex being rather finer than the facets of the 
compound eyes, those of the mesonotum considerably finer still and more 
transverse; frontovertex also with a few larger but very shallow pin- 
punctures not ordinarily perceptible, the mesonotum slightly shiny and 
with minute setiferous punctures; basal tergites of abdomen also with 
extremely fine reticulations. 


Head without conspicuous pubescence, the eyes practically bare, the 
frontovertex with fine short hairs which are not easily seen and arranged 
mostly along the orbits, the occipital margin of the vertex, however, with 
a row of about six coarser black setae; notum of the thorax, including 
scutellum, with rather numerous, seriately arranged, blackish setae; tegulae 
with an oblique row of similar setae. 


General color nearly uniformly yellow, but of different shades due to 
post-mortem changes, varying from light cadmium to cadmium yellow or 
nearly orange (Ridgway), the coloration in life being bright, yellow; the 
lower part of the face, the cheeks, underparts of thorax, and the legs 
somewhat paler yellow; antennae concolorous with the upper part of face, 
the funicle joints often considerably darker or even slightly dusky, the 
club contrastingly very pale yellowish or nearly white; tibiae and tarsi 
slightly more brownish than the base of the legs, the tip of the last joint 
of the tarsi dusky; a spot on the pronotum just above the neck, the 
narrow obliquely placed metanotal selerite on each side of the scutellum 
and the center of the abdomen above more or less extensively behind the 
first tergite are often more or less infuseated, varying from brownish to 
blackish, but any or all of these marks may be faint or absent; a narrow, 
transverse blackish band on propodeum just tangent to the apex of the 
scutellum seems always to be present, but is often interrupted at the 
middle; the vibrissal or cereal plates of abdomen also black, and a minute 
dot beside each of the ocelli usually present, due apparently to pigment 
transfusing from the ocelli after death, as the position of dots in respect 
to the ocelli varies greatly; ovipositor yellow, but usually a little darker 
than the abdomen, the extreme apex often dusky to blackish; mandibles 


326 


brown at apex; wings entirely hyaline, the veins very pale or nearly 
colorless. 

Length of body, (0.907 to) 1.48; length of head, 0.514; width of head, 
0.554; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.309; width of vertex at pos- 
terior ocelli, 0.191; length of antenna, 0.804; width of mesoscutum, 0.577 ; 
length of fore-wing, 1.37; width of fore-wing, 0.582; length of protruded 
part of ovipositor, 0.129 mm. 

Male. Very similar to the female in structure and coloration; eyes 
somewhat smaller, the ocelli larger, the frontovertex proportionately a little 
broader; secrobes proper of the face considerably wider, curved, and prac- 
tically meeting above; antennae of the same general structure, but the 
scape is a little wider and with a distinct broad emargination on dorsal 
margin just beyond the middle, the club solid, much slenderer, and much 
more obliquely truncate from below upward; abdomen smaller or not over 
one-half as long as the thorax, the venter with a median fold. General 
color paler yellow than in the female, or about empire yellow (Ridgway), 
the dorsum of the thorax, however, more or less cadmium yellow, the 
underparts of thorax, coxae, and femora nearly Martius yellow (Ridg- 
way); black markings on the metanotum, propodeum, and abdomen much 
more prominent than is usual in the female, the abdominal mark being 
triangular in shape and pale in the center. 

Length of body, (1.08 to) 1.44; length of head, 0.455; width of head, 
0.474; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.266; width of vertex at pos- 
terior ocelli, 0.172; length of antenna, 0.683; width of mesoseutum, 0.530; 
length of fore-wing, 1.21; width of fore-wing, 0.533 mm. 

Described from the following material reared from Pseudo- 
coccus nipae (Maskell) from the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico 
(H. T. Osborn) : 68 females, 11 males (holotype, allotype male, 
paratypes), Orizaba, April and May, 1922; 8 females, 1 male 
(paratypes), Rio Blanco, collected in April and issuing up to 
May 8, 1922; 1 female (paratype), Nogales, April 7, 1922; 
4 females (paratypes), El Potrero, July and August, 1922. 

Type No. 1099, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


Coelaspidia new genus. 


Similar in some respects to both Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead 
and Zarhopalus Ashmead, but differing in many details. The 
female differs from either of these genera in being apterous, 
the thorax increasing in width behind the tegulae, the pronotum 
very large, the mesoscutum relatively small, the scutellum lon- 
gitudinally grooved on the disk, the abdomen very large with 
the dorsum very strongly convex at least in life. From Zar- 
hopalus the female differs further in having a broad dorsal 


margin or fold to the scape, the flagellum much more massive, 

with reduction in size of the pedicel and enlargement of the 

club, the scutellum with an apical fascicle of hairs, etc. From 

Chrysoplatycerus it differs further in having the flagellum mas- 

sively clavate, with a solid club, instead of being laminately 

expanded, the mandibles obscurely tridentate, the apical fascicle 
of hairs on the scutellum much smaller, consisting of one trans- 
verse row of setae, etc. 

The males of Clirysoplatycerus, Zarhopalus, and Coelaspidia 
are very much alike, and in the absence of females might easily 
be considered to belong together in one genus. The habitus of 
all is exactly alike, and, as the best distinguishing characters are 
rather recondite, I offer the following table as an aid to their 
recognition : 

1. Mandibles narrow at apex, with an acute median tooth and an angu- 
lation on each side, producing an obscurely tridendate condition; 
flagellum circular in cross-section, sensoria present, but not pro- 
ducing a rugose effect, the first funicle joint and pedicel, not 
greatly unequal; marginal vein no longer than thick............. 2 

Mandibles narrow at apex and plainly bidendate, with the inner 

tooth much longer than the other; flagellum oval in cross-section, 
densely covered with short linear sensoria, producing a marked 
rugose effect, the pedicel much smaller than the first funicle joint; 
wings very broad, strongly triangular in shape, the marginal vein 
about two or three times as long as thick. .Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead 


bo 


Scape, excluding radicle, a little longer than the pedicel and _ first 
two funicle joints combined, and only slightly widened beneath; 
wings rather broad and triangular in shape, the submarginal vein 
not thickened apically ...cso--... EME ote od 86M Zarhopalus Ashmead 

Scape, excluding radicle, no longer than the pedicel and first two 
funicle joints combined; distinctly, although not greatly, expanded 
beneath and concave on the outer surface; wings of about normal 
breadth and not at all triangular in shape, the submarginal vein 
slightly, but distinctly, thickened in the distal third of its course. 

Coelaspidia new genus 


Female. As compared with Chrysoplatycerus the head is thicker fronto- 
occipitally, the eyes much smaller so that the frontovertex becomes con- 
siderably wider, or about a third of the total width of the head; occiput 
deeply concave above, the occipital margin acutely, but not very sharply, 
angled; scrobal impression very deep and semi-circular, as in Chrysoplaty- 
cerus. Antennae similar as to the scape, but the flagellum is not laminate, 
it being much shorter, compressed and massively clavate, the cross-section 
of any part being oval, the joints all closely packed together; pedicel sub- 


328 


triquetrous and fully one-half as long as the funicle; the latter six-jointed, 
each joint much broader than long, the first much the smallest, it being 
considerably narrower than the apex of the pedicel, the following joints 
becoming successively much broader, but hardly increasing in length; club 
solid, somewhat greater in length and bulk than the funicle, but only 
slightly wider than the preceding joint, suboval in shape, the apex obliquely 
and roundingly subtruncate beneath. Mandibles very slender, obscurely 
tridentate at apex, there being a prominent, very acute median tooth 
flanked on both sides by a much smaller tooth, the inner or dorsal one 
forming nearly a right angle with the inner margin of the mandible. 
Palpi short, maxillary pair four-jointed, apical joint about as long as the 
basal three combined, acute and with long hairs at apex, the second longest 
of the other three joints; labial pair three-jointed, the basal joint longest 
and over twice as long as the second, which is shortest; apical joint blunt 
at apex, with shorter hairs than on maxillary palpi. 

Thorax moderately robust and convex above, increasing in width behind 
the tegulae; pronotum large, anteriorly conical, the collar as long as the 
mesoscutum, its posterior margin only slightly arcuate; mesoscutum short 
and transverse, about twice as wide as long, its anterior corners foyeate; 
axillae well developed, not greatly wider than long, their inner tips acute 
and meeting medially or nearly so, their outer sides abruptly declivous; 
scutellum as long as the mesoscutum, five-sided, the apex being rather 
broadly truncate, the sides abruptly declivous and forming a sharp margin 
with the disk, the latter distinctly, although not deeply, concave except at 
apex, and sloping backward; propodeum large, sloping obliquely backward, 
hardly longer at the sides than at the middle, the spiracles small and 
almost circular. 





Coelaspidia osborni. 


329 


Wings rudimentary, reaching only to the anterior margin of the pro- 
podeum. Legs of the normal length and structure, the middle tarsi taper- 
ing toward the apex, the first joint nearly as long as the following joints 
combined; spur of middle tibiae a little shorter than the first joint of the 
tarsus; hind tibiae with two short unequal apical spurs; hind tarsi slender, 
the first joint about equal to the last three joints combined. 


Abdomen unusually large, or fully as long as the head and thorax com- 
bined, and much wider, convex above and beneath, with the apical part of 
the dorsum behind the vibrissal plates often, but not always, shrunken in 
after death; first tergite about twice as long as the second, which, with 
the following, except the last, decrease successively in length, the apical 
one being nearly as long as the three preceding combined; vibrissal plates 
or cerci situated at one-fourth the length of the abdomen from the apex; 
ovipositor entirely enclosed and concealed by the ventrites and without 
protruding sheaths. 


Frontovertex very finely lineolate; pronotum and mesonotum and _ first 
tergite of abdomen finely reticulate; other parts of the body mostly smooth. 
Vestiture throughout very fine and sparse, being most abundant and con- 
spicuous on the collar of the pronotum and on the mesoseutum; apex of 
the seutellum with a small, short fasicle of hairs consisting of about twelve 
fine black setae arranged in a transverse row close together, the outer pair 
of setae very short, the middle setae longest. 


Male. With fully developed wings and very similar to the male of 
Chrysoplatycerus. Head considerably thicker fronto-occipitally, the occiput 
very deeply concave; as seen from above, well rounded on the sides, trans- 
verse anteriorly between the eyes and deeply emarginate at the occipital 
margin; in side view the dorsal and facial sides of the triangular outline 
are about equal. Antennae agreeing closely, the scape short, very slender 
in dorsal view, but compressed and somewhat expanded below, concave on 
the outer surface, pedicel about as long as thick at apex, and not much 
smaller than the first funicle joint; flagellum stoutly cylindrical, the funicle 
not tapering distad, each joint about as long as thick and nearly circular 
in cross-section, club solid and as long as the two and one-half preceding 
joints combined; entire funicle densely clothed with extremely fine short 
hairs, the elub more sparsely pubescent; sensoria of the flagellum incon- 
spicuous and not producing a rugose effect as in Chrysoplatycerus. Mouth 
parts as in the female. 

Notum of the thorax very convex from side to side; the collar of pro- 
notum very narrow and strongly arcuate; axillae very acute and meeting 
at their inner tips under the overlapping margin of the mesoseutum; scu- 
tellum rounded at apex. Fore-wings moderately wide, not triangular in 
shape, as in Chrysoplatycerus; marginal cilia short, the discal pubescence 
moderately dense and covering entire membrane, excepting the rather wide 
speculum; venation as in Chrysoplatycerus, except that the marginal vein 
is no longer than thick, the submarginal slightly thickened in the distal 
third of its course, and not thickened toward the base. Abdomen and legs 


330 


showing no distinetive differences from Chrysoplatycerus. Sculpture, vesti- 
ture, and type of coloration of the same character, excepting that the 
eyes are densely pubescent. 


Genotype: Coelaspidia osborni n. sp. 
Coelaspidia osborni n. sp. Figs. 5-9 and text figure. 


Female. Head,as seen from above, strongly rounded on the sides, deeply 
concave at occipital margins, truncate and slightly concave in front; in 
side view, increasing in thickness fronto-occipitally from above downward 
to a point opposite the lower ends of the eyes; in frontal view, slightly 
wider than long, the outline well rounded on the sides and below and con- 
siderably flattened dorsally; eyes of medium size, broadly oval, and a little 
wider on the anterior half, well separated above from the occipital margin; 
frontovertex a little over twice as long as wide and increasing slightly 
in width anteriorly; the frontal ledge between the eyes and the scrobal 
impression not transversely grooved, as in Chrysoplatycerus splendens 
(Howard) ; ocelli minute and arranged in slightly less than a right-angled 
triangle, the posterior pair placed a little more than their own diameter 
from the margin of the eyes and remote from the occipital border; scrobal 
impression broadly transversely oval, the prominence between the antennae 
nearly as broad as long. 

Antennae inserted far apart, rather close to the clypeal margin; scape 
projecting for about two-thirds of its length beyond the scrobal impres- 
sion; excluding the radicle, it is somewhat less than twice as long as 
wide, obliquely truncate at base on the dorsal side and broadly rounded 
at apex; its dorsal margin folded in an acute angle with the inner surface, 
thus forming a flat dorsal surface which increases in width toward the 
apex and forming a groove beneath on the outer side for the reception of 
the following joints; pedicel as long as thick and not cupped at apex; 
joints of flagellum closely joined into an elongate oval mass; the funicle 
somewhat smaller than the club, its first joint about one-third as wide as 
the sixth, with the intervening joints becoming gradually wider; club 
slightly wider than the funicle and somewhat acute at apex. 

Frontovertex microscopically and transversely lineolate, the lines show- 
ing only a slight tendency to form reticulations, and with very minute, 
shallow, sparsely scattered pin-punctures; scrobal impression highly pol- 
ished, the facial prominence between the antennae rather rugulosely and 
very finely shagreened; pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae, and seutellum finely 
reticulate, the pronotum being subrugulose and the scutellum smooth and 
becoming considerably polished toward the apex; pleura, propodeum, and 
abdomen smooth and polished, the first tergite nevertheless being finely 
reticulate. 

Eyes bare; frontovertex with very short, fine setae, which are well seat- 
tered, quite inconspicuous, and inclined forward; facial prominence with 
fine whitish setae; pronotum with rather numerous fine reclinate setae, 
which are whitish in color; mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum with similar, 


331 


but sparser, pubescence, which becomes progressively sparser and less con- 
spicuous posteriorly; abdomen nearly bare, although the tergites bear 
some very sparse, short setae, and the venter a few much longer hairs, 
especially at apex. 

General color dark metallic green with a bronzy luster; the mesopleura, 
tegulae, the fovea at each corner of the scutum, the posterior margin of 
the basal tergite, and a connecting median longitudinal band on the same 
segment, which tapers forward, dark purple; a median longitudinal pur- 
plish band also usually present on the mesoscutum; rest of the first and 
the second tergite bright metallic green, the following tergites greenish 
with a purple luster, the venter darker or more or less blackish; facial 
prominence, lower part of the cheeks, sides of the notum between the 
scutellum and base of the wings and propodeum more or less brownish with 
a green luster, or occasionally in a few of the paratypes the whole head 
and notum are more or less brownish with a metallic luster, thus pro- 
ducing a marked bronzy effect; antennae black, the scape and _ pedicel 
paler except on the ventral margin of the former (in slide mounts appear- 
ing distinctly brown), the dorsal expansion of both seape and pedicel with 
a bright green luster; mandibles brown; legs brownish yellow, all the 
coxae, the apex of middle tibiae, and the middle tarsi, except apical joint, 
paler yellow, all the femora on apical half and the tibiae on basal half 
infuscated and somewhat metallic greenish. 


Length of body, (0.59 to) 1.64; length of head, 0.452; width of head, 
0.490; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.287; width of vertex at pos- 
terior ocelli, 0.169; length of antennae, 0.676; width of mesoseutum, 
0.377; width of propodeum, 0.452; length of abdomen, 0.860; width of 


abdomen, 0.664 mm. 


Male. Head hardly wider than long, the cheeks somewhat converging 
toward the broadly rounded oral margin; eyes of medium size, about a 
fourth longer than wide, broadly rounded anteriorly; frontovertex about 
as long as wide, and widening both in front and behind on account of the 
curvature of the eye-margins; ocelli large, arranged in a _ right-angled 
triangle, the anterior ocellus just behind the center of the frontovertex, 
the posterior pair almost touching the occipital margin and placed a little 
more than their own diameter from the eyes; cheeks as long as the width 
of the eyes; face coneave, the antennal prominnee not much elevated, 
somewhat longer than wide, and just above the antennal sockets changing 
into a very narrow rounded carina-like ridge, which ascends medially to 
the angulation between the face and frons; on each side of this ridge lie 
the shallow serobes, which are parallel in the upper third of their course 
and diverge below toward the antennal sockets. 

Frontovertex subrugulosely, transversely reticulate and with numerous 
fine scattered pin-punctures; face much smoother, being finely scaly-reticu- 
late, the scrobes smooth and polished; cheeks exterior to the genal suture 
longitudinally reticulate; mesonotum finely, transversely reticulate and with 
very fine punctures; the scutum subrugulose, but not so rough as the 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V. Plate XI. 





Mexican Encyrtidae. 


333 


frontovertex; the axillae and scutellum smoother, the latter being consid- 
erably polished at apex; propleura, prepectal plates, and metapleura very 
finely sealy-reticulate, but nevertheless smoothish and shining; the reticu- 
lations on the metapleura much Jess apparent; mesopleura smooth and 
polished; abdomen comparatively coarsely, transversely reticulate, espe- 
cially on the basal tergite, with the reticulations formed by fine raised 
lines, each reticulation generally over twice as wide as long. 

Lower part of face, the cheeks, frontovertex, eyes, and mesonotum 
rather densely covered with fine, short, dark-colored setae, which are reclin- 
ate on the notum, erect and somewhat shorter on the eyes, suberect on 
the frontovertex, and inclined forward on the face and cheeks; scutellum 
with a pair of fine and considerably longer setae on each side of apex; 
pubescence of abdomen rather sparse and longer than that of the thorax, 
but not in any way- conspicuous or distinctive. 

General color dark metallic green, the face brilliant green, with the 
upper part of the antennal prominence above the socket dark purple; 
mesopleura also somewhat purplish; abdomen nearly black with a purplish 
and greenish luster; antennae black; legs metallic blackish with trochan- 
ters, base of all the femora, knee joints, tip of hind tibiae, apical third 
of front and middle tibiae and all the tarsi except apical joint brownish 
yellow, this color of the middle tibiae and tarsi being somewhat paler, and 
the hind tarsi dusky above; mandibles brown; the palpi yellowish white; 
wings hyaline, with dusky yellowish veins. 

Length of body, (0.655 to) 1.07; length of head, 0.884; width of head, 
0.419; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.252; width of vertex at 
anterior ocellus, 0.209; length of antenna, 0.659; width of mesoscutum, 
0.421; length of fore-wing, 0.912; width of fore-wing, 0.426 mm. 


Described from 153 females, 59 males (holotype, allotype 
male, and paratypes) reared from Pseudococcus calceolariae 
(Maskell) on sugar-cane collected at El Potrero, Vera Cruz, 
Mexico, in May, June, and July, 1922, by H. T. Osborn, and 
in part bred in Honolulu from the same host and also from 
Pseudococcus sacchari (Cockerell) and Pseudococcus kraunhiae 
(Kuwana). 

Type No. 1100, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 





EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 
Figs. 1-4, Pseudaphycus utilis. 
1, Female antenna. . 
2, Male antenna. 
3,4, Frontal and dorsal view of mandible of female. 
Figs. 5-9, Coelaspidia osborni. 
5, Female antenna. 
6, Male antenna. 
7, Sixth funicle joint of male antenna greatly enlarged. 
8,9, Dorsal and frontal view of mandible of female. 







. 
o b 
? * a a : 7 i 
w : : ee y fi a) : ? 
* ‘e pd 4 i ha 4 pict af eine fit i= sbi id > 
ab Pa wal Foie 7 etn rr | 


oma 


* 


335 
OBITUARY. 
Dr. David Sharp, M. D., F.R.S., etc. 


To our society the death of Dr. David Sharp is an irretriev- 
able loss. The work and time which he devoted to the entomol- 
ogy of our Islands and the influence he exercised upon others 
working on our insect fauna placed him in a unique position. 
His death removes the second of the three men to whom we 
owe most of our knowledge of our insects. 


Sharp was born at Towcaster, Northamptonshire, England, 
in 1840, but his parents moved to Stony Stratford, where he 
spent the first ten or eleven years of his life, and afterward to 
London. In 1853 he entered St. John’s Foundation School, 
where he remained until he left to enter his father’s business. 
At this time Herbert Spencer was living with his family, and it 
is evident that the writings and personality of this eminent phil- 
osopher influenced Sharp’s mind and perhaps gave it that keen 
and logical quality which characterized his whole life and works. 


Finding commercial life uncongenial he decided to study medi- 
cine. He first attended St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 
and afterward studied at Edinburgh University, where he grad- 
uated in 1866 with the degrees M.B. and C.M. After acting 
as assistant to his family’s doctor in London he moved to 
Thornhill, Scotland, in 1867, where he was appointed to the 
Crichton Institute at Dumfries. In 1884 he moved to South- 
ampton, England, and later to Dartford, Kent. In 1890 he 
was appointed curator of the insect collection of the University 
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, where he remained until 1909, 
when he retired to Brockenhurst, in the south of England, for 
the rest of his life. He died August 27, 1922, shortly before 
his eighty-second birthday. 

Sharp was interested in insects when a boy and _ collected 
Lepidoptera before he left school. He must have turned his 
attention to Coleoptera shortly before 1861; his note book of 
captures begins on April 16 of that year. His first publication 
was in 1865 and is a short paper on British species of Aga- 
thidium. In 1869 he published “A Revision of the British 
Species of Homalota,’’ which showed his great ability for sys- 
tematic work. He retained his love for the Staphylinidae all 


336 


through life and described Bate’s collection from the Amazon, 
the collection for the Biologia Centrali Americana, collections 
from Japan and other smaller collections. His biggest single 
work was “On Aquatic Carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae” 
(1882), and it is of interest as he carried out a synthetic system 
of nomenclature on lines laid down in his pamphlet, “The 
Object and Method of Zoological Nomenclature” (1873). The 
work by which he is most generally known to entomologists is 
his “Insecta” in the Cambridge Natural History, one of the 
most readable and lucid textbooks on entomology. 


But zoologists will always remember him for the time and 
labor he devoted to the Zoological Record. He acted as recorder 
of insects from 1885, and as editor of the work as well as 
recorder of insects from 1892 until a few weeks before his 
death. To many men this work alone would have been a life’s 
work, and one wonders how he found time for so much besides. 
He had great powers of concentration, never wasted time, and 
he could turn from one subject to another without loss of time 
picking up the threads of his work. In zoological matters his 
judgment was sound, and he never allowed himself to be car- 
ried away by the various controversial subjects that have divided 
biologists during the last sixty years. While he appreciated the 
good in many of the theories brought forward, his keen mind 
could always see their limitations. 


Sharp was deeply interested in island life and it is this aspect 
of his work which is of greatest interest to the members of 
this Society. He wrote a number of papers on the Coleoptera 
of New Zealand and started the late Major Broun on his 
entomological career. He wrote many papers on Japanese 
Coleoptera, and in 1888 was appointed a member of the com- 
mittee to examine the fauna and flora of the West Indies. His 
friendship with the Rev. Thomas Blackburn brought him into 
personal relation with the Hawaiian Islands. 

When this friendship began I am not able to find out, but in 
his note book we find that he was exchanging specimens with 
Blackburn in August 9, 1865. From 1876 to 1882 the Rev. 
Thomas Blackburn resided in Honolulu as chaplain to the 
bishop and senior priest of the cathedral, and although his 
duties allowed him very little time for collecting, yet he man- 


337 
aged to get a number of our interesting insects. In those days 
traveling about the Islands was vastly more difficult than at 
present. There was no Mountain Trail Club to cut trails 
through ‘the forests, and a climb to the back of Tantalus and 
back was a hard day’s work. 

From 1877 to 1897 Sharp and Blackburn published a number 
of separate papers on the Coleoptera, and in 1885 they pub- 
lished a joint Memoir, bringing all the information together. 
Other specialists worked at other orders collected by Blackburn. 
This work demonstrated the unique quality of the fauna of the 
Islands and led to a desire for a more extended investigation. 
Owing to the advocacy of Prof. Alfred Newton and Dr. Sharp, 
the British Association for the Advancement of Science appointed 
a committee in the year 1890 “to report on the present state of 
our knowledge of the Sandwich Islands, and to take steps to 
investigate ascertained deficiencies in the fauna, with powers 
to co-operate with the committee appointed for the purpose by 
the Royal Society, and to avail themselves of such assistance 
as may be offered by the Hawaiian Government or the trustees 
of the museum at Honolulu.” The two committees worked 
together for twenty-two years when the work was closed. 
During these years Sharp acted as secretary and also as editor 
to the three volumes of the Fauna Hawaiiensis and worked on 
important sections of the Coleoptera. 

His sound judgment was shown in selecting Dr. R. C. L. 
Perkins as field naturalist, and to the labors of these two, and, 
in a lesser degree, to the other specialists who worked on the 
different groups of insects, we owe the Fauna Hawaiiensis. In 
no other group of islands in the tropics have the insects been 
worked out so completely. Through this work we have been 
able to realize fully the unique endemism of the fauna, to 
recognize the later emigrants from the native insects, and to see 
evolution “in being’ in a more simple form than in any other 
part of the globe. It has also enabled us to carry on a line 
of economic work with an understanding that would have been 
impossible without it, and which has resulted in a saving of 
many millions of dollars to the agriculture of the Islands. This 
work in turn has been a huge experiment on the death factors 


338 
of insects and has added a distinct chapter to our understanding 
of Natural Selection. 

All scientific work if truthfully carried out eventually finds 
its place in the sum of human activities, but few entomologists 
working along purely scientific lines have lived to see their work 
bear such practical results as have Sharp, Blackburn, and Per- 
kins, the three founders of Hawaiian entomology. 

The number of Sharp’s writings is over 250, and it has only 
been possible to list those dealing with the Hawaiian Islands. 


Works ON HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGY BY Dr. Davin SHARP. 


1878. Description of a new species probably indicating a new 
genus of Anchomenidae, from the Sandwich Islands. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., XIV, pp. 178-180. 

1878. Descriptions of some new species and a new genus of 
Rhyncophorous Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 
Trans, Ent, Soc, Lond, pp. 15-26. 

1878. On some Nitidulidae from the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 127-140. 


1878. On some Longicorn Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 201-210. 


1879. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. 
Pts soc. Lond. ppayad 05: 

1880. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. 
Pnt, Sec: Lond: pp. 37-54. 

1881. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 507-534. 


1884. On some genera of the sub-family Anchomenini (Platy- 
nini Horn), ffom the Hawaiian Islands. Ent. Mo. 
Miag:, XX, pp. 2172219: 

1885. Notes on the genus Plagithmysus Motsch. C. R. Soe. 
Bat) Beles sp. EXC Ey-V 1. 

1885. Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. 
Trans, Ri Dublin’ Soc. (2) ain, pps 923007 pls: Ve 
V, by Blackburn and Sharp. 

1896. On Plagithmysus: a Hawaiian genus of Longicorn Cole- 
optera. Ent. Mo. Mag., XXXII, pp. 237-240, 241-245, 
271-274. 


339 


1897. On Plagithmysus: a Hawaiian genus of Longicorn Cole- 
optera—Supplement. Ent. Mo. Mag., XXXIII, p. 12. 


1919. Studies in Rhynchophora V. The genus Rhyncogonus. 
Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., IV, pp. 77-82. 


FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS. 


Editor of the three volumes and writer of the following parts: 


1900. Coleoptera Phytophaga, II, pp. 91-116. 

1903. Coleoptera Caraboidea, III, pp. 175-292. 

1908. Coleoptera III, pp. 367-579. Sharp and Scott. 
1910. Coleoptera III, pp. 645-650. Sharp and Perkins. 


1913. Preface, XI-XIII. 
F. M. 


340 


Immigrant Records for 1922. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


This is a list of the immigrant insects recorded for the first 
time in 1922. Many of them have been known for some time, 
but have remained undetermined or unrecorded, and are now 
recorded with recent determinations. Those marked with an 
asterisk were observed or collected for the first time during the 
year.. For details of records, etc., refer to the pages given. 


Page 

* TErastia sMeviClosalisi: Guen.) \@UeD:) eis serecke st eit oieesent eet rerere 180, 297 
STUN, BO, (COI) o nas cdocdecconogqenecoodoge soDodoDaeaSboIONS 181 
Monopis metorellan( Walk.) i@luep: meter aie eee ene 185 
Criupsuthymris veniaas Nueva. (Lie pe) ky serps 185 
SMEG ASTUGMUSAS ome (Celaya) lercroshoteveueus sicustehesesesPseoe eka steerer toneeoren el omemeaa ter 185 
Haitlismlepi dus Nordanin (Col) reverie ier titers aoe een 187, 194 
TENN Korney COMRGOKONGS Hiner (Dit) coodaceosecndscouanscogesose 188, 286 
=“Carajoid! (Cola) tepmvatate crs o eens eens oem aches ee ae Ae 189 
JEL Vo RO KaruIS (05 (GANS) oeoes oo con ooabaudotoos Sagi Sra cerca lesra SOR pagers Bet 190 
WiGCHACRIS Ho; (DUNE) ooeeoscoc soc conch cnonenoudagoeocosduscodsaS 190 
AISUNGELUS {Spor GDL: eesrmeaha they cries Eset sain teenies 190 
LOD OOTARUSSUS, S05, (CUA Dia)osoe 6 ou so obcnsoocagobocosodesbocuoNNGS 190 
Iowans Gasnh ANG (UDiyite)) ssascnscodncaccsdanedbeagusazKe 190, 285 
Eryposylon philippinensis Ashm= (CElymi))s.. ee cee oe eile 192 
I2ZOYGiIOM, SuOMO® WECS (Ci) oconsscbesono ope ooo ge oudDMDOLo ous GOs 192 
OT OKEE 05. (COO a Gweciooc.c dodoody dobdn abdbosdocnoOpEOE odo Do aGd 199 
eM ea Cops WAG UNn (DY 0% 12) OLS Ot. oars Peco COLO eat Porc Oke CUS Sood wba hp 204 
Saalonpopan io, (Cebwin.)) sodcaanddcnodcoup ec copossoueSescadEgoossues 273 
“Calliphora latifrons Hough (Dipts) ioc eee 12 lets terete ier eke ee 277, 290 
Conicera: atra 4CMeigen)) Cpt) esi axe terete neo Seco ote aetna mene 
IEA CROLAAO MKOMCIO MENG (ADD) aoconnccoopeb oo GGol odes Oc onaOG 277, 290 
Malichia *sp>, (Gite) mci cee ee ee eile rte ener Renee ners 290 
+ Khhodesiella elegantula (Becker) (D1pta) he a. eee eset et 277, 290 
“shodesiella, tarsalis Adams (Dit) erver-tere iste rir orale tere hein 277, 291 
*Sanromyzaxsps \(Dipty) ch, aces eon eee. oe ee SOE Care om 
An iochacionscalarsm (hoe) i Dip ts) erie keke err etree Zig 2 
Leptocera ferruginata Stenh. ((Dipt.)) 22.03 .222426 cee ck oo eae ee 


IZMIR 505. (DNs) ego weno onbiecy boskoo oo Ach oon es ouousobo SooS 292 


CONTENTS OF VOL. V. NO:~2, 


NoTES AND EXHIBITIONS: 


eatitsainys MCCLURE acca he Ole Steto aia N e vid ola os 179 
SEU RLAEN Fr od MP ie NE ee ie. v5) tides enw wet soe Bes With oat 180 
March TN ee TOTES andres Ad, fn Rents pieet rei 184 
April CU Tae CRMC A Rhee a ae one See 186 
May DATA AM wen Nigh SPs Waters tach eee nls ee in Bits 188 
June Dede) MPA sretaas 2 SEMEN S oe ee Ane ai a Ate ohn 190 
July Soh ey ae Re Regs Wi AS el ae Rg) AD 192 
SE BtGHIDE Say Rydon. otha alu te witasa/ arene ies ate Beane oe ,chetnc Als 194 
October PAR Bae eR tN shai tw akan fet tet e Fans osoy an tee BBE 198 
ISOs 65075) ORLY 0 ARE Re care ec PORDAS Ayes AIA yy PETE AE Sa EOE 201 
IDGERHADER pth, EP ek a cite ean foraten ate. Save eee & late 204 
Blection ror Otneers tor V2 5 ys i 2s, . o's Sieke ete © Sale 203 
tnmrccrant (econds Tot) 1924 a. ets sec.o sis «cee em we aE 340 
PAPERS. 


ApricH, J. M.: 
Descriptions of Lantana Gall-Fly and Lantana Seed-Fly 
GLE 71 0 es ge FD ee casa Pe yt re 261 


ALEXANDER, C. P.: 
New or Little-Known Crane-Flies from the Hawaiian 


ligkagids. (Diptera fdscetat spies. cate setter che s,'s 249 
Undescribed Species of Australasian and Oriental Crane- 
HES UM PECGAN  3c(- 0 abt hots cc aBS edie cat Aces 2 alee Unt ae Ee 
Bryan, E. H., Jr.: ! 
Falobates: in. Hawai o( clemiptera ) . jie. shoei ies a 283 
DMigtes tom Mi pterey fo... 2s ammeeiaige doh t hiaiaie sea wooing al hee 
InsectS from the Summit of Mauna Kea............. 287 | 


Review of Dr. Heinrich Karny’s “Der Insektenkorper 
ETC SERIS OP ChIMGONO STO. it heii. lle cliinib ia h'si (Ga veie hee 289 
New Records, Identifications, and Synonymy of Dip- 
Pore OU ANe etwas wd Uae rath ere Seah bc tee « Mood ele LOO 


FuLLAWAY, D::T.: 
Notes on the Mealy-Bugs of Economic Importance in 
Hagan. (Hemiptera) hit. ie en ee ee ae 


ILLINGworTH, J. F.: 
Notes on Diptera Occurring in Hawali.............. 
Insecti Fauna’ ot; Elen Manure oo.) Suan. tan) aaa 
PA QUIS SEES oe hkl MUN NS oe se NAA 8 a 


PRETEEN ae Ree ac Ie a a SO ORE IRR ae Ne nD 
Insects Attracted to Carrion in Hawait......0.26...4 5%. 


Muir, F.: 
On the Classification of the Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera) 


Swezey, . H.: 
The ‘“eaf-Miners of Pipturus (Lepidoptera)......... 
The Erythrina Twig-Borer in Hawaii (Lepidoptera).. 


Records of Introduction of Beneficial Insects into the 
Hiawarian Wilatias ee. Se Oa a ae ane 


TIMBERLAKE, P, H.: 
Descriptions of Two New Species of Encyrtidae from 
Mexico, Reared from Mealy-Bugs (Hymenoptera, 
Chalerdiideea)i sis ei oy CoB al Sr Gaal SS te 


VoL. V. No.3 DECEMBER, 1924 


PROCEEDINGS 


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ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SOCTE TY 


FOR THE YEAR 1923 


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PROG BE DiN GS 


OF THE 


Hawaiian Entomological Society 


Vor Wa No: 23: For THE YEAR 1923. DECEMBER, 1924 








JANUARY 4, 1923. 


The 206th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place. Besides Vice-President Swezey, 
who presided, there were present the following members: 
Messrs. Bryan, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Illing- 
worth, Rosa, Whitney, and Willard. Mr. S. Issiki was a visitor. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. 

The Executive Committee reported the followng appoint- 
ments: 


P. H. Timberlake, Librarian and Custodian of Insects. 
O. H. Swezey, Editor of the Proceedings for 1923. 


Upon motion of Mr. Bryan, it was voted that the editor be 
authorized to accept or reject any paper presented for publi- 
cation; and that all papers be typewritten and submitted in 
duplicate. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Maruca testulalis Geyer —Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen 
of this Pyralid moth reared from a larva found in pod of garden 
peas December 9, 1922. Two of the larvae were found in a 
mess of green pea pods obtained from the Metropolitan Meat 
Market. Two larvae of Lycaena boetica were found in the 
same batch of pods. Both kinds of larvae were feeding on the 
green peas. One moth issued December 23, and one butterfly 
December 28. This Pyralid moth has not previously been noted 
here, though it has undoubtedly been present for some time. It 
is a moth which is widespread in India where, according to 
literature on Indian insect pests, it is a minor pest of pulses, 


342 


occurring also in Dolichos lab-lab, green gram, red gram, mung, 
moth tur, and probably wild Leguminosae. 


Blabophanes crocicapitella (Clems.).—Mr. Swezey exhibited 
this Tineid moth reared from dead rat material. A large num- 
ber of the moths had issued from a tin of soil containing the 
remains of a dead rat with which Mr. Illingworth was experi- 
menting. 


Setomorpha insectella ab—Mr. Swezey reported rearing 
this moth abundantly from larvae feeding in alfalfa meal, and 
also from the remains of a bale of alfalfa hay which had be- 
come partially decayed, Kaimuki, December 10, 1922. This is 
new data on the habits of this Tineid moth. 


Bruchids in Koa sceds——Mr. Swezey reported the breeding 
of Bruchus limbatus and B. pruininus from koa seeds, and 
stated that, so far as he knew, this was the first record of 
Bruchids from koa seeds, and that B. limbatus was more abun- 
dant than pruininus. He had collected pods from trees on Sugar 
Loaf Hill, to examine for injury to the seeds by Tortricid 
larvae. The examination of 120 pods collected from a height of 
twenty feet and having a possibility of 1285 seeds, contained 
598 good seeds, or 45 per cent (a greater proportion of good 
seeds than usual) ; 545 seeds had been eaten by Tortricid larvae, 
or 42 per cent; 69 seeds, or 5 per cent, were attacked by 
Bruchids. 


Bruchus sallaei on Maui—Mr. Swezey reported having 
reared 26 of this Bruchid from 5 pods of Acacia farnesiana col- 
lected in a gulch of the Honokawai section of Pioneer Mill 
Co., several miles north of Lahaina, December 5, 1922. Many 
eggs were on the pods at time of collecting, and the Bruchids 
issued December 11 to 31. Four parasites, Heterospilus pro- 
sopidis, also issued. Apparently, this 1s the first record of the 
occurrence of this Bruchid on the Island of Maui. It is abun- 
dant there, as shown by the pods collected, and the other pods 
on the bushes of the locality. 


Plochionus timidus Hald.—A specimen of this Carabid beetle 
and its larvae were exhibited by Mr. Swezey. Three of the 
beetles were collected by him on a Pandanus tree at Paia, Maui, 


343 


December 8, 1922. There were Tineid larvae among the debris 
of dead leaves. It is probable that the beetle and its larvae were 
feeding upon these. This is the first record of this species in 
the Islands. It occurs throughout the United States, and is 
closely related to Plochionus pallens which has been collected 
in houses in Kaimuki by Timberlake and Swezey. 


Pleistodontes imperialis Saund.—Mr. Swezey reported this 
fig-wasp now very well established. The large tree of Ficus 
rubiginosa on the old Tantalus road above Makiki Heights, in 
December, produced a very large crop of fruit (a twig contain- 
ing a dozen iruits being exhibited) due to the presence of the 
fie-wasp. An indication of the abundance of the insect is shown 
by the examination of one fruit which contained 85 (61 females 
and 24 males) of the fig-wasps, already matured, but had not 
issued from the galls where they developed. The fruit also 
contained 155 good seeds. 


Mapsidius quadridentata Walsm.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a 
specimen of this moth, which issued from a cocoon found by 
him on a leaf at 2000 feet elevation, Wailuku, Maui, Decem; 
ber 9, 1922. The position where the cocoon was found indi- 
cated that the larva had fed on Charpentiecra leaves just as do 
the other species of this genus. It was described originally from 
a single specimen from Lanai. 


Supella supellectilium (Serv.).—A specimen of this roach 
was exhibited by Mr. Swezey, who had taken it in the Pioneer 
Hotel, Lahaina, Maui, December 5, 1922. It is the first record 
of the occurrence of this roach on Maui. It was first collected 
by Timberlake in Kaimuki about May, 1921. 


Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Bredd.)—Mr. Swezey reported find- 
ing this bug established in a leafhopper-infested field at Lahaina, 
Maui, December 5, 1922. As no colony of the bug was placed 
on Maui when it was introduced from Australia two years ago, 
it has reached Lahaina by its own efforts, probably from Ewa 
Plantation, where it was very abundant during the early summer 
of 1922. It is a considerable distance (seventy miles or more) 
for a small insect to make its way over seas, and indicates their 
ability to do it in some way or other. 


344 


Carpophilus sp. in Macadamia Nut.—Mr. Fullaway reported 
an infestation of macadamia nuts by Nitidulid larvae which 
proved, on rearing the larvae to adults, to be a species of Car- 
pophilus. The nuts were not perfect, and it is probable that the 
beetles were attracted by the rancidity of the meat. 


PE BRUAKY 15.1923. 


The 207th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was convened at the usual place at 2:30 p. m. Vice-President 
Swezey presided. Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, 
Bryan, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Rosa, and Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Rhodesiella elegantula Becker—Mr. Bryan exhibited three 
specimens of this Chloropid fly, which were captured by Mr. 
Swezey in Palolo Valley, December 24, 1922. The species is 
shiny black, with a long triangular scutellum, the thorax and 
scutellum being covered with light yellow-brown hairs. The 
legs are yellow-brown, and the last tarsal joint darker. Speci- 
mens have been captured near Waimea, Hawaii. This is the 
first record for Oahu. 


A Weevil Near Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll—Mr. Bis- 
sell exhibited one specimen of a weevil, very closely resembling 
this sisal borer, which was collected in Honolulu, June 1, 1922. 
This specimen may have been brought in with pods of Acacia 
farnesiana from Ewa coral plain near an old sisal plantation. 
One specimen of this weevil was collected by Mr. Muir at the 
H. S. P. A. Experiment Station in December, 1918. 


An Anthribid New to Hawati—Mr. Bissell exhibited one 
specimen of an Anthribid, previously unrecorded in Hawaii, 
which was collected on a window at the Vida Villa Hotel, Hono- 
lulu, January, 1923. 


va Winged Form of Zorotypus sweseyi Caud—Mr. Fullaway 
| exhibited a specimen of the winged form of Zorotypus swezeyt 


345 


(Order Zoraptera) collected at Kokee, Kauai, in a rotten log 
during July, 1922. 


Lysiphlebus sp. from California—Mr. Fullaway exhibited a 
specimen of a California species of Lysiphlebus, parasitizing the 
cotton aphis, Aphis gossypii, the bean aphis, Aphis medicaginis, 
and the wild coffee aphis, Toxoptera aurantiae. This parasite 
has been sent in numbers by Mr. Timberlake from Whittier, 
California, for colonization here. 


Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Bredd.).—Mr. Swezey reported col- 
lecting this introduced bug on Sporobolus grass on the beach 
near Barber’s Point, Oahu, January 7, 1923. On the grass was 
the leafhopper Kelisia sporobolicola, and presumably the bug 
was feeding on the eggs of the leafhopper. This is the first 
observance in Hawaii of this bug living on or being associated 
with other leafhoppers than the cane leafhopper. It was ob- 
served two miles from a cane field of Ewa Plantation. 


Enicospilus dispilus Perk —A specimen of this Ophionid was 
exhibited by Mr. Swezey, collected by him at Wailuku, Maui, 
2000 feet, December 9, 1922. Apparently, it is the first record 
of it from that island. 


Caloteleia elegans Perk.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a female of 
this beautiful Scelionid collected by him in a cane field at 
Lahaina, Maui, December 5, 1922. The type was collected at 
the Experiment Station H. S. P. A., Honolulu, in 1905, by 
Dr. Perkins, who considered it an immigrant. Apparently, this 
is the first record of it from Maui. 


Casinaria infesta (Cress.)—Mr. Swezey exhibited a speci- 
men of this Ophionid reared from Phlyctaenia stellata. Several 
caterpillars were collected on Pipturus on the Manoa Cliff trail 
on Mt. Tantalus, January 10, 1923. Only two of the cater- 
pillars lived to spin up, and from each of these one of this para- 
site issued fourteen days later. This is an additional host for 
this parasite, and indicates its spread to the mountains. It is 
an immigrant that was first observed in Kaimuki in Febru- 
ary, 1921. 


Protoparce quinquemaculata blackburni (Butl.)—Mr. Swezey 
exhibited three fine specimens of this Sphingid moth which he 


346 


had reared from caterpillars collected on Nicotiana glauca at 
Sprecklesville, Maui, December 8, 1922. The caterpillars had 
obtained their growth and entered the soil for pupation on De- 
cember 13, 14, and 16, respectively. The moths issued just 
forty-one days later in each instance, 1. e., January 23, 24, and 
26, respectively. Although this moth has been known for a long 
time, having been collected by Blackburn, yet the caterpillars 
are rarely met with, Nicotiana glauca apparently being its 
favorite food plant, although it was reported as occurring on 
cultivated tobacco, when this was being grown at Kona, Hawai, 
a few years ago. Hitherto, the only specimen of the moth in 
any collection in the Territory has been a single one in the 
H. S. P. A. collection, reared by Mr. Swezey from a caterpillar 
collected on Nicotiana glauca at Kahului, Maui, October 10, 
1919. From the present lot of specimens, he intends distribut- 
ing one each to the Bishop Museum and the Board of Agri- 
culture and Forestry. 





NAIRC@I Teal923. 

The 208th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place, with President Muir in the chair. 
Other members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Crawford, 
lullaway, Giffard, Illingworth, Rosa, Swezey, and Willard. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

PAPERS. 
“Hawaiian Trypetidae.” 
BY E. H. BRYAN, JR. 
“Notes on Coccinelidae.” 
BY D. T. FULLAWAY. 
“The Small Banana Weevil.” 

BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 
“Whence the Termites of Hawaii?” 
BY THOMAS E. SNYDER. 
Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology, United States 
Department of Agriculture. 

NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Hippobosca equina Linn. in New Hebrides.— Mr. Bryan 
exhibited two specimens of this horse louse-fly which were 


347 


among a small collection of flies received at the Bishop Museum 
from Mr. E. Robertson, Tanna Island, New Hebrides. It is 
sometimes called the “winged horse tick” of Europe, and has 
also been recorded by Loew from North America, according 
to Aldrich’s Catalogue. 


Rhodesiella tarsalis Adams.—Mr. Bryan noted that the series 
of specimens in the H. S. P. A. collection marked “Rhopalom- 
elidae, Rhinotora?” from Tantalus, Oahu, 6-19-21 (Swezey), 
Grove Farm, Kauai, 3-2-17, Honolulu, VII-1-16 (Ehrhorn), 
“observed on leaves infested with Pseudococcus nipae,” and on 
window 4-23-14 (Swezey), belong to this species, as does also 
a single specimen of this fly collected by Giffard on the window 
at his home January, 1923. 


Phormia regina Meigen.—Mr. Bryan stated that this fly had 
been recorded from Hawaii by Dr. L. O. Howard (Proc. Ent. 
Soc., Washington, IV, p. 490, July, 1901), but that its occur- 
rence here was questioned by local entomologists. In reply to 
his inquiry concerning this fly, Dr. Aldrich wrote as follows 
January 19, 1923: 

“On looking at our collection I found three female speci- 
mens, two collected by H. W. Henshaw in 1900, on the volcano 
Nilauea; and one from Hilo, Hawaii, collected by William H. 
Ashmead, July 6, 1901. The last I am sending you, together 
with a male and female from the United States.”’ 


Lonchoptera sp—Mr. Bryan stated that a single specimen 
in the collection of the Bishop Museum, collected by Mr. Gif- 
fard at Twenty-nine Miles, Olaa, Hawaii, August, 1922, was 
determined as belonging to the family Longchopteridae by its 
striking and characteristic antennae and wing venation ( Willis- 
ton, N. A. Diptera, p. 240). This family of flies contains but a 
single genus, Lonchoptera. No specimens of this family have 
hitherto been reported from Hawaii. 


Diocalandra taitensis (Guer.).— Mr. Swezey exhibited a 
piece cut from a leaf stem of coconut palm, showing the char- 
acteristic exit holes and borings of the Tahiti coconut weevil. 
He had obtained this from a leaf which had fallen from a 


thirty-foot high palm tree on Kinau street, Honolulu, February 


348 


9, 1923. This is further evidence of the general distribution of 
this weevil, though it is so scarce as to be difficult to find. 


Pyralis manthotalis Guen—Mr. Swezey exhibited a speci- 
men of this Pyralid moth collected at light by Mr. Ehrhorn, 
February 9, 1923, in Manoa. This is the first specimen of this 
moth collected for a long time. Dr. Perkins collected one speci- 
men in Honolulu over twenty years ago, and Blackburn had 
collected it in his time. No specimens are in any collections in 
Honolulu. Its habits are not known here. It is a species rang- 
ing from South America, Australia, Malay Archipeligo, South 
Asia, and Airica. 


Maruca testulalis Geyer—Mr. Swezey stated that, since re- 
porting this Pyralid moth at the February meeting, he had come 
across a specimen of it among some insects at the Bishop 
Museum, collected on Tantalus last August by Professor Mosely 
from Ohio, who was visiting the Islands last summer. That 
specimen will be the first capture of this immigrant moth here. 


Pleistodontes froggattt Mayr.—Mr. Swezey reported having 
obtained a total of 211, or 178 females and 33 males of this fig- 
wasp from a single fig picked from the Moreton Bay fig tree 
in Emma Square, Honolulu, February 9, 1923. The tree was 
bearing an immense crop of fruit, many of which had already 
fallen to the ground, each fruit showing numerous exit holes 
where the fig-wasps had issued. The insects had issued before 
the fruits had fallen from the tree. 


Pleistodontes imperialis Saund.—Mr. Swezey reported that 
this fig-wasp was established on a Ficus tree at Dr. Dean’s 
home, Manoa. Examination of a fruit from this tree which 
Dr. Dean had handed to Dr. Lyon disclosed the presence in it 
of a considerable number of the fig-wasps. As none of the 
insects had been distributed in that vicinity, they must have 
reached there of themselves from the tree on Makiki Heights, 
where they had recently been found abundantly established. 
The distance might be about a mile in an air line. 


Fijian Butterfies—Mr. Swezey exhibited a collection of 
butterflies lately received from Hubert W. Simmonds, Govern- 
ment Entomologist at Suva, Fiji. It composed fourteen species 


as follows, representing half or more of the species recorded 


from the Fiji Islands: 


Tirumala neptunia (Feld.). 
Niparia helcita (Boisd.). 
Salpinx macleayi (Felder). 
Deragena proserpina Butler. 
Calliploea adyte Boisd. 


Papilio schmeltzi Her.-Sch. 
NXois sesara Hew. 

Terias hecabe L. (?) 
Nacaduba vitiensis (Butl.). 
Jamides woodfordi Butl. 


Doleschahia bisaltide Cram. 
Hypolimnas bolina Linn. 


Undetermined Lycaenid. 
Undetermined Hesperid. 
With color variations of the 

female. 


IMO IRL oy, (S25: 


The 209th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar 
Planters’ Association, President Muir presiding. Other mem- 
bers present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Crawford, Ehrhorn, 
Illingworth, Swezey, Timberlake, and Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 
PAPER. 


“Stability of Specific Names.” * 


BY EF. MUIR: 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Evaza javanensis Meij——Mr. Bryan stated that this small 
black and brown Stratiomyid fly, hitherto known as Acanthina 
sp., was given this identification by Mr. Brunetti at the British 
Museum. Mr. Brunetti also stated that our “Sargus sp.” is 
the same as that mentioned. in the Fauna Hawaiiensis under 
that name, that it belongs to the genus Cephalochrysa Kertt., 
probably an undescribed species, and that he will describe it 
soon. 


A mango pest in Rapa, Austral Islands—Mr. Bryan ex- 
hibited a small series of Microlepidoptera, which were among 





* For publication elsewhere.  [ Ed. | 


a large collection of insects from the Austral Islands recently 
brought to the Bishop Museum by Mrs. A. M. Stokes. They 
bore the label, “November 26, 1921, Rapa, Ahurei. From larvae 
on mango blossoms. Entire crop destroyed.” 


Pyralis manihotalis Guen.— Mr. Swezey reported having 
secured a specimen of this moth at his house in Kaimuki, and 
that among insects collected at Pawaa Junction by Mr. Issiki, 
entomologist from Formosa, were two of this moth. 


New Immigrant Bruchid.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a Bruchid 
which he had recently collected in a patch of cow peas at the 
United States Experiment Station, Honolulu, which is appar- 
ently different from the Bruchids at present known here. What- 
ever species it 1s has not yet been determined. 


Pheidole megacephala Fab.—Mr. Illingworth stated that on 
April 3, 1923, he had found this omnivorous ant destroying the 
parasitic wasps, Scolia manilae Ashm. Sweet potato blossoms 
on the banks of reservoir No. 6, in the Oahu Sugar Company’s 
plantation, were simply alive with these ants. They were prob- 
ably driven out of the soil by the recent heavy rains, and were 
certainly improving their opportunity by waylaying every Scolia 
wasp that visited these flowers. Many of the wasps were ob- 
served overpowered by the ants, and in various stages of being 
dismembered. It must be stated, however, that conditions at 
the time were very exceptional and probably do not occur more 
than a few days out of the year. At any rate, he stated, this was 
the first time that he had observed the ants attacking Scolia in 
such numbers. It is a well-recognized fact that the ants are more 
troublesome during the wet season, coming into houses, getting 
into bee-hives, etc., hence, they will probably let the wasps alone 
as soon as the soil becomes sufficiently dry for them to return 
LON sik: 


Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linn.)—Mr. Hlingworth gave the 
following note on this roach: In my search for early references 
to Hawaiian entomology, I found that Eschscholtz, who was here 
in 1816, described a roach, Blatta punctata, in his Entomo- 
graphien, p. 86, published in 1822. I recently wrote Mr. Morgan 
Hebard, requesting information as to which of our present spe- 


$51 


cies this name referred. In his reply of January 16, 1923, he 
states: 

“Blatta punctata Eschscholtz, described in 1822 from the Hawaiian 
Islands, is a synonym of Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus), as 
has been indicated by Kirby in his catalogue of 1904. This record 
was overlooked in my recent study of Hawaiian Orthoptera, where | 
noted only the first record for the islands as surinamensis.” 


Elytroteinus subtruncatus (Fairm.).—Note by J. F. Illng- 
worth. An interesting new habit for this weevil is recorded in 
the New Zealand Journal of Agriculture (Vol. XXVI, p. 34, 
January, 1923.), where it is called “the Fiji Lemon Weevil.” 
Lemons from Cook Islands were found to be infested by the 
larvae of this: species; the adults being determined by Dr. G. A. 
K. Marshall of the British Museum. The attack on the fruit 
was at the base of the stalk, the larvae boring into the pulp, 
where pupation took place. Recently this species was _ re- 
corded from Honolulu by Swezey (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., Vol. 
IV, pp. 82-83), who found it infesting the roots of white 
ginger. Dr. Marshall identified the Hawaiian material as 
Pteroporus subtruncatus Frm. (See idem. p. 361); but after- 
wards proposed (Bull. Ent. Res., London, Vol. IX, p. 278) 
Elytroteinus n. n. for Pteroporus rm. of which the only species 
is Elytroteinus subtruncatus. The indications are that this is 
a dangerous introduction, and it behooves entomologists to be 
on the lookout for infestations of other crops. Such a general 
feeder might even decide to levy a heavy toll upon our pine- 
apple industry. 


Pheidole megacephala Fab—Mr. Willard exhibited a vial of 
the dead bodies of this ant, which he had found very abundant 
on the trail into Waianae Valley on March 19, 1923. It is 
estimated about 200 piles, ranging in size up to three inches in 
diameter and to three-quarters of an inch deep, were observed 
in the trail. Mr. Illingworth and Mr. Swezey stated that they 
had seen similar piles of these ants in irrigation ditches in 
sugar-cane fields, and that the dead ants had apparently been 
removed from the nests after being drowned. 


Coelophora inaequalis Fab.—Mr. Timberlake reported that 
specimens of the nine-spotted form of this ladybeetle had been 


302 


seen in Honolulu on several occasions during the past six months. 
This and the black form were liberated in considerable num- 
bers in the Punahou district and Manoa Valley during the fall 
of 1919 and the following winter. 


MAW <3 1923: 


The 210th meeting of the Society was held at the usual 
place and was attended by the following members: President 
Muir, who presided, and Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Illingworth, 
Rosa, Swezey, Timberlake, and Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Euplectrus platyhypenae How.—Mr. Swezey exhibited all 
stages of this army-worm parasite which he was rearing on a 
large scale in the insectary, from material received from H. T. 
Osborn, collected at El Potrero, Vera Cruz, Mexico. The para- 
site lays eggs in clusters of two to fifty on the backs of cater- 
pillars. The eggs hatch in three days; the larvae finish their 
growth in four days; and the adults appear in about a week, 
so that the period from oviposition to adult is about two weeks. 
Oviposition occurs on the two army-worms, Cirphis unipuncta 
and Spodoptera mauritia, and on the garden cutworm Lycopho- 
tia margaritosa. Probably any such kind of larvae that are avail- 
able would be made use of. 


Maruca testulalis Geyer—Mr. Swezey exhibited a speci- 
men of this moth reared from a caterpillar found in a lima 
bean pod, where it was feeding on the seeds. It was found 
April 11, apparently full grown, for it spun up the next day, 
and pupated April 13, the cocoon being thin enough so that 
the pupa was readily seen. The adult issued ten days later on 
April 23. This is the same moth first reported by Mr. Swezey 
at the January meeting, reared from pea pods. 


Pseudopheliminus sp.— Mr. Timberlake exhibited a few 
specimens of an Eulophine recently discovered on Oahu. One 
male was collected by Mr. Swezey at Waialae, November 26, 


393 


1922, and two males and one female were reared from 
Gracilaria marginestrigata Walsm. on Sida, collected at the 
Peninsula on March 11, 1923. The female has a small, round, 
black spot beneath the stigmal vein, and the male has three- 
branched antennae. 


Berecyntus sp.— Mr. Timberlake exhibited many living 
females of a new species of Berecyntus reared April 24, from 
an Agrotis larva (species not determined), collected February 
23, 1923, at Pasadena, California. The species is evidently 
polyembronic, the females ovipositing in the eggs of the host. 
Eggs of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. and of Plusia chalcitis Esp. 
when placed with the females were not noticed, but eggs of 
Agrotis ypsilon Rott. immediately caused great excitement 
among the parasites and were oviposited in freely. Sometimes 
two or even three females were seen ovipositing in the same 
ege. 

Bruchobius sp—Mr. Timberlake exhibited specimens of a 
Pteromalid provisionally determined as a new species of 
Bruchobius, which has not been recorded from the Islands. 
One female was taken on the laboratory window September 13, 
1916, and recently large numbers have been issuing from 
pigeon peas infested by Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fab. and 
Bruchus chinensis Linn. (O. H. Swezey, collector). Two 
specimens of the same parasite from Bangalore, India, were 
also shown, which had been bred from Bruchus. 


Coptotermes intrudens Oshima—Mr. Bryan reported that 
a considerable flight of these termites was noticed about the 
business district of Honolulu on April 1, 2, and 3, 1923. Also 
that Dr. Illingworth had noticed them swarming about lights 
in the Honolulu Public Library on April 26, 1923. 


Mr. Muir exhibited specimens of Odynerus nigripennis 
(Holmg.), Echthromorpha maculipennis Holmg., Oodemas aenes- 
‘cens Boh., Scymnus kinbergt Boh., Sarcophagus dux Thoms., 
and Sarcophagus barbata Thoms., which he had taken to Europe 
at Mr. Timberlake’s suggestion to compare with types at Stock- 
holm. Both Dr. A. Roman and Mr. Muir had compared these 
insects with the types, and concluded they were rightly deter- 
mined. They will be placed in the collection of the Society. 


354 


JUNE 7, 1923. 


The 211th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was convened at the usual place at 2:30 p. m., with President 
Muir in the chair. Other members present were Messrs. Bis- 
sell, Bryan, Crawford, Fullaway, Swezey, Timberlake, and 
Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 
PAPERS. 


“A New Hawaiian Rhyncogonus.” 


BY R.tG3.05 PEREDNS 
(Presented by O. H. Swezey.) 


“The Bishop Museum Collection of Psyllidae.” 
BY D. L. CRAWFORD. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Cutworm enemies—Mr. Fullaway reported that the follow- 
ing cutworm enemies, the Carabid beetle, Calosoma semilaeva 
and the Chalcid fly Euplectrus platyhypenac, were being dis- 
tributed at the Waiki station of the Parker Ranch. 


Coccinella sp.— Mr. Timberlake exhibited a specimen of. 
Coccinella taken by Mr. Swezey, June 1, 1923, in Field 39, 
Oahu Sugar Co., Oahu. It is close to Coccinella 11-punctata 
Linn. and might easily pass for that species, but differs specifi- 
cally in the male genitalia. 


Pseudopheliminus sp.— Mr. Timberlake reported that the 
species recorded at the last meeting from Oahu has since been 
taken on Kauai by Mr. Swezey. One female having been 
reared from Gracilaria hauicola collected at Hanalei on May 16. 


Maruca testulalis Geyer.—Mr. Swezey reported finding on 
May 29, the larvae of the Indian pea moth quite abundant in 
the flowers of Sesbania grandiflora, growing at the Pineapple — 
Experiment Station grounds on the next ridge beyond Alewa 
Heights. The larvae were feeding in the large flowers in the 
region of the staminal column, and at the base of the flower, 
both in the fresh flowers and in withered flowers. There were 
green pods on the trees but no larvae were found in them. 


ios) 
wn 
on 


Orthomecyna mesochasma Meyr.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a 
specimen of this Pyraustid moth, and reported having reared 
it from a whitish larva found among the roots of a stool of 
sugar-cane at the Lihue Plantation on Kauai, May, 1923. The 
larva was apparently full grown and did not do any more 
eating, so it was not determined as to its feeding habits. The 
native genus Orthomecyna has fourteen species whose habits 
are entirely unknown. This is the first time that a larva of 
any species has been discovered. The species mesochasma is 
very abundant on Kauai and often comes to light in large 
numbers. 


Draeculacephala mollipes Say.— Mr. Swezey reported the 
capture of this large green Jassid in a garden at Kilauea, Kauai, 
May 11, 1923. It has been collected on Kauai on only one 
other occasion, when Mr. Bryan collected it at Nualolo beach 
on Naio, in June, 1922. 


Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Bredd.).—Mr. Swezey reported hav- 
ing found in May that this bug was spread through all the 
sugar plantations of the Island of Kauai, wherever any leaf- 
hoppers were to be found. A colony was liberated at Kekaha 
in August, 1921, and this spread has taken place since then. 


Flight of Termites—Mr. Willard reported having observed 
the flight of great numbers of termites, probably Coptotermes 
imtrudens, on the evening of May 10, 1923, on Beretania and 
Young streets near the McKinley High School. The flight 
occurred after a warm, sultry day, beginning soon after dark 
and ending about 9:30 p. m. At 10 p. m. none of the insects 
were seen flying about lights. 

ENO DZS, 

The 212th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the usual place, President Muir presiding. Other 
members present were Messrs. Bissell, Bryan, Rosa, Swezey, 
Timberlake, and Willard. Mr. R. Ewart was a visitor. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Mr. Bryan exhibited a large collection of insects, spiders, 


356 


etc., which he had collected on a recent trip to Nihoa and 
Necker Islands and French Frigate Shoals. 


Horismenus sp.—Mr. Willard reported the recovery of this 
parasite from Mylabris sallaei in pods of Acacia farnesiana, col- 
lected on the Waianae road just beyond Ewa Plantation, June 
16, 1923. He stated that this parasite was the last to become 
established in the field, of the four Bruchid parasites, which 
were introduced from Texas in 1921 by the Federal Bureau of 
Entomology. 


Limnophora arcuata Stein—Mr. Swezey reported having 
reared this Anthomyid fly from puparia collected in cow dung 
in Mr. Eric Knudsen’s pasture, Koloa, 700 feet, Kauai, May 14, 
1923. When collected, the puparia were taken for those of the 
horn-fly, but this Anthomyid issued instead. Examination of 
the puparia shows that they are quite different from horn-fly 
puparia. From two of the fifteen puparia collected, there 
issued two specimens of Spalangia cameront. Specimens of the 
fly were also collected at the Lihue Hotel. 


Notogonidea luzonensis Rohw.— Mr. Swezey exhibited a 
specimen of this Philippine cricket wasp collected July 4 in his 
garden at Kaimuki. This indicates that it is becoming more 
widely spread since the first recovery last March. 

Maruca testulalis Geyer—A specimen of the Indian pea 
moth was exhibited by Mr. Swezey, collected by him among 
pigeon peas in his garden, July 4, 1923. Probably the larvae 
of the moth were feeding in the pigeon pea pods, but none 
were found. 

Polytus mellerborgi (Boh.)—Mr. Swezey reported collect- 
ing this weevil on banana plants on Kauai, both in the garden 
at Lihue Hotel, and on bananas growing wild along the streams 
back in the mountains at headwaters of Wailua River. 

Tiny Carabid from Cane Stools——A specimen of this minute 
Carabid was exhibited by Mr. Swezey. He had collected it 
among cane roots at Grove Farm, Lihue, Kauai, May 18, 1923. 
He reported also having collected a few at the same place last 
year, but had not reported it at the time. It is the same beetle 
first found in a cane stool at Puuloa, Oahu, in 1922 and 
reported at the time. 


Jo7 
SEPTEMBER 6, 1923. 


The 213th meeting of the Society was held at 2:30 p. m. at 
the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, President Muir in the 
chair. Other members present: Messrs. Bissell, Fullaway, Tim- 
berlake, Whitney, and Willard. 

Owing to the absence from Honolulu of a number of mem- 
bers, no meeting was held in August. The minutes of the 
212th meeting, held in July, were read and approved. 

The Secretary reported that the Proceedings for the year 
1922 were mailed on September 4, 1923. 


The Secretary read a communication from The Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia setting forth the financial 
status of the Zoological Record, and stating that the Zoological 
Societv of London was suffering an annual loss of £1100 on 
its publication. The letter stated that unless all but £500 
of this annual loss could be covered by zoologists and zoologi- 
cal societies throughout the world, it would be necessary to dis- 
continue the publication of the Record, and this society was 
asked for assistance. 


Upon motion by Mr. Fullaway, this communication was 
referred to the Executive Committee for action. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Antonina indica Green.—Mr. Fullaway reported finding the 
larvae of Antonina indica on the roots of pineapple at Moanalua, 


Oahu, August 21, 1923. 


Xenophyes cascus—Mr. Muir exhibited a nymph _ of 
Nenophyes cascus Bergroth from New Zealand. The insect 
belongs to the small family Peloridiidae and they are of inter- 
est because they have their head deflexed and inflexed in a 
manner similar to Homoptera. Without disection it is im- 
possible to state if there be a gula or not, but from the appear- 
ance of the labium it would appear that there is not. If this 
be the case then it may be necessary to place the family in a 
suborder by itself. 


A Bruchid new to Hawaii—Mr. Bissell exhibited several 
specimens of a Bruchid new to Hawaii and determined by him 


358 


as Bruchus amicus Horn, and stated that several specimens had 
been forwarded to the Federal Bureau of Entomology, Wash- 
ington, D. C., for verification of his determination. The first 
specimen was obtained by Mr. Bissell at the U. S. entomologi- 
cal laboratory, January 18, 1923, where it was bred from pods 
of Prosopis juliflora collected in Honolulu. One specimen of 
this same species was collected by Mr. Swezey at the U. S. 
Experiment Station and reported in the meeting of the society 
on April 5, as a new immigrant Bruchid. Mr. Bissell stated 
that it has since been bred very numerously from both green 
and ripe pods of P. juliflora, which had been collected at vari- 
ous places, Wailupe wireless station and a point two miles 
beyond Waipahu on the Ewa road. 


OCTOBER 451923: 


The 214th meeting was held at 2:30 p. m. at the usual place, 
President Muir presiding. Other members present: Messrs. 
Bryan, Crawford, Fullaway, Giffard, Timberlake, and Willard. 


The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 


The Secretary reported that the Executive Committee had 
considered the request for financial assistance for publication 
of the Zoological Record. The Committee recommended that 
no funds of the Society be used for this purpose, since it 1s 
necessary to obtain outside assistance each year to pay for its 
own publications. The great value of the Zoological Record 
to systematic workers in all branches of Zoology was recog- 
nized by the Committee, and it was their opinion that voluntary 
subscriptions from the members of the Society might be secured 
for this purpose. 

Upon motion by Mr. Giffard, it was voted that the report 
of the Executive Committee be accepted, and that the Treasurer 
systematically canvass the members and friends of the Society 
and raise at least $25 to forward to the Zoological Record. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Ethmia colonella WWalsm.—Mr. Bryan stated that Dr. C. M. 
Cooke, Jr., had reported a Kou tree, Cordia subcordata Lam.. 


near his beach house at Malaekahana, near Laie, Oahu, almost 
defoliated by a small, green caterpillar. He exhibited a series 
of this moth which was captured about the tree by Dr. S. C. 
Ball, although no caterpillars were seen at the time. 


Niphidiopsis lita Heb.—A female specimen of this Tetti- 
goniidae was taken by Mr. Fullaway in Honolulu, September 
11, 1923. Hitherto it has been known only from the town 
of Hilo, and vicinity, Hawai, where it appeared first in 1919. 


Nysius delectus White-—Mr. Giffard exhibited a large num- 
ber of these insects, which had been taken at large by Mr. 
Irwin Spalding on the ridge near Green Peak, overlooking 
Nanakuli Valley, on the Waianae Range, Oahu. Mr. Spalding 
reported that, in the latter part of September, 1923, while 
tramping along the thickly vegetated ridge on its windward 
crest during heavy wind and showers, he noticed that the fronds 
of tree ferns, mokehana, and other vegetation, when disturbed, 
caused enormous flights of these heteropterous insects, so 
much so, that their contact with the face and clothing became 
annoying. These facts caused Mr. Spalding to investigate, and 
he reported that certain of the vegetation, more particularly 
the ferns, contained large masses of these insects which, in 
spots, had assembled in millions. As an example he claims that 
on a single frond of tree fern he and his companions observed 
an assemblage of these insects over one inch thick by three 
inches long and two inches wide, from which he captured a 
handful of Nysiuws of which this exhibit forms a part. Mr. 
Spalding further stated that this unusual flight continued for 
half a mile on the ridge and that the insects appeared to be 
quite undisturbed by the wind and rain, but flew in myriads 
just as soon as the bushes were disturbed. No cause for the 
unusually large numbers was advanced by Mr. Spalding and 
no perceptible damage to the vegetation was observed by him. 
Mr. Fullaway reported a similar occurrence at Waikii, Parker 
Ranch, on corn, thickly congregated but not bunched in layers. 
Mr. Bryan had observed a number on Chenopodium bushes on 
Necker Island, all bunched up in several layers. 


360 


Chalcid Flies—Mr. Timberlake exhibited the following 
species, giving new records: 
Xesmatia flavipes Timb., one female on Sapindus, Kilauea, Hawaii, 


August 5, 1919 (Swezey). 


Pauridia peregrina Timb., one female on Koa, Kilohana, Kauai, Sep- 
tember 1, 1920 (Swezey). 


Anicetus annulatus Timb., one female, Kaiwiki, Hawaii, September 
22, 1918 (Swezey). 


Adelencyrtus odonaspidis Full., series, all females, Honaunau, Hawaii, 
August 13, 1919 (Swezey). 


Microterys flavus Howard, one female, Kaumuohona, Oahu, January 
17, 1917 (Bridwell). 


Hypergonatopus n. sp., one female, southeast Koolau Mountains, Oahu, 
February 4, 1917 (Bridwell). 


Zeteticontus sp., one female, Honolulu, 1906 (Perkins), taken in 
garden. 


Paranacryptus lacteipennis (Cameron). Three females taken in Hono- 
lulu, November, 1907 (Terry); October 19, 1915 (Swezey); and 
September 29, 1923 (Timberlake). These are apparently all the 
specimens of this species in the local collections. The species was 
described as an Epitranus, but agrees fairly well with Parana- 
cryptus. 


Tanager Expedition—Mr. Bryan reported on the recent 
expedition to Nihoa, Necker, and French Frigate Shoals, ex- 
hibiting several maps of the islands and a number of photo- 
graphs. He also gave an outline of the insects and plant life 
observed on each. 





NOVEMBER 1, 1923: 


The 215th regular meeting of the Society was held in the 
usual place, President Muir in the chair. Other members 
present: Messrs. Bryan, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, 
Pemberton, Rosa, Swezey, and Timberlake. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Muir reported that in accordance with the motion of 
the previous meeting to canvass the members of this Society 
for subscription in relief of the distressed financial condition of 
the publishers of the Zoological Record, a total of $30 had been 


361 


subscribed. The Society approved the forwarding of this fund 
direct to the Zoological Society of London. 


PAPERS. 


Mr. Bryan read a paper entitled, “Scenopinus in Hawaii.” 

Mr. Timberlake presented a discussion on a paper by him 
on the “Hymenoptera of Nihoa, Necker and French Frigate 
Islands, collected by Mr. E. H. Bryan of the Tanager Expe- 
dition.” The collection was exhibited. This paper has been 
withdrawn for publication elsewhere. 


“Further Notes on Chrysomyia Megacephala.” 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 
(Presented by E. H. Bryan, Jr.) 


Mr. Swezey presented a paper under the title: “Notes on 
Economic Insects in America Samoa.” He particularly dis- 
cussed the insect fauna of the coconut palm, sugar cane, 
papaia, taro, banana, and cucumber. 


“New Fulgorids from the West Indies.” 


BY F. MUIR. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Mr. Ehrhorn exhibited a large photo of members in assem- 
bly of the 1923 meeting of the Pan-Pacific Scientific Confer- 
ence in Sydney, Australia. 


Zatropis tortricidis Cwid—Mr. Timberlake exhibited speci- 
mens of this Pteromalid which has been collected from Oahu, 
Kauai, Maui and Hawaii, and a paratype female from North- 
east, Pennsylvania, loaned for comparison by the UsS-.Na- 
tional Museum. The species was first taken in Honolulu in 
January and December, 1902, by Dr. Perkins, who reared it 
from Gracilaria marginistrigata. It has also been reared from 
Cremastobombycia lantanella and from lantana berries, so that 
it is probably parasitic on Agromyza lantanae. 


Pheidole megacephala (Fab.)—Mr. Crawford discussed the 
swarming of this ant on a potted palm at the University of 
Hawaii. He stated that the ants came from beneath a cement 


362 


floor and were driven out through the leaking of a water pipe, 
and that there were from ten to twenty thousand massed on the 
leaves of the palm, carrying the eggs and immature stages 
with them. 


Saissetia nigra (Nietn.)—Mr. Fullaway reported finding the 
black scale on pineapples at Moanalua. Mr. Timberlake stated 
that he had also seen it on nut-grass. 


Scolia manilae Ashm.—Mr. Fullaway reported seeing this 
Philippine wasp numerous in pineapple fields at Moanalua. 


Samoan Lepidoptera—Mr. Swezey exhibited a collection of 
over 100 specimens of Lepidoptera collected in Samoa prior to 
1914 by Julius Henniger. Mr. Swezey secured this collection 
while in Samoa in September, 1923. They will be deposited in 
the Bishop Museum, through the request of Mr. Henniger. 
Mr. Swezey stated that most of the moths in the collection are 
species described from India. 


NXiphidiopsis ita Heb.—Mr. Swezey exhibited a specimen of 
this Tettigoniid collected at light at the University of Hawau, 
October 20, 1923. It is the second record of this species from 
the Island of Oahu, the insect being known previously for the 
past four years at Hilo and vicinity on the Island of Hawaii. 
Mr. Bryan stated that he had also collected one at Kalihi. To 
date the male has not been seen. 


Notogonidea luzonensis Rohw.—Mr. Swezey reported that 
he had collected the Philippine cricket-wasp at the following 
places: In’ house, Manoa’ Valley, (October 9 ins Yas e 
Cafeteria, October 12; in cane field at Laie, October 16; Oahu 
Sugar Co., Field 53, October 17. Two of these recently intro- 
duced wasps were also seen on the ridge at Kuliouou, October 
14, but not captured. This indicates a very wide natural spread 
from the original point of liberation at the H. S. P. A. Experi- 
ment Station grounds in March, 1922. Mr. Fullaway stated 
that he had also seen it in the pineapple fields at Moanalua 
recently. 


Tineola biselliella (Hum.).—Mr. Swezey exhibited specimens 
of this clothes-moth and stated that they were reared by Mr. 


363 


Giffard from larvae found on a woolen hat at his bungalow at 
Twenty-nine Miles, Olaa, Hawaii. This is commonly known as the 
webbing clothes-moth. It has previously been recorded in Hono- 
lulu by Dr. Illingworth feeding in brushes at the University of 
Hawai (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., Il], p. 274, 1917). Mr. Tim- 
berlake showed a parasite Apanteles hawatiensis which he 
stated Mr. Giffard had reared from a cocoon of this moth, at 
the same locality. 


Epigramorpha fidilis—Mr. Swezey exhibited and discussed 
a snail which he had found crawling about in a package of 
cane sent from Wailuku, Maui, packed in moss. The moss 
was secured in Wailuku and was originally from E. O. Hall & 
Son, Honolulu, who probably imported it from the States for 
packing material. The snail, according to Dr. Cooke, of the 
Bishop Museum, occurs in Oregon, Washington and British 
Columbia, but is not known to be established in Hawan. It 
is probably Epigramorpha fidilis. 


Japanese earthquake.—Mr. Bryan read a letter from Dr. J. 
I. Hlingworth, dated October 24, 1923, written from Japan, 
describing the losses of his entomological equipment and _ col- 
lections owing to the recent earthquake and fire in Japan. 


Australian ants—Mr. Bryan exhibited some Australian ants 
received at the Bishop Museum from Prof. Dr. Yngre Sjostedt 
of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseets, Stockholm. One hundred 
and four species are represented by 113 specimens, thirty-seven 
of which are cotypes. 


Tanager Expedition-—Mr. Bryan exhibited a collection of 
insects and photos taken by him while on the Tanager Expe- 
dition to Johnson and Wake Islands in July and August, 1923, 
and gave some interesting facts relative to the vegetation, 
topography and insect fauna of the islands. 


DECEMBER 6, 1923. 


The 216th meeting of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 
was held at the H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, President 
Muir presiding. Other members present: Messrs. Bissell, 


364 


Bryan, Crawford, Ehrhorn, Fullaway, Giffard, Pemberton, Rosa, 
Swezey, Timberlake, Wilder, and Willard. 


The Treasurer reported a balance on hand December 1, 
1923; of $118.59: 


The following officers were elected for the year 1924: 


President, O. H. Swezey; Vice-President, H. F. Willard; 
Secretary-Treasurer, D. T. Fullaway. 


Additional members of the Executive Committee, D. L. 
Crawford and W. M. Giffard. 


PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: 


“Homoplasmy or Convergent Development of Evolution.” 
BY F. MUIR. 


PAPERS. 


“Records of the Introduced and Immigrant Chalcid-flies of 
the Hawaiian Islands (Hym.).” 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 


“Descriptions of New Chalcid-flies from Hawaii and 
Mexico (Hym.).” 


BYES ELS EVR ER Ak: 


“Notes on Hawaiian Aphidae With Records of Food Plants 
(Homoptera).” 


BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 
NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS. 


Atropos divinatoria Mull.— Mr. Timberlake exhibited two 
vials of insect material, one of which had been heavily attacked 
by this Psocid. The other which showed very little attack, 
contained many of the Psocid egg parasite, Alaptus globosi- 
corms Gir. 


Musca vicini Macquart. (=Musca flavinervis Thomson ).— 
Mr. Bryan submitted the following note on this muscid: 
Major W. S. Patton in the Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. 
23, No.4, pp. 311, 326, 328, 1923, records the synonymy and 


365 


relationship of this fly. This is the Oriental house-fly with 
the narrow fronted male, figured and discussed by Dr. Illing- 
worth in these Proceedings, Vol. V, p. 275, 1923. Our typical 
house-flies have characters intermediate between this species and 
M. domestica Linn. Mr. Bryan stated also that the collection 
of Muscidae from Java, Amboina and Borneo, discussed by 
Major Patton (id. 323), was collected by Mr. F. Muir, and that 
the type of Musca illingworthi when returned, will be deposited 
in the collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment 
Station, with a paratype in the Bishop Museum. 


Scenopinus fenestralis Linn—Mr. Bryan stated that the 
“new fly” recorded by Mr. Fullaway (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 
Vol. V, p. 204, 1923), which resembled Milichia (Agromyzidae ) 
has since proved to be an undersized male of Scenopinus fenes- 
tralis Linn. The males have a transverse white band on the 
abdomen. 


Scholastes bimaculatus Hendel. (Ortalidae)—Mr. Wilder 
exhibited a series of specimens of this coconut fly, which had 
been bred by Mr. Bryan from coconuts furnished him from 
Mr. Wilder’s place in Honolulu. He stated that the maggots 
of this fly were white when young and a deep blue when full 
fed. It was described from Fiji and Samoa about 1878, and 
is closely allied to species which occur throughout Southeast 
Asia and Oceania. 


Oestrus ovis Linn—Mr. Fullaway reported the finding of 
a large number of this sheep head maggot in the head sinus of 
a goat, which was killed by Mr. Albert Horner in Tauhau 
Valley on Kauai, during November, 1923. 


Oliarus eggs.—Mr. Swezey reported the finding of a batch 
of eggs on the surface of a bracket fungus collected from a koa 
log on Mt. Ohulehule, October 28, 1923, which, on hatching, 
turned out to be Oliarus. Apparently it is the first record of 
the finding of eggs of Oliarus in Hawaii. There were about a 
dozen of the oval white eggs loosely enclosed beneath what had 
the appearance of a small bit of lichen. The inner edge of this 
was composed of white, waxy material usually found at the 


366 


apex of the abdomen of the female Oliarus; the outside was 
greenish as if covered by a minute growth of lichen. 


Tinea pellionella Linn—Mr. Swezey exhibited a portion of 
a saddle cloth of coarse hair, which Mr. Giffard had found 
infested by this species of clothes moth at his barn on Keeau- 
moku street, Honolulu. Hundreds of the larval cases were pres- 
ent, and a score or more of moths had issued in the two weeks 
the material had been under observation. 





Staphylinid attacking fruit-fly larvae —Mr. Bissell exhibited 
a specimen of a Staphylinid beetle, which was collected by E. A. 
Back and C. E. Pemberton in 1913, and reported by them as 
attacking the larvae of the Mediterranean fruit-fly in Manoa 
Valley, Honolulu. He stated that it was different from any 
species he could find in Hawaiian collections; but that it 
resembled superficially Leurocorynus cephalotes in the Bishop 
Museum collection, and that possibly it was of the same genus. 
Also that it was near to Phyrocephalys coclestis from Australia. 


Pyralid caterpillar on celery —Mr. Fullaway reported tak- 
ing a Pyralid caterpillar on celery which had been imported 
into Honolulu from California. 


367 
PAPERS PRESENTED DURING 1923. 


Hawaiian Trypetidae (Diptera). 


BY Ee hl RANG enn 
(Presented at the meeting of March 1, 1923.) 


| have received two letters from Prof. Dr. M. Bezzi, in 
reply to a box of Hawaiian fruit and gall-flies, and a request 
for his opinion on their nomenclature. He states that “Chacto- 
dacus cucurbitae and Ceratitis capitata are the usual forms,” 
... but thinks that crassipes, cratericola, and dubautiae should 
be retained in Tephritis, although he admits that they are “very 
like Trypanea, in having a star-shaped terminal spot, which 1s, 
however, combined with a net-like pattern continued to the, 
base of the wing.” He goes on to say that “these species seem 
to form a group peculiar to the Islands, only the unknown 
limpidapex being a more typical Tephritis.” 

At the July 6 meeting of the Society, last year, on the 
authority of Dr. Aldrich, I referred these three species to the 
genus 7rypanea. In view of Dr. Bezzi’s familiarity with the 
group, it might be wise to leave them in the genus Tephritis, 
but in order to distinguish them from the typical Tephritis, to 
place them in a sub-genus Trypanoidea, Tephritis crassipes 
(Thomson) being typical of the sub-genus. 7. sweseyi and 
T. limpidapex would not belong in this sub-genus. 





Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 3, December, 1!) 1 


368 


Scenopinus in Hawaii (Diptera). 


IB Yee: Ele eDIROYPAUNIES slik. 
(Presented at the meeting of November 1, 1923.) 


It has been known for some time that there were two 
introduced species of Scenopinus in Hawaii. One has in- 
fuscated wings, black halteres, and dark legs with yellow tarsi; 
and the other, nearly clear wings, reddish-brown legs, and the 
halteres with conspicuous white knobs. 


Grimshaw (Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. III, p. 11, 1901), 
records Scenopinus niger “Mg.” (which should be “(De 
Geer)”) as collected in “Hotel, Honolulu.” Just recently I 
found a reference by Brunetti (Fauna British India, Diptera 
Brachycera I, p. 312, 1920) that Scenopinus fenestralis (Linn.) 
occurred in Hawaii. 


Lundbeck (Diptera Danica, pt. 2, p. 159, 1908) gives de- 
scriptions and a key separating these species and I find that 
our specimens fit these two species very nicely. They may be 
separated by the following key: 

Wings strongly infusecated; eyes separated in both sexes; legs blackish, 
tarsinyellows: Shalteres! ad arkeen ae eee ee erie ae S. niger (De Geer). 


Wings not strongly infuseated; eyes of male contiguous; legs ferrugine- 
ous; halteres with white knobs................ S. fenestralis (Linn.). 


These flies may be easily recognized. They are jet black, 
with a flattened abdomen, the seven segments of which bear 
transverse depressions. They are quite bare of bristles, even 
the arista.of the small, three-jointed antennae being lacking. 
They are most frequently. seen on windows, but are also occa- 
sionally found elsewhere, as on Ewa Coral Plain. The larvae 
are elongate, cylindrical, of about twenty segments. They 
are thought to be carnivorous, living upon the larvae of small 
moths, fleas, etc. They are associated with certain groups of 
plants, as the Umbelliferae, and on Syringa, Rosa and 
Carpinus. 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


369 


The Bishop Museum Collection of Psyllidae 
(Homoptera). 


BY D, L.. CRAWFORD. 
(Presented at the meeting of June 7, 1923.) 


Several hundred specimens of Hawaiian Psyllidae in the 
Bishop Museum were recently assembled by E. H. Bryan and 
examined by the writer. Twelve species were found to be 
represented in this collection, as follows: 

Trioza tolan Kirkaldy. 

Trioza ohiacola Crawford. 

Trioza hawaiiensis Crawford. 

Hevaheva perkinsi Wirkaldy. 

Hevaheva gifiardi Crawford. 

Hevaheva silvestris Kirkaldy. 

Hevaheva monticola Wirkaldy. 

Kuwayama minuta Crawford 

Kuwayama nigricapita Crawford. 

Kuwayama gracilis Crawford. 

Cerotrioza bivittata Crawford. 

Megatrioza palmicola Crawford. 


The following observations may be of interest. Maui and 
Kauai are both represented in this collection, whereas in pub- 
lished records of Psyllidae neither of these islands has figured 
much. 


Trioza iolani occurs on Maui, judging from the presence 
of one specimen of this species from Iao Valley, on Ohia 
lehua. 


Trioza ohiacola is a more widely distributed species, occur- 
ring on most if not all the islands and forming galls on leaves of 
Ohia lehua, as does Trioza iolani also. This is a variable species 
and seems to merge into T. iolani. Specimens, some very typi- 
cal of the species and some not very typical, appear in the 
collection as from Kilauea, Glenwood, Kaiwiki and South 
Kona (all on Island of Hawaii); Iao Valley, Maui; and a 
number of upland points on Oahu. 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


370 


Kuwayama gracilis is represented from several points on 
Oahu and several specimens collected on Maui (Iao Valley and 
Kailua) appear to belong to this species, but show a strong 
tendency to revert to Trioza in having genal cones. This 
genus is distinguished from Trioza by the absence of genal 
cones, the paired projections on the front of the head. The 
fact that several species from widely separated regions have 
been referred to this genus and the further fact that each of 
these species appears to be more closely related to certain Trioza 
species in the same region than to other Awwayama_ species 
elsewhere, would seem to indicate that the absence of genal 
cones is a characteristic derived independently in different 
localities as parallel evolutional development. 


The Maui specimens of K. gracilis and one specimen from 
Oahu appear to belong to this species without much doubt, 
except that the genal cones are not wholly wanting. Whether 
these particular specimens really represent another species or 
not is left for further study to determine. 


Kuwayama minuta is represented by a considerable number 
of specimens from Kauai (Summit Camp). 

The other species in the collection present nothing of notable 
interest. | 


371 


Notes on Coccinellidae. 


BY D. T. FULLAWAY. 
(Presented at the meeting of March 1, 1923.) 


Curinus coeruleus (Muls.). 
Mulsant Spee., p. 472. 


DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES. 


Egg. Deposited in clusters of from one to two dozen eggs. Individual 
eggs cylindrical, tapering at the ends, exceeding 1 mm. in length, pearly 
white, smooth, although microscopically sculptured, micropylar end rough- 
ened by the presence of numerous minute granular papillae in a circular 
area about the opening, attached by an adhesive fluid at opposite end, but 
seldom erect, usually procumbent. 

Larva. Eight mm. long, 3 mm. wide at middle, tapering to both ends, 
moderately convex, integument finely reticuately rugose; head small, roughly 
rectangular, a little longer than wide (dorsal view), fairly smooth, black, 
with a few seattered pale hairs; ocelli three on either side of the head, 
near antero-lateral angle, directly behind antennae, which are short and 
three-segmented; the maxillary palpi are considerably larger and three- 
segmented also; the labial palpi two-segmented. Prothorax much larger 
than head, roughly triangular in outline (dorsal view), creamy white, the 
cervical shield brownish, bisected by a median longitudinal white vitta, 
each half with a black border except for a short distance on posterior 
margin and with two black spinous tubercles bearing many black spinous 
hairs situated midway on outer lateral margin; many black spinous hairs 
on the flat plates. Mesothorax, metathorax and ten abdominal segments 
transverse, mesonotum and metanotum with four, abdominal tergites, 
except the last two, with six longitudinal rows of large black spinous 
tubercles bearing black spinous hairs. These are disposed with reference 
to individual nota as follows: On the mesonotum two outer (pleural) and 
two inner (lateral) tubercles on either side, the former widely separate, 
the latter close together and with a brown spot bordered with black at 
the base on the inner side; metanotum with two outer (pleural) and one 
inner (lateral) tubercle, the large oval basal spot entirely black; abdomi- 
nal tergites with one pleural, one lateral and one dorsal tuberele on either 
side. There is a conspicuous submarginal crease or depression on either 
side between the lines of lateral and pleural tubercles. There are also 
seattered black spinous hairs medially on the mesothorax and metathorax, 
and laterally on the abdominal segments, a median single and lateral 
double row of small black depressed tubercles on the abdominal tergites, 
and spiracular openings in the intersegmental folds at the anterior mar- 
gins of the first six abdominal segments, between dorsal and lateral tuber- 
cles, and on pronotum at base of anterior of the two pleural tubercles on 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


372 


inner side. Color dusky, except an interrupted median longitudinal white 
vitta (already noted on pronotum), a white U-shaped area embracing the 
median section of the fourth and posterior margin of the third abdominal 
segment (to and including the bases of the two lateral tubercles) and the 
corresponding tubercles on the first and second abdominal segments; a 
white spot at the base of the corresponding pleural tubercles on the pos- 
terior side, as well as at the base of the posterior of the two pleural 
tubercles on the metathorax on the posterior side, and a median section 
of the pleural and lateral tubercles on first abdominal segment, lateral 
tubercle on second abdominal segment and dorsal tubercle -on fourth ab- 
dominal segment, also as above indicated for prothorax and head. Penulti- 
mate segment with many light and dark hairs on posterior margin. Last 
segment retracted, appearing on the ventral side of body as a flat. foot, 
the organ of attachment in pupation. Venter lighter, legs stout, trans- 
verse rows of depressed tubercles on the abdominal sternites. 


Pupa. Formed within the shed larval skin, which is rent lengthwise 
from the anterior margin of the cervical shield to the posterior margin 
of the fifth abdominal tergite and an opening formed by the receding 
margins, the pupa lying in the hollow. Length, 5 mm.; width, 3.5 mm., 
depth, 2 mm. Viewed from above, roughly triangular in outline, the dorsal 
surface moderately convex. Head retracted beneath the pronotum and 
closely appressed to the body, not visible on dorsum; roughly triangular 
in outline, quite narrow at the clypeus although the sides are parallel for 
half their length. Pronotum deeply emarginate medially on the anterior 
margin for the reception of the head, lateral margins rounded, only the 
very posterior part visible from above, the posterior margin slightly curved 
outwardly. Mesonotum and metanotum transverse, the obtusely angled 
base of the wing covers joining them laterally, nine segments visible in 
the dorsal view of abdomen, which is roughly triangular in outline, all 
the segments transverse. The color of the body ranges from creamy 
white to reddish brown with dusky markings. Head mostly dusky, 
pronotum with two broad dusky vittae of reddish-brown ground color, 
mesonotum with an obtusely angulate narrow transverse black vitta be- 
hind anterior margin and two widely separated black spots in front of 
posterior margin on reddish brown ground, metanotum nearly black, a 
reddish brown oval area medially near anterior margin. Wing covers 
blackish along posterior lateral margin, otherwise reddish brown to dusky . 
and yellowish brown, first abdominal tergite black with reddish brown an- 
terior margin and with two pairs of papillae, the lateral ones situated 
close to the lateral margins, considerably elevated and conical, the median 
ones more tuberculate, a dusky to black transverse chitinization on each 
of the following segments to and including the eighth; ninth and tenth 
segments very small, the latter retracted and with a forked tail for the 
attachment of the body. Legs and maxillary palpi very conspicuous 
ventrally. Wing covers reaching posteriorly as far as the posterior 
margin of the fifth abdominal segment. 


373 


Figured in Biennial Report, Hawaiian Board of Agriculture 
and Forestry, 1921-22, Plate XI (opposite p. 64). 


LEN I (24 a se eee RR A eee EO OL Ways. 
Ve nacelles eee ee seen ke ot ee ey MAYS, 
Lethe PR eye (che ore ee ee: a : a7 ans: 


Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise. 
Boll. Portici v. 3, p. 205, 1908. 


DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES. * 


Egg. Laid singly beneath the adult female of Pseudococcus nipae. 
Color, pale lemon yellow, elliptico-cylindrical, .5 mm. long, surface rugulose. 

Larva. Young larva olive green, pale and sordid, .75 mm, long, head 
eapsule thinly chitinized, dusky and shining, three ocelli on either side 
black, a black spot posteriorly on either side of the median line on pro, 
meso and metathoracie nota. Body clothed with pale hairs. Legs stout. 
Full grown larva 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, elongate oval, flatly convex, 
color pale clay yellow, darker medially, covered dorsally with white, waxy 
secretion. Seeretes a sulphur yellow fluid from the dorsum when this is 
disturbed. Head small, transverse, labelliform, retractile, thinly chitinized 
and bearing fine hairs, ocelli two on each side, black, immediately behind 
the short, papillate antennae, which are two-jointed and setaceous at 
apex. Maxillary palpi four jointed. Labial palpi dise-like. Legs fairly 
stout. Prothorax transversely oval, narrower than the mesothorax or 
the metathorax. Abdominal segments transverse, narrowing slightly in a 
posterior direction from the metathorax. A longitudinal row of setiger- 
ous turbercles is present on the lateral margins, another within the 
margin of the metathorax and the first eight abdominal segments, three 
transverse rows of fine hairs on the pronotum, two on mesonotum and 
metanotum and a line along the lateral margins of each, a transverse 
row of hairs on the anterior margin of the first eight abdominal seg- 
ments, ninth abdominal segment with the hind margin eurved, a_ line 
of hairs along the caudal margin and a few scattered hairs'on the notum, 
ventral surface nearly naked, the foot on the venter of ninth segment. 

Pupa. Completely covered with a mass of white, waxy secretion. 
When denuded of this, the color appears the same as that of larva. Very 
convex dorsally, flat ventrally, short oval, 3.5 mm. long, 2.75 mm. wide, 
dorsally very hairy, head withdrawn to the venter and somewhat im- 
bedded, the nota reaching nearly half the length of body, wing eases ex- 
tending to the posterior margin of the fourth abdominal segment, last 
abdominal segment recurved onto the venter and bearing the foot or 
organ of attachment. 


374 


ligured in Biennial Report, Hawaiian Board Agriculture 


and Forestry, 1921-22, Plate XI (opposite p. 64). 
SOO PISEA OG. a: hoe ere aes pee co eens ae ese ee 7 Days. 
Dative Sta gS) aa eo as oe eee ee 2/7 Days 
Pupall <stace* att ec sie tl See cen res ee 13 Days. 


SV) 


The Small Banana Weevil (Coleoptera). 


BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 
(Presented at the meeting of March 1, 1923.) 


Polytus mellerborgi (Boheman). 


Sitophilus mellerborgii Boh., Schoenherr, Genera et Species Curculio- 
nidum, vol. 4, p. 976, 1837. Hab., Java. 


Calandra remota Sharp, Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian 
Islands. Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., vol. 3 (Ser. 2), p. 254, 1885. 
Hab., Oahu. (?) Immigrant. 


Polytus n. gen. for mellerborgi Boh., Faust, J., Curculionidae von 
Birma. Ann. Mus. Genova, Ser. 2, vol. XIV (XXXIV) 1894. 
Hab., Rangoon. 


I first took specimens of this small weevil in Fiji, 1913, 
commonly in stems of growing banana, closely associated with 
the ordinary banana borer, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.). In 
fact, so closely were they associated with the larger weevil that 
for a time I considered them starved specimens of sordidus. 


Returning to Hawaii, I sent specimens with other material 
to both the U. S. National Museum and to the British Museum 
for identification. Mr. Schwarz of the former institution deter- 
mined them as Calandra remota Sharp. Just recently, in going 
over this material, I discovered that the specimens returned 
from the British Museum labeled “Polytus mellerborgi Boh.” 
were the same species. 


Looking up the original description of mellerborgi, it was 
evident that Calandra remota must be a synonym for this small 
banana borer. I wrote Dr. Guy Marshall of the British Museum 
for further confirmation, stating that we have exotic specimens 
in Honolulu collections from Borneo, Java, Amboina, Malay 
Peninsula, China and Fiji. In his reply of December 16, 1922, 
he states Calandra remota Sharp, is undoubtedly a synonym of 
Polytus mellerborgi (Boh.), which is widely distributed through- 
out tropical Asia. 


I was interested in reviewing the literature to find that Faust 
says, “Einem Zwerg von Cosmopolites sordidus,” which de- 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


376 


scribes it perfectly, for it is an exact miniature of the larger 
weevil borer. 


ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. 


Sasscer, E. R., Important foreign insect pests collected on 
imported nursery stock in 1915, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 9, p. 


218) 1916: 


Banana plants from the Philippines riddled by Cosmo polites 
sordidus, were reported to be also infested with Calandra remota 
Sharp. In the abstract of this report (see Rev. Appl. Ent. 
(Ser. A) vol. 4, p. 199) the reviewer has substituted Polytes 
mellerborgi Boh., placing Calandra remota Sharp in _paren- 
theses. 


Notes on this species, under the name Calandra remota have 
appeared in the Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological 
Society as follows: 


Vol. 1, p. 113, Giffard took 20 specimens from decaying 
banana stems on Tantalus. 


Vol. 3, p. 269, Giffard took a specimen in beating “ieie” 
vines. 


Vol. 3, p. 388, Bridwell found the larvae feeding in the base 
of banana stems. 


Vol. 4, p. 76, Bridwell reported that specimens collected by 
Muir in China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo and Amboina 
belonged to this species. 


Vol. 4, p. 464, Swezey found nine specimens in the decay- 
ing corm of a banana plant at Kaimuki, and again (p. 472) he 
took 65 of these weevils from beneath the dried-up leaf sheaths 
of one banana plant at the same place. These had apparently 
matured from larvae that had developed in the corm below the 
surface. 


a0 


Further Notes on Chrysomyia Megacephala (Fabr.) 
(Diptera). 
BY J. F. ILLINGWORTH. 


(Presented by E. H. Bryan, Jr., at the meeting of November 1, 1923.) 


I wish to add the following notes on the distribution of 
this species. In Yokohama during July, 1923, I took four males 
in a fly-trap, in a sweet shop. Yet, during extensive collecting 
in this region, in June and July, I got no other specimens, even 
on exposed carrion; a fact which indicates that this species is 
rare in this latitude. Collecting in Hokkaido failed to reveal a 
single specimen, though Dr. Matsumura’s extensive collection in 
the Imperial University at Sapporo contained numerous mate- 
rial, both males and female, from the Ladrone Islands, and a 
tuale taken at Baguio, Luzon, P. J., by Prof..C. F. Baker. 


In Kyoto I took a single male of this species in a fish 
market, October 1, 1923. I also found this fly in a collection 
from India, determined by Brunetti, at the Shimazer Seisachio 
Specimen Department. 


Thus these records extend the range recorded in my original 
notes on this species (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. V. pp. 266-7, 1923), 
and indicate that Yokohama is the northern limit of this semi- 
tropical fly. 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 





379 


A New Hawaiian Rhyncogonus (Coleoptera, Rhyncophora). 


BY DR. R. GC. L. PERKINS. 
(Presented by O. H. Swezey at the meeting of June 7, 1923.) 


Rhyncogonous saltus n. sp. 


Nearly black, though reddish in parts, the funicle joints of the 
antennae and the tarsi evidently rufescent. 


Head basally with distinet punctures, in front of. these strigose to 
about the line of the antennal insertions, sparsely clothed with pale yel- 
lowish setac; the eyes quite strongly convex; the first and second funicle 
joints of the antennae subequal, the first not three times as long as its 
greatest width, the third much shorter than these, the club longer than 
the three preceding joints together. 


Pronotum very densely, subrugosely punctured, such small spaces as 
are left between the punctures shining; a very narrow smooth median 
line, which in some aspects appears like a fine carina, extends prac- 
tically the whole length of the pronotum. The general clothing of this 
part is very sparse, but towards the sides it forms a dense band which 
is more or less interrupted or at least thinner towards the middle. 


Elytra narrow, about three times as long as the pronotum, and one 
and a half times as long as broad, clothed with pale decumbent setae 
(which do not form a pattern, being generally distributed) and with 
very sparse erect ones, which are chiefly noticeable on the apical and on 
the lateral parts; the coarse serial punctures are ill-defined or irregular 
in outline and between them are seattered minute turbereles or surface 
granulations; there are also some vague inequalities of the surface which 
are more or less transverse in direction, but, as happens in other species, 
there may be individual peculiarities. There is no distinct, sharp edge or 
carina marking off the pseudepipleural portion of the elytra, and this 
portion is well clothed in general, no distinct maculations being formed by 
the setae, though they are less numerous on the lower part. On the 
apical part of the femora the appressed setae become conspicuously dense, 
in the case of the front and middle legs on both the outer and inner 
surfaces, but only on the outer surface of the hind femora. The large 
basal portion of the abdominal ventral surface is mostly smooth and shin- 
ing, with copious and distinct punctures; the subtriangular apical seg- 
ment is very feebly sculptured but conspicuously pubescent, the two small 
preceding segments being comparatively bare. 


Female. Length 8 mm.; width of elytra about 3.5 mm. 
This obscure species is placed near FR. extraneus, simplex 


and vestitus, and bears considerable superficial resemblance to 
narrow and depauperated examples of simplex. Apart from 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


380 


numerous other distinctions, the value of which is in some 
cases uncertain owing to the variability of the latter species, 
while the one above described is at present known only from 
a single specimen, the ventral abdominal segments afford a good 
character which is probably quite constant. In simplex female 
the penultimate (exposed) ventral segment is conspicuously 
hairy, like the apical one, in sa/tus it is nearly bare, like pre- 
ceding and very unlike the following segment in clothing. 


Hab.—Oahu, Waianae Mts., where a single specimen was 
collected May 9, 1920, by -Mr..O. H. Swezey, near the Kole- 
kole Pass, on the native Composite, Campylotheca menziesii. 


381 


‘Whence the Termites of Hawaii? 


BY THOMAS E. SNYDER. 
Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology, 
U. S. Department of Agriculture. 


(Presented by O. H. Swezey at the meeting of March 1, 1923.) 


On a recent visit to the Museum of Camparative Zoology, 
Cambridge, Mass., through the kindness of Mr. Nathan Banks, 
I was able to examine a small collection of termites from 
Hawaii. Among this material were large-sized soldiers of a 
species of Neotermes which may be Neotermes connexus var. 
major Sny. I recently described this variety from dealated 
adults collected at Kaiwiki. The label in the vial of the mate- 
rial from the Museum of Comparative Zoology was merely 
“Hawaiian Islands.” 

Very few termites are known from Hawaii; but five species 
have been described, four being in the more primitive family 
Kalotermitidae and one being in the intermediate family Rhino- 
termitidae; no species in the more highly specialized family 
Termitidae are known from Hawaii. A list of the species of 
termites of Hawaii showing family relationship and occurrence 
follows: 


Family Kalotermitidae. 


Neotermes connexus Snyder.....................All Islands 
Neotermes connexus var. major Snyder...... Hawaii, Kaiwiki 
Kalotermes immigrans Snyder............... Oahu, Honolulu 
Cryptotermes piceatus Snyder................ Oahu, Honolulu 


Family Rhinotermitidae. 
Coptotermes intrudens Oshima.............. Oahu, Honolulu 


It would be interesting to know whether these termites are 
native to Hawaii or not. Students of the fauna of Hawaii 
claim that there is only one native species of termite, namely 
the mountain form, Neotermes connexus Snyder, formerly sup- 
posed to be “Calotermes”’ castaneus Burmeister of the United 
States and the West Indies. Neotermes connexus Sny. is a true 
forest insect, confining itself to the mountain forests, but occurs 
on all the islands. It is sometimes injurious to living forest 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


382 


trees but does not cause any extensive dying of trees. Kalotermes 
immigrans Snyder, believed to have been Kalotermes margini- 
penms Latr. of North and Central America and the West Indies, 
is believed to have been introduced. This species occurs in 
dead trees and other timbers on the lowlands. Nevertheless it 
is known to have been present in Hawaii since 1883, which is 
also the first record of Neotermes connexrus. Cryptotermes 
piceatus Snyder, believed to have been Cryptotermes brevis 
Walker, has been known to occur in Hawaii only since 1904, 
and with Coptotermes intrudens Oshima, known to occur in 
Hawaii only since 1913, is responsible for the greater part of 
the destruction of the woodwork of buildings, furniture and 
other timber in Honolulu. Both of these termites are supposed 
to have been introduced into Hawaii and are confined prin- 
cipally to Honolulu, although spreading rapidly. 


The species in the family Kalotermitidae occurring in Hawaii 
are related to species occurring in the United States and the 
West Indies, whereas Coptotermes itrudens is related to a 
species of Coptotermes, namely formosanus Shiraki, of Japan 
and Formosa. It may be that some of these species have been 
introduced into Hawaii and have since developed into distinct 
species. However, Neotermes connexus and Neotermes con- 
nexus, var. major seem to be native species and I should not 
be surprised if Kalotermes immigrans were also native. A single 
specimen, possibly a variety of this species, collected at Waikiki 
is lighter colored, longer, with longer, wider head, and has the 
pronotum relatively shorter in proportion to its width; the wings 
are also longer; membrane of wing rugose between median and 
subcosta. Of course it may be that it has been introduced and 
it is splitting up into varieties. Another species collected on 
Hawaii, at Hilo in July, 1900, by H. W. Henshaw, is appar- 
ently new. More material is needed to definitely determine 
whether these are varieties or distinct species. 


Recently Claude Fuller has described a species of Crypto- 
termes from Durban, South Africa, which is very close if not 
identical with Cryptotermes brevis Walker of Southern Florida 
and the West Indies. Fuller named this species pseudobrevts. 
It was confined to one carpenter shop in one locality. Such 
species of termites living in dry, sound wood may easily become 


383 


cosmopolitan through commerce. Strict enforcement of quar- 
antine laws will prevent much of such distribution. 

Recent systematic work on termites is giving us concise rec- 
ords on distribtuion. Reticulitermes flavipes Kol. is found to 
occur only in the eastern portion of the United States. Leuco- 
termes tenuis Hagen of America includes three other distinct 
species. Neotermes castaneus Burmeister is a definite species of 
restricted distribution. 


May I not make a plea for a more thorough survey of the 
distribution of termites in Hawaii and the collection of speci- 
mens of soldiers with winged forms, if possible! Such speci- 
mens can be placed in alcohol and sent to the United States 
National Museum. Such a survey may enable us to better 
determine the status and relationship of Hawaiian termites. 


A description of the soldier of Neotermes major Snyder is 
appended. 


Neotermes major Snyder. 


Soldier.—Head light castaneous-brown, darker anteriorly, broad, but 
longer than broad, fairly flat, but slightly arched, area of epicranial 
suiure slopes to anterior and is slightly depressed, head with seattered 
long and short hairs. Width of gula at front nearly three times width at 
center. 

Eye spot purplish, elongate (2 mm. long) slanting. 

Labrum yellow-brown, broader than long, rounded and with long hairs 
at apex. 

Mandibles black (reddish brown at base), fairly stout, slenderer and 
ineurved at tips; left mandible with two sharp, pointed teeth at middle 
and a basal molar; right mandible with one sharp, pointed tooth at mid- 
dle and basal molar. 

Antennae light castaneous-brown, 16 segments, pubescent; third seg- 
ment elongate, clavate, nearly as long as fourth and fifth segments to- 
gether. 

Pronotum yellow-brown, darker rim at anterior margin, broader than 
head, deeply roundedly concave at anterior margin, corners high ante- 
riorly, sides roundedly narrowed to posterior margin, latter is slightly 
emarginate; with scattered long hairs. 

Legs with tibiae swollen. 

Abdomen yellow-brown, with long hairs. 

Measurements: Length of entire soldier, 10.5+ (?) mm.; length of 
head with mandibles, 4.9-5.20 mm.; length of head without mandibles 
(to anterior), 3.30 mm.; length of left mandible, 1.70 mm.; length of 


384 


pronotum, 1.70 mm.; length of hind tibia, 1.80-1.90 mm. (aver. 1.85) ; 


mon 


width of head, 2.5-2.7 mm.; width of pronotum, 2.8 mm. 


Described from three soldiers in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., in a vial with label “Hawaiian 
Islands.” This soldier is believed from its size, etc., to be the 
same species as Neotermes connexus, var. major Snyder, de- 
scribed from dealated adults from Kaiwiki, Hawaii. If so, it 
is a valid species, not a variety; if not, it is a new species. Two 
of these specimens from which the description was made are 
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., the 
other is in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 


385 


Notes on Insect Pests in Samoa. 
BY O. H. SWEZEY. 


(Presented at the meeting of November 1, 1925.) 


While in Samoa four weeks during September, 1923,.every 
opportunity was taken to make observations on insect pests of 
economic importance there. 


Apparently the most destructive pests are those of the coco- 
nut and banana, and they appear to be such as have compara- 
tively recently arrived there from elsewhere, probably from 
other Islands of the South Pacific. 


The worst pest on sugar cane is the borer, the same kind 
that we have in Hawaii. As cane is grown in Samoa only for 
thatching the native houses, the damage done by the borer is 
not taken so seriously as if it were a commercial crop. 


INSECTS ON SUGAR CANE. 
Perkinsiella vitiensis Kirk. 


This leafhopper was usually to be found in patches of sugar 
cane, though not abundant enough to be injurious. In fact, the 
insects themselves were rather so scarce as to be difficult to find, 
but their presence was known by the discoloration of the mid- 
rib of the leaves where eggs had been deposited. Very few 
eggs were found anywhere, and I failed to find any that were 
parasitized. However, a few of the little round exit holes were 
found which indicate where the egg-parasite Ootetrastichus 
had issued. This was very likely the same species ( Ootetras- 
tichus beatus Perkins) that occurs in Fiji. The adult parasite 
-oviposits in eggs of the leafhopper. In developing, the para- 
\site larva consumes the leafhopper egg in which it has hatched, 
it then eats the other two to seven eggs of the same cluster of 
jleafhopper eggs. Having obtained its growth the larva trans- 

/ forms to the pupa and adult in a small cavity in the leaf tissue, 
/ and gnaws the tiny round exit hole to make its escape when 
fully matured. This egg-parasite was introduced from Fiji 
to Hawaii in 1905 where it rendered valuable assistance in 
checking the cane leafhopper (Perkinsiclla saccharicida \irk. ) 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


386 


occurring there. A single specimen of the egg-parasite was col- 
lected in a cane patch on the island of Tau of the Manu’a group, 
which proves to be the Fijian species mentioned. 


Rhabdocnemis obscura (Boisd.). 


The cane borer was generally present and quite injurious. 
In some places worse than others, sometimes scarce and hard to 
find in cane patches. Often it was easier to find in coconut 
trees, where its larvae were in the bases of old leafstalks, usu- 
ally the stubs where leaves had been cut off. 

A colony of the New Guinea Tachinid fly parasitic on the 
larvae of this borer was sent to the Naval Station, Pago Pago, 
in 1918. I learned that the flies had been liberated in a cane 
patch at a Samoan village on Pago Pago harbor. As I was 
not able to find any of the parasites anywhere that I looked, 
it must have failed to become established. If it had succeeded 
in establishing, it could have spread quite generally by this 
time. Other colonies of this parasite have recently been sent in 
further attempts to establish it there. 


Elytroteinus subtruncatus (Fairm.). 


A beetle which has been known as the ginger weevil, was 
found in cane along with the cane-borer in a cane patch on the 
side of the mountain above Fagasa village. Quite a number of 
larvae were found, mostly in broken off canes lying on the 
ground and already somewhat bored by larvae of Rhabdocnemis 
obscura. A few pupae were found which were saved till they 
matured to the adult beetles. The identity of the species was 
verified by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall of the Imperial Bureau of 
Entomology. 

Longicorn beetle. 

A few larvae of a Longicorn beetle were found in dead 
canes on the ground in the same cane patch at Fagasa. These 
were not reared, so their identity is not known. They were 
probably some dead-wood borer, and not a particular cane 
insect, probably only attacking dead canes. 

Melanitis leda Linn. 


On two occasions the larva of this butterfly was found 
feeding on cane leaves. One of them was reared, thus proving 


387 


its identity. It is a green caterpillar, probably a special cane 
insect, though not numerous enough to be considered a _ pest. 
I do not know if it feeds on other plants than cane. It occurs 
in Fiji, and quite widely distributed in the South Pacific. 


Cosmopteryx dulcivora Meyr. 


The larva of some small species of moth was found boring 
in the midribs of cane leaves, fairly common, but not specially 
injurious. I failed to rear any adults, but it is likely to be the 
species here given which occurs in Fiji with similar habits. 


Mealy bugs: Pseudococcus sacchari and P. calceolariae. 


Both of these species of mealy bugs are found, the former 
more common than the latter. Both feed on the cane stalk at 
the nodes, inside of the leaf sheaths. No parasites were found 
associated with these, nor ladybeetles feeding on them. 


Aleyrodes bergii (Sign.). 


In several different places colonies of an Aleyrodid were 
found on cane. They were usually on the underside of the leaf 
and near the base, and in quite dense clusters of a few hundred 
insects and occupying a space of two to three inches along the 
leaf. They were not numerous enough to cause any signifi- 
cant injury. This species also occurs in Fiji. 


Diaspine scale. 


In the cane patch at Fagasa, a few stalks of cane were 
found having a scale on them near the joints. Not numerous 
enough for injury. The species has not been determined. 


Coconut INSECTs. 


Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. 


The rhinoceros beetle seems to be considered the most 1m- 
portant of all insects that affect the coconut in Samoa. The 
injury is done by the large adult bettles feeding and burrow- 
ing in the growing crown of the coconut tree, where they may 
cause such injury as to result in the death of the tree, or they 
may only mutilate the undeveloped leaves so that they cannot 
become fully developed and of proper service to the tree, or it 
may be that the undeveloped fruiting clusters are so much 


388 


injured as to prevent the bearing of nuts. The appearance of 
the newer mutilated leaves serves to indicate when and where 
the beetle is prevalent. The larvae or grubs are not injurious 
but feed in dead and rotting stumps and logs. 


Searching out these grubs and destroying them is the chief 
control measure being practiced. It seems to be quite effec- 
tive when persistently and thoroughly carried out. One day 
per week is designated as “beetle day,’ on which the natives 
are required to make special search for these grubs. Many 
thousands of them are thus found by chopping up old logs and 
stumps. Their eggs are also found in this way, and a few of 
the beetles themselves, all of which are destroyed. Much benefit 
is derived in this way, but the work would be greatly facilitated 
if the coconut groves were kept free of the native jungle of 
brush and vines that has such a tendency of rapidly choking 
up the space beneath the coconut trees. On account of this 
undergrowth there is great difficulty in finding the breeding 
places of the beetles and many will escape detection and thus 
enough grubs go through to maturity to keep the beetle con- 
tinuously going. 


Rhabdocnemis obscura (Boisd.). 


The sugar-cane borer is found quite commonly in coconut 
trees. The beetles may be found behind the bases of the leaves 
where they can readily hide among the fibrous matter, but 
the grubs were usually found in the bases of the leafstalks, and 
mostly in those that had been cut off, leaving a stub remaining 
on the tree. These cut-off ends provide a place where the adult 
beetles could conveniently lay their eggs, which accounts for 
the grubs being more often found in such positions. On 
account of this habit of feeding in these places, this weevil is 
not of important injury to the coconut trees. 


Diocalandra taitensis (Guer.). 


The Tahiti coconut weevil was found quite abundantly in 
places. It is much smaller than the sugar-cane borer. Its 
larvae feed in the edges of the lower part of the leaf stalk, and 
as it is the older leaves that are most often attacked, they are 
not significantly injurious to the trees. They, too, are likely to 
be more abundant in stubs of cut-off leaves. 


389 


Promecotheca reichii Baly. 


This is a Hispid beetle whose larvae are leaf-miners in the 
leaflets of coconut. The egg is laid on the surface of the leaf, 
and the young larva, on hatching, bores into the leaf and feeds on 
the inner green part of the leaf, and producing a dead spot on 
the leaf where the green matter has been eaten away. The 
larva transforms to a pupa and eventually to the adult beetle 
within the mine in the leaf. This was not observed to be 
abundant enough to be particularly injurious. 


Leaf Caterpillar. 


Everywhere the coconut leaves showed evidences of the feed- 
ing of some insect which ate off the surface in small spots, 
leaving one epidermis of the leaf and giving the appearance of 
numerous small dead spots on the leaflets. No insects were 
found actually doing this eating, but it was considered as being 
the work of caterpillars of some small moth which was out of 
season at the time I was there. I thought at the time that the 
appearance of the leaves was different from that caused by the 
little moth, Levuana iridescens, which injures coconut leaves 
so badly in Fiji. 


Graeffea minor Br. 


Stick insects were found feeding somewhat on coconut 
leaves in a few places. In feeding they consume the whole 
substance of the leaf, so that the leaflets have ragged edges, or 
may even be eaten down to the midrib. A larger species, Graef- 
fea cocophaga (Newp.), is also said to feed on coconut leaves, 
but I failed to find any of these. The damage by these insects 
did not seem to amount to much. 


Chrysomphalus rossi (Mask.). 


This scale insect was found frequently on coconuts, occur- 
ring on or beneath the scales at the base of the nuts, also on 
other parts of the tree. It did not seem to be particularly 
injurious. 


Scholastes bimaculatus Hendel. 


This fly appears to be attached to the coconut, but perhaps 
not as a pest, as it apparently breeds in decaying nuts. The 


390 


fly is usually seen on fallen nuts lying under the trees. What 
I considered their eggs were found by thousands beneath the 
scales at the base of immature coconuts lying on the ground, 
that had fallen off accidentally by the wind, or had been par- 
tially eaten by the flying fox, which damages the young nuts 
on the trees a good deal. I also found very numerous small 
pink maggots feeding in the decaying husk of similar nuts 
lying on the ground, which I took to be the maggots of this 
fly. However, these conclusions are not to be given too much 
importance. Further observations are necessary to fully learn 
the life history and habits of the fly and its exact relations to 
coconuts. 


Termites. 


A species of termite that is very abundant in the forests of 
Samoa, builds large, black, rough-surfaced nests on the trunks 
of trees from one to ten feet or more from the ground. They 
feed in the trunks, also build narrow covered runs about on the 
surface of the tree trunk, often extending to a considerable 
elevation in the tree. Beneath these runs the termites feed on 
the bark. 

Coconut trunks frequently bear these termite nests. A favorite 
position for the nest being at one of the numerous notches that 
have been cut into the trunks by the natives to facilitate climb- 
ing the trees for the nuts. Besides providing a place for the 
entrance of termites to the trunk, these notches also present 
opportunities for decay to set in which diminishes the produc- 
tivity of the tree and shortens its life. This phase of it is prob- 
ably more detrimental than the injury by the termites, and it 
seems to me that this practice of notching the trees should be 
discouraged. 


BANANA PESTS. 


Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.). 


The banana weevil was found in a number of places. Per- 
haps it has only lately become established and not yet generally 
spread. The larva of this beetle is a fat, white, legless grub 
which bores in the corm and base of banana stems. The adult 
is a black snout-beetle and may be found in the same places 


391 


and beneath the dried leaf bases at the base of banana stems. 
This pest is very destructive to bananas where it occurs in 
Fiji, Queensland, Java and probably most of the groups of 
islands between there and Samoa. Where numerous in the 
base of banana stems these are weakened and may easily fall 
over, or the plant prevented from normal growth and fruiting, 
and the young suckers may be entirely killed. This pest has 
become very serious in Fiji and it is very difficult to devise 
satisfactory methods of control. It is likely to increase to that 
condition in Samoa. 


Nacoleia octasema Meyrick. 


The banana scab moth is generally prevalent. The cater- 
pillars of this moth feed among the flowers and the green 
bananas on the bunch. Where they feed on the surface of the 
young growing bananas it does not always prevent their grow- 
ing to normal size, but the surface where eaten assumes a 
scabby appearance which is detrimental to the sale of the 
fruit. The bunches, too, are unattractive where littered up with 
the black frass from the caterpillars. 


This pest occurs from Java to Queensland, Solomon Islands, 
and to Fiji and Samoa, and no doubt it occurs at all interven- 
ing islands. I think that it has not been previously reported in 
Samoa, and may be of somewhat recent introduction there. 
In Java, dusting with pyrethrum powder is said to be effective 
in controlling the pest. The pyrethrum is mixed one part to 
three parts of sifted wood ashes or lime, and dusted into the 
opening flower cluster or among the small growing bananas by 
means of a syringe-like duster. 


PAPAIA FRUIT-FLY. 


Dacus xanthodes Broun. 


This fruit-fly was reared from immature fruits of papaia at 
Amauli towards the east end of Tutuila. I did not find it gen- 
erally attacking papaias, but it is not confined to papaia as it 
has been reared from guavas and granadillas. Fruit-fly maggots 
were found in alligator pear, and in several kinds of native 
fruits in the forest, but none of these were reared, so we do 
not know if they were this species or other species of fruit-flies. 


3o2 


Taro INSECTS. 


Chaerocampa celerio (Linn.). 


The larvae of this medium-sized hawkmoth were occasionally 
found feeding on the leaves of taro, not numerous enough to 
be considered injurious, however. It occurs from India to 
Java, Borneo, Australia, and Fiji. The large, green cater- 
pillars with a horn at the tail end may be readily picked off 
and killed when noticed. 


Megamelus proserpina Kirk. 

This is a small leafhopper found on the underside of the 
leaves, and often quite numerous though not specially injuri- 
ous. It occurs in Fiji, Java, the Philippines and probably inter- 
vening regions. 

Several other kinds of leafhoppers were collected on taro 
leaves, but were not considered as particularly attached to taro 
the same as M. proserpina is. 


Aphidid. 


An undetermined plant louse was also found on the leaves of 
taro, but not causing serious infestations. 


INSECTS OF CUCURBITS. 
Glyphodes indica Saund. 
The larvae of this widely spread leaf-roller moth were occa- 


sionally found on cucumber vines, but in no case were they 
numerous enough to be considered a pest. 


Aulocophora fabricii ?. 


A leaf-beetle probably of this species was quite abundant 
on squash and pumpkin vines. 


As nearly all of the insects above mentioned do not occur 
in the Hawaiian Islands, and as some of them are serious pests 
where they are, we may consider ourselves fortunate if they 
can be kept from reaching our islands. 

Of the ten insects on sugar-cane mentioned, only three are 
at present infesting cane in Hawaii, the borer and the two mealy- 
bugs. Some of the others, although not serious pests on cane 


295 


in Samoa, might possibly become pests if they reach Hawaii, the 
same as the leafhopper from Australia became such a bad pest, 
whereas it was not a bad one in Australia. 

The most of the coconut insects are not present in Hawaii 
either. The leaf-roller that we do have, however, causes the 
leaves to look more dilapidated than they do in Samoa with 
several kinds of insects feeding on them. Our one pest on 
coconut leaves is too much, we surely do not want any more. 


The banana borer and the banana scab moth would ruin 
the banana industry in Hawaii if they should gain access here, 
and there is no telling what the papaia fruit-fly might do here, 
as it has been reported bred from pineapples from Fiji, though 
not fully substantiated. 

As Samoa 1s the closest tropical neighbor from which steam- 
ers are coming regularly, it is the most likely place from which 
some of the already widely distributed tropical insect pests 
could accidentally reach Hawai, and makes it urgent that a 
constant lookout be maintained to prevent as long as possible 
any more such pests arriving here. 


ie feat he 


Di oo pie jit 





295 


Descriptions of New Chalcid-Flies from Hawaii and Mexico 
(Hymenoptera). 
BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE. 
(Presented at the meeting of December 6, 1923.) 


The types of the Hawaiian species described in this paper 
are deposited in the collection of the Hawaiian Entomological 
Society, and those of the two Mexican species of Encyrtidae 
are in the collections of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experi- 
ment Station. 

ENCYRTIDAE. 
Acerophagus debilis n. sp. Fig. 1. 

This species is most like notativentris (Girault) among previously de- 
scribed species, and differs in the position and arrangement of the oeelli, 
in the much more clavate antennae, and by lacking a fuscous mark on the 


abdomen of the male. 


Female. Head of the same general shape as in other North Ameriean 


A 


Fig. 1. <Acerophagus debilis. A. Antenna of female. B and C, Mandi- 
ble in dorsal and frontal views. 


species of the genus, but rather thicker fronto-occipitally than in most 
species; in dorsal view fully rounded on the sides and in front; in side 
view thickest opposite the anterior ends of the eyes, the planes of the 





Proe. Haw. Ent. Soe., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


396 


frons and face meeting in slightly more than a right angle, the face some- 
what shorter than the frontovertex; as seen from in front, distinctly wider 
than long, but not greatly so, the sides of the head rounded, the oral 
margin rather broad,and subtruncate. Frontovertex about twice as long 
as wide, the orbits parallel; ocelli in a right-angled triangle, the anterior 
ocellus placed at the posterior third of the frontovertex, the posterior pair 
about their own diameter from the occipital margin and much closer to 
the eye margin; eyes rather smaller than in notativentris, somewhat less 
than twice as long as wide, widest near the anterior end; cheeks distinctly 
shorter than the width of the eyes; face with a rather shallow, semi-oval 
scrobal impression, the sides of the impression sloping; the bottom largely 
filled by the prominence between the antennae, which is about one-half 
longer than wide and reaches upward to the ocular line; the scrobes 
proper occupy the rather narrow space between the sides of the impression 
and the prominence, and converge and unite above in a curve. Antennae 
(Fig. la), inserted as usual close to the oral margin and far apart, more 
strongly clavate than in other species; scape rather wide, pedicel almost 
as long as the funicle and considerably narrower at apex than the scape; 
funicle joints all transverse and increasing in width, the fifth joint about 
twice as long and twice as wide as the first; club broadly oval, somewhat 
obliquely truneate at apex and as long as the funicle and two-thirds of 
the pedicel combined. Mandibles (Fig. 1b and ¢) of the usual type, with 
the outer tooth far basad, and the middle tooth considerably larger than 
the inner tooth. 


Thorax and abdomen normal for the genus, the ovipositor sheaths pro- 
truded for a distance about equal to one-fourth of the length of the abdo- 
men, or to the length of the middle tibial spur. Wings narrow, the disk 
finely, densely pubescent, but the setae in the basal area distinctly coarser 
and sparser; speculum narrow and only slightly widening as it approaches 
the posterior margin which it does not quite reach; stigmal vein narrow 
at base and gradually enlarging towards the apex, about twice as long as 
the marginal and postmarginal veins combined. 


Seulpture throughout very finely alutaceous, the frontovertex not per- 
ceptibly more granular than the rest of the body; both it and the meso- 
notum with very minute, scattered setiferous punctures. Pubescence on the 
head very short and inconspicuous, the setae on the frontovertex neverthe- 
less rather numerous and retrorse; eyes rather densely pubescent, the setae 
very short and erect; pubescence of mesonotum moderately thick and 
rather dark colored, quite uniform in distribution on the scutum, axillae, 
and seutellum. 

Color of head, thorax, and abdomen about eapucine yellow (Ridgway), 
the face and underparts of the thorax slightly paler with the scape, club 
and legs nearly unicolorous; remainder of antennae somewhat dusky; apex 
of ovipositor sheaths blackish; wings hyaline, the veins very pale brownish. 

Length of body (0.436 to) 0.721; length of head, 0.235; width of head, 
0.275; thickness of head fronto-oecipitally, 0.151; width of frontovertex, 


397 


0.099; length of antenna, 0.339; width of mesoscutum, 0.240; length of 
fore-wing, 0.587; width of fore-wing, 0.226; length of exserted part of 
ovipositor, 0.073 mm. 

Male. Similar to the female, but the frontovertex is proportionately 
wider, or not quite twice as long as wide, the anterior ocellus placed only 
a little behind the center; antennae slenderer, the club solid; the abdomen 
smaller, strongly depressed, ovate, and about two-thirds as long as the 
thorax. 


Coloration paler, the vertex, notum of thorax and abdomen light 
orange-yellow (Ridgway), the frons shading into paler yellow anteriorly; 
the face, underparts of thorax and the legs pale yellowish; antennae pale 
yellowish, but with the fifth funicle joint and base of the club fuscous 
and the remainder of the club yellowish white. 


Length of body (0.396 to) 0.533; length of head, 0.203; width of 
head, 0.214; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.113; width of fronto- 
vertex, 0.085; length of antenna, 0.290; width of mesoseutum, 0.203; 
length of fore-wing, 0.521; width of fore-wing, 0.212 mm. 


Described from 3 females (holotype and paratypes) reared 
from Pseudococcus brevipes Ckll. (bromeliae of authors) on 
pineapple, Amatlan, Vera Cruz, Mexico, May 20, 1922; 1 male 
(allotype) from the same host on Tillandsia, El Potrero, Vera 
Cruz, July, 1922; and 1 male (paratype) reared November 1, 
1922, from the same host from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, 
all collected by H. T. Osborn. 


Type No. 1142, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


Synaspidia new genus. 


This genus appears to be closely allied to the Blepyrus, Aenasius, 
Archinus, and Zaomma group of genera. It differs from Blepyrus, Bury- 
rhopalus and close allies in having the head non-menisciform and without 
large punctures; from dArchinus it differs in having the post-marginal vein 
well developed and longer than the stigmal, the ovipositor not protruded, 
the cheeks not unusually short, ete. From Zaomma it differs in having 
the eyes smaller, the frontovertex only moderately narrowed, the facial 
impression not horseshoe-shaped, the club less strongly enlarged, the pedi- 
cel not very short, the antennae unicolorous, ete. On the whole, it seems 
to agree most closely with Zaomma which, unfortunately, is known to me 
only by desecription.* It agrees with Zaomma in having the face inflexed, 


*T have since examined the type of Zaomma argentipes, which unfor- 
tunately has been badly mutilated, the head being in fragments on a 
slide. Zaomma has the thorax strongly convex above, the axillae rather 
well separated and slightly elevated above the seutellum; the latter is 


398 


with the frons prominent, the antennae strongly clavate, the marginal vein 
very short, the post-marginal and stigmal veins both long. The axillae and 
seutellum are closely fused in Synaspidia as in Chalcaspis and Metaphaeno- 
discus, but both of those genera have the head menisciform. 


Female. Head much wider than long, thick fronto-oceipitally with the 
face strongly inflexed and the frons prominent; in side view, appearing 
distinetly triangular, with the planes of the face and frontovertex about 
equal in length and meeting in a right angle; eyes large, very broadly 
oval, largely dorsal and latero-dorsal in position; frontovertex narrow or 
about four times as long as its narrowest part, the ocelli in an aeute 
angle; face with a large secrobal impression which is subtriangular above; 
cheeks rather short or about one-half as long as the width of the eyes. 
Antennae inserted rather far apart close to the oral margin; scape 
slender, slightly widened at the middle, and reaching a little beyond the 
scrobal impression; pedicel of about normal length and shape, and rather 
longer than one-half of the funicle; flagellum short and strongly clavate, 
the funicle six-jointed and rapidly increasing in width distad, the first 
joint nearly twice as wide as long, the sixth about thrice as wide as long; 
elub broadly oval, about one-half longer again than wide, rather longer 
and much wider than the funicle, three-jointed with the apical joint 
obliquely truncate beneath. Mandibles slender in frontal view, expanding 
at apex and with three acute teeth, of which the middle one is much the 
largest; base of mandible expanded in a plane at right angles with the 
apex. Palpi short, the maxillary pair four-jointed, the labial pair three- 
jointed. 

General form of body short and robust, the thorax about one-third 
longer again than wide, pronotum largely concealed by the head, the collar 
not very strongly arcuate; mesoscutum nearly thrice as wide as long, its 
posterior margin slightly sinuate on each side of the middle; axillae but 
little wider than long, not especially acute at the inner angle and rather 
widely separated medially; they are also closely fused to the seutellum, 
the separating suture being only weakly indicated; the consolidated seu- 
tellum and axillae as a whole is about as long as wide at the base, and 
the apex is well rounded. Abdomen at base as wide as the thorax and 
somewhat shorter, subtriangular in dorsal view with “the apex subtruncate; 
the dorsum rather deeply concave, the venter subvomeriform; vibrissal 
plates situated near the middle of the lateral margins; ovipositor wholly 
enclosed by the ventrites and the sheaths not appreciably protruded. 


Legs short and normal in structure; middle tarsi with the usual taper- 
ing form and considerably stouter than the hind pair. Wings small and 





pulvinate, longer than wide, the apex rather broadly rounded, the sides 
and apex high and declivous. The marginal vein is about three times 
longer than wide; the stigmal short, slender, curved upward, a little over 
one-half the marginal; the postmarginal shorter than the stigmal, being 


short and triangular. 


399 


not reaching much beyond the apex of abdomen; the disk moderately 
densely pubescent, the speculum very distinct, the basal area with sparser, 
somewhat coarser but more hyaline setae, the costal cell pubescent except 
next to the vein; marginal fringe very short but dense; submarginal vein 
reaching to the middle of the costal margin, almost straight and some- 
what thickened near its apex; marginal vein quadrate-punctiform; the 
stigmal rather long, straight and with a slender, short spur at apex; post- 
marginal vein somewhat longer than the stigmal, the angle between these 
two veins acute; costal cell of hind wings moderately wide and extending 
to the hooklets. 

Head and thorax with a very finely reticulate, moderately lustrous sur- 
face, the face more lustrous and with a considerably coarser reticulation ; 
frontovertex with fine pin-punctures. Pubescence of head and body short, 
fine, appressed, dark-colored and inconspicuous; setae of the mesosecutum 
seriately arranged, those on the axillae and scutellum sparser yet rather 
numerous. Coloration metallic. 

Male. Very similar to the female, but the antennae are only eight- 
jointed, the funicle with five joints, and the club solid. 


Type of the genus: Synaspidia pretiosa n. sp. 


Synaspidia pretiosa n. sp. Figs. 2 and 3. 


Female. Head with the whole dorsal surface sloping forward and 
downward nearly at right angles with the longitudinal axis of the thorax; 
as seen in frontodorsal view, it is strongly rounded on the sides, subtrun- 
eate in front, the occipital margin broadly roundly emarginate; as seen 
from in front, distinctly wider than long, strongly rounded on the sides, 
with the cheeks gibbously convergent towards the rather small mouth. 
Occiput rather deeply concave, its dorsal margin very acute; eyes large, 
hardly a third longer than wide, their outline strongly rounded except at 
the inner orbits, their posterior margin contiguous to the oeciput; fronto- 
vertex narrowest at the anterior ocellus, slightly widening anteriorly and 
more abruptly widened at the posterior ocelli; ocellar triangle moderately 
acute, the distance between the posterior pair of ocelli equal to about 
three-fourths of the distance between either and the anterior ocellus; the 
posterior pair contiguous to the eyes and removed about one-half their 
own diameter from the occipital margin. Serobal impression large and 
occupying nearly the whole face, but rather shallow, indefinitely bounded 
on the sides, but definitely limited above by the angle between frons and 
face; the prominence between the antennae low and weakly convex, oval 
in outline and about twice as long as wide; the scrobes proper in the 
form of linear grooves on each side of the prominence, but uniting above 
and forming the bottom of the whole impression in its dorsal half. An- 
tennae and mandibles as in figure 2; maxillary palpi short, thickest at 
apex of the second joint, the first two joints nearly equal in length, the 
second about one-half longer than thick, the third distinetly smaller than 


400 


the second, although hardly shorter on its outer margin, the fourth joint 
cylindrical and tapering in apical half, about as long as the first two 
joints combined; labial palpi very short, the middle joint transverse, the 
apical joint somewhat the longest, conical, and hardly more than twice as 
long as thick. 





Fig. 2. Synaspidia pretiosa. A. Antenna of female. B and C. Mandi- 
ble in dorsal and frontal views. 





Fig. 3. Synaspidia pretiosa. Antenna of male. 


Thorax moderately convex above, distinctly wider than the depth dorso- 
ventrally; the axillae and seutellum very strongly depressed and lying in 
one plane, the apex of the seutellum very briefly elevated, yet abruptly 
declivous at the margin, the latter very finely acutely rimmed, just inside 
of which is a delicate submarginal furrow. Propodeum short and very 
transverse, considerably longer at the sides and there declivous, the basal 
margin finely carinate; on both sides of the middle this basal carina 
branches, the branch on each side curving backward and outward towards 
but not reaching the posterior margin halfway between the foramen of 
the petiole and the lateral corner; just inside of the spiracles on each side 


401 


another fine carina runs straight backward to the edge of the declivous 
portion of the propodeum, where it branches, the inner branch connecting 
with the submedian carina, the outer branch extending towards the pos- 
terior lateral corner of the propodeum, still another branch is given off 
anteriorly and runs forward to the spiracle; spiracles rather large, oval 
and contiguous to the basal margin of the propodeum. 


Reticulation of head and thorax very fine and delicate, but somewhat 
coarser and more evident on the face; frontovertex with two longitudinal 
rows of pin-punctures on either side of the median line, and an orbital 
row of much finer punctures on each side; mesonotum with numerous seri- 
ately arranged, minute setigerous punctures similar to the orbital punctures 
of the head, and becoming sparser on the axillae and secutellum; prepectal 
plates as coarsely reticulate as the face; mesopleura with an extremely 
fine reticulate shagreening; propodeum except for the carinae described 
above is mostly smooth; reticulation of the abdomen rather coarser and 
more evident than that of the face and with the lines mostly transverse, 
especially on the basal tergite. 

Eyes with an extremely short sparse pubescence, not apparent except 
under high magnification; pubescence of head and body short, recumbent 
and dark-colored, antrorse on the frontovertex and retrorse as usual on the 
thorax, that of the axillae and seutellum becoming sparser and the apex 
of the seutellum with two considerably longer setae; sides of the pro- 
podeum behind the spiracles with a very fine whitish pubescence, which, 
however, is not conspicuous; pubescence along the sides and at the apex 
of abdomen sparse, but somewhat longer than that of the thorax. 

General color moderately lustrous black; head with a rather weak 
bluish-green luster, the face more lustrous and greenish; mesoseutum usually 
somewhat bluish, but sometimes like the axillae and scutellum, which are 
darker and more aeneous; lateral posterior corners of the propodeum with 
a rather bright bluish luster; abdomen mostly like the seutellum, but the 
apical tergite has a brighter and greenish luster; antennae and legs con- 
eolorous with the body, but less lustrous, the tarsi mostly yellowish, with 
the last three joints of the hind pair, the last joint and the spines on the 
plantar surface of the middle pair fuscous, the front pair more or less 
dusky yellow, the spur of the middle tibiae yellow; wings hyaline, the 
disk with a very faint indefinite fuscous cloud beneath the stigmal vein, 
the veins brownish. 

Length of body (1.16 to) 1.32; length of head, 0.497; width of head, 
0.601; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.325; width of vertex at an- 
terior ocellus, 0.085; length of antenna, 0.662; width of mesoseutum, 0.561; 
length of fore-wing, 1.027; width of fore-wing, 0.502 mm. 


Male. Very much like the female in most respects and the following 
differences appear to be the most important: Vertex widening a little 
more at and behind the posterior ocelli, somewhat protuberant and rather 
more dully shagreened; ocelli slightly larger and in a less acute triangle; 


402 


eyes considerably more densely and conspicuously pubescent; antennae 
(Fig. 3) with the flagellum proportionately shorter, the funicle only five- 
jointed, the club solid, but in general shape agreeing with the female; the 
scape with a narrow ventral exfoliation from the apex to a little more 
than three-fourths of the length excluding the radicle, this exfoliation in 
the female being much smaller and not reaching to the middle; abdomen 
somewhat wider than long, rounded at apex and hardly more than one-half 
as long as the thorax, therefore, considerably smaller, more depressed than 
in the female, and with the venter not at all vomeriform. 


Length of body (0.825 to) 1.15; length of head, 0.441; width of head, 
0.507; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.261; width of vertex at an- 
terior ocellus, 0.094; length of antenna, 0.542; width of mesoscutum, 
0.499; length of fore-wing, 0.905; width of fore-wing, 0.457 mm. 


Described from 13 females, 8 males, reared from Pseudo- 
coccus brevipes Ckll. (bromeliae of authors) collected in Mexico 
by Mr. Osborn, as follows: 1 female (holotype) reared August 
10, 1922, from its host on Tillandsia, El Potrero, Vera Cruz; 
12 females, 3 males (paratypes), reared from mealybugs on 
Tillandsia and other Bromeliaceous plants, El Potrero, on July 31, 
and during August, 1922; 2 males (allotype and paratype) with 
the same data, but collected in March, 1923; 3 males (para- 
types) from mealybugs on a Bromeliaceous plant, Rio Seco, 
Vera Cruz, March 15, 1923. 


Type No. 1143, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. 


Zeteticontus perkinsi n. sp. Fig. 4. 


Female. Head moderately thick fronto-occipitally with the face slightly 
inflexed; in dorsal view appearing semi-circular with the occipital outline 
broadly and roundly emarginate; in side view appearing thickest fronto- 
oceipitally at the anterior ends of the eyes, the planes of the face and 
frons meeting in an angle of distinctly more than 90 degrees; in frontal 
view appearing as wide as long and nearly circular in outline with the 
broad oral margin truncate. Occiput moderately deeply concave; eyes of 
medium size, broadly oval, about one-third longer again than wide, pos- 
teriorly contiguous with the occipital margin, the inner orbits somewhat 
diverging anteriorly; frontovertex occupying about a third of the total 
width of the head, and about one-third longer than its own width at the 
anterior ocellus; ocelli rather large, disposed in what is slightly more than 
a right-angled triangle, the posterior pair somewhat less than their own 
diameter from the occipital margin, and not more than one-half as far 
from the margin of the eyes. Cheeks in side view of head rather wider 
than long and distinetly shorter than the width of the eyes, the genal 
suture very obseure; facial impression subcireular, extending for about 


403 


one-half of its length above the ocular line, the prominence between an- 
tennae convex, about twice as long as wide and reaching somewhat above 
the middle of the facial impression; the scrobes proper broadly united 
above, the sloping walls of the facial impression extending far laterad of 
them (in planiscutellum the facial impression is distinctly triangular, rather 
shallow and strictly co-extensive with the scrobes proper, and the antennal 
prominence is about as wide as long); antennal sockets situated rather far 
apart near the oral margin, the distance between them somewhat less than 
the distance from either to the nearest part of the eyes, and slightly more 
than twice as great as the distance from either to the oral margin. 





Fig. 4. Zeteticontus perkinsi. A. Antenna of female. B and C. Mandi- 
ble in frontal and dorsal views. 


Antennae moderately short and distinctly clavate (Fig. 4a); scape 
slightly expanded beneath and widest at about one-half way between the 
middle and apex; pedicel equal in length to the first two funicle joints 
combined, wider at apex than the following joint and slightly narrower 
than the second funicle joint; first funicle joint much the smallest, about 
as wide as long, the following joints increasing in width and slightly in 
length, the next two not much wider than long, the sixth about one-half 
wider again than long and nearly twice as wide as the first; club oval, a 
little tapering to the rounded apex, somewhat longer than the three pre- 
ceding joints combined, its three joints nearly equal in length, the basal 
one broadest; flagellum except the first funicle joint provided with rather 
numerous but not at all crowded linear sensoria, the whole flagellum also 
with very numerous short reclinate setae, and similar, somewhat longer 
setae occur also on the scape and pedicel. Mandibles (Fig. 4b and ec) and 
palpi as in other species of the genus; the two outer teeth of mandibles 
equal, both rather shorter than in planiscutellum, and the inner tooth placed 
considerably closer to the apex than in that species, the mandible, there- 
fore, more similar to abilis as figured by Silvestri. 


Thorax nearly twice as long as wide, moderately convex and not quite 


404 


so thick dorso-ventrally as wide; pronotum strongly arcuate; mesoseutum 
much longer medially than at the sides and somewhat less than twice as 
wide as long, its posterior margin nearly transverse or only slightly pro- 
duced medially; axillae over twice as wide as long and very acute medi- 
ally, their inner tips slightly separated or covered by the mesoseutum; 
scutellum nearly as long as the scutum, the greatest width about equal to 
the length, the width decreasing from near the base to the rounded apex, 
the sides low yet abruptly declivous, the disk moderately convex; propo- 
deum extremely short in the middle, but strongly lengthening and becom- 
ing declivous towards the sides. 


Abdomen a little shorter than the thorax, triangular in outline, with 
the basal angles rounded and strongly depressed with the dorsum a little 
sunken in; vibrissal plates situated on the lateral margin a little before 
the middle; ovipositor sheaths barely protruded, the spicula (in the unique 
type) les free from the sheaths and curves downward and a little for- 
ward from the point where it issues a short distance from the apex of the 
venter. 


Legs rather short, the middle tarsi considerably stouter than the hind 
tarsi, but not distinctly tapering towards apex, the basal joint about equal 
to the spur of the middle tibiae and about equal to the following three 
joints combined. Wings as in abilis, as figured by Silvestri except in the 
following particulars: Marginal vein fully twice as long as wide, the stig- 
mal practically equal to the marginal in length and much more expanded at 
apex and constricted at base than in abilis, the post-marginal about one-half 
as long as the marginal; the row of about seven coarse setae guarding the 
proximal side of the speculum extends more than three-fourths of the dis- 
tance towards the opposite margin; the second row of finer setae situated 
just proximad extends for the same distance as the first row and parallel 
with it, and there is another row of setae lying beneath and parallel with 
the submarginal vein; the discal pubescence beyond the speculum is moder- 
ately dense and fine, and the marginal fringe is extremely short, but dense. 


Head with very fine reticulations transversely arranged between the an- 
terior corners of the eyes and just above the facial impression arranged 
in lines conforming to the rounded margin of the impression, and in this 
manner extending downward and forward on the face towards the cheeks; 
the dorsal and anterior orbits of the eyes with a row of pin-punctures, 
which become gradually smaller and obscurer anteriorly; frontovertex pro- 
vided also with two other curved rows of pin-punctures, beginning close to 
the orbital row on each side near the anterior part of the frons and eury- 
ing backward to join together in a loop behind the anterior ocellus. Mesos- 
eutum with equally fine scaly reticulations producing a somewhat rougher 
effeet than on the head and with numerous seriately arranged minute 
setiferous punctures; axillae appearing smoothish, yet with an extremely 
fine reticulation, the scutellum smooth and highly polished; propodeum 
smooth except for a small longitudinally shagreened median area, and pro- 
vided with a distinct median carina, the posterior margin also ecarinate, 


405 


pleura distinctly reticulate throughout except on the metapleura; abdomen 
apparently smooth throughout. 


Frontovertex with mostly antrorse short setae arising from the pin- 
punctures, the lower face and cheeks with similar finer setae; eyes with 
numerous but not dense short erect setae; posterior margin of pronotum 
with a row of setae about like those on the scutum; the seriately arranged 
setae of the scutum rather coarser and longer than those on the fronto- 
vertex, the transverse row on posterior margin containing about fourteen, 
and the median longitudinal rows about six or seven setae; scutellum with 
about thirteen pairs of setae on the basal two-thirds, which strongly in- 
crease in size from the base towards the apex; the latter evidently pro- 
vided with another pair of setae, which are broken off in the type, 
although their position is indicated by punctures; propodeum with a small 
tuft of fine short setae on the lateral margins; abdomen with fine setae 
along the sides and more numerous setae at apex. 


General color aeneous black; the head, except most of the face, with 
a rather weak dark bluish-green luster, the pronotum and mesoscutum 
with a similar somewhat more greenish luster; facial impression, axillae, 
seutellum, and abdomen much more lustrous and with green, brassy, and 
dark purplish reflections; tegulae and underparts of thorax shining piceous 
with a metallic luster only on the pro- and metapleura. Seape dark brown, 
the pedicel and flagellum blackish. Legs shining piceous, with the tips of 
the front and middle femora somewhat paler or brownish; trochanters, 
apical third of front tibiae, middle tibiae except about basal third and 
the tarsi, except apical joint of hind pair and apex of last joint of the 
other pairs, brownish yellow. Wings entirely hyaline, the veins brownish 
yellow, with the marginal vein a little darker. Pubescence of body wholly 
dark colored. 


Length of body, 1.36; length of head, 0.417; width of head, 0.443; 
thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.259; width of vertex at anterior 
ocellus, 0.160; length of antenna, 0.742; width of mesoscutum, 0.429; 
length of fore-wing, 1.183; width of fore-wing, 0.523 mm. 


Described from one female (holotype), collected in Hono- 
lulu in 1906 by Dr. Perkins. The following note by Dr. Perkins 
is attached to the specimen: “Jn horto meo. Not previously seen 
by me.” The species has not been taken since, and there is, there- 
fore, some doubt that it has become established in the Islands. 


APHELINIDAE. 


Aphelinus maidis n. sp. Fig. 5. 


Female. Head of the usual shape, wider than the thorax, as seen from 
above nearly three times as wide as thick fronto-occipitally, as seen from 
in front much wider than long; frontovertex only a little longer than wide 


406 


and somewhat narrowing forward; ocelli in an obtuse angle, the posterior 
pair about their own diameter from the occipital margin and somewhat 
more distant from the margins of the eyes; facial impression moderately 
deep, with sloping sides, the bottom occupied by the triangularly shaped, 
barely convex prominence, which reaches from the antennal sockets nearly 
to the dorsal end of the impression. Antennae (Fig. 5) inserted moder- 
ately far apart close to the oral margin; scape about four times or a 
little more as long as wide; pedicel about one and two-thirds times longer 
than the first two funicle joints combined; the latter equal, and about one- 
half wider than long; third funicle joint over twice as large as the pre- 
ceeding joint, somewhat wider than long and about one-fourth as long as 
the club; club narrowly oval, as long as the pedicel and funicle combined 
and two and one-third times longer than its own width. Mandibles with 
an acute outer tooth and a broad inner truncation, the ventral or outer 
edge provided also with a strong tooth-like spine or lobe halfway between 
the base and apex. Maxillary palpi two-jointed, the basal joint hardly 
longer than thick, the apical joint about thrice as long; labial palpi two- 
jointed, both joints about twice as long as thick, the apical joint a little 
shorter and slenderer. Thorax and abdomen practically as in related spe- 
cies, such as mali, nigritus, ete. Wings fully developed and with seven 
oblique rows of coarser setae proximad of the speculum, the basal fourth 
of the disk bare. 


a 
A 


Z, 





Fig. 5. Aphelinus maidis. Antenna of female. 


Head very finely, delicately shagreened with reticulations and moder- 
ately shiny, the frontovertex with numerous fine shallow setiferous pin- 
punctures; thorax and abdomen moderately shiny, or about as in nigritus, 
and rather less shiny than in mali; the thorax with extremely fine uniform 
reticulations, the abdomen apparently smooth. In the pubescence of the 
head and body there appears to be not much difference between this and 
related species, but the vertex has two pairs of setae, which are consider- 
ably coarser than the other setae of the frontovertex; one of these four 
setae is placed behind each one of the posterior ocelli, and each of the 


407 


other pair is placed at the posterior corner of the vertex close to the 
occipital margin. 


General color black, but the head and abdomen may be more or less 
fuscous brown, the base of abdomen more or less distinetly yellowish, 
although in many cabinet specimens appearing wholly dark. Mandibles 
pale brown; antennae dusky yellow; legs pale yellow, the front femora on 
dorsal side and front tibiae except at apex slightly brownish; middle coxae 
at base, hind coxae, middle and hind tibiae fuscous to blackish, the apical 
half of the middle femora more dilutely fuscous; tarsi, especially beneath, 
more brownish-yellow than the other paler parts of the legs, and the apex 
of the apical joint fuscous. Wings hyaline, but faintly tinged with fuscous, 
especially beneath the marginal and stigmal veins; the veins yellowish. 


Length of body (0.554 to 0.990), 0.903; length of head, 0.276; width 
of head, 0.886; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.191; width of vertex 
at posterior ocelli, 0.151; length of antenna, 0.363; width of mesoseutum, 
0.358; length of fore-wing, 0.858; width of fore-wing, 0.396 mm. 


Male. Very similar to the female and distinguished with difficulty in 
case of dry specimens, but averaging considerably smaller in size and with 
the wings often a little clearer. 


Length of body, 0.533 to 0.811 mm. 


Described from the following material: 32 females, 22 males 
(holotype, allotype male, and paratypes), reared from Aphis 
maidis Fitch, in Honolulu, December, 1919, to February, 1920 
(Timberlake); 1 female (paratype) reared from Aphis maidis 
on grass, Ewa Plantation, Oahu, May 19, 1922 (Timberlake) ; 
2 females, 1 male (paratypes), from same host on corn, Manoa 
Valley, Oahu, April 10-11, 1923 (Timberlake); 2 females, 2 
males (paratypes), collected on sugar-cane, Mountain View, 
Hawau, January 21, 1918 (Timberlake); 8 females, 6 males 
(paratypes), reared from Aphis sacchari Zehntner on sugar- 
cane, Honolulu, August 18-25, and September 13, 1916 (Tim- 
berlake); 1 male (paratype) from the same host on sugar-cane, 
Ewa Plantation, Oahu, August 3, 1918 (Timberlake) ; 1 female 
(paratype) collected in Honolulu, March 21, 1917 (Timber- 
lake); 1 male (paratype) reared from Aphis sacchari, Hawaii 
Mill Co., Hilo, Hawaii, September 16, 1913 (Swezey); 1 female 
(paratype) collected at Waikea, Hawaii, October 2, 1913 
(Swezey); 1 female (paratype) collected at Waialua, Oahu, 
January 8, 1923 (Swezey); 1 male (paratype) reared from 
Aphis sp. on Scirpus maritimus L., Honolulu, January 7, 1913 


408 


(Swezey) and 2 males (paratypes) collected in Honolulu in 
1906 (Dr. Perkins). 


Aphelinus maidis comes closest to A. nigritus and lapisligni 
Howard, and is distinguished by the characters given in the fol- 
lowing table. In Kurdumoff’s table of the European species it 
runs to varipes (Forster) and to hordei Kurdumoff, but does 
not agree with either, as both the middle and hind tibiae are 
black. 


Aphelinus gossypii n. sp. Fig. 6. 


Female. Head shaped exactly as in maidis as far as can be deter- 
mined in more or less shriveled specimens; antennae (Fig. 6) inserted in 
the usual position; the scape not quite four times longer than wide, 
excluding the radicle joint; pedicel almost twice as long as the first two 
funicle joints combined; first funicle joint about twice as long as wide, 
the second distinctly longer than the first and about one-third wider than 





Y 


Fig. 6. <Aphelinus gossypii. Antenna of female. 


long, the third about as long as the first two combined, only slightly wider 
than long and a little less than one-third as long as the club; club rather 
broadly oval, one-half as wide as long, as long as the funicle and two- 
thirds of the pedicel combined, and provided with about six slender linear 
sensoria. Mandibles nearly as in maidis; maxillary palpi also the same, 
the labial pair with one joint about five times as long as thick; the termi- 
nal joint of both palpi in this species and also in maidis bears a slender, 
long, spine-like appendage, which may be a true but much attenuated seg- 
ment, but which is regarded as a seta in the preceding computation of the 
joints. Thorax and abdomen practically as in maidis; wings fully devel- 
oped, the speculum limited basad by a single row of coarser setae and by 
about two to five additional setae in the angle between this row and the 
marginal vein. 


om, 


409 


Sculpture about the same as in maidis, except that the setiferous pune- 
tures of the frontoyertex are less numerous and less distinet; the pubes- 
cence the same, but sparser on the frons. 

Color of the head and body shiny black, the base of the abdomen more 
or less distinctly yellow, the extreme tip of the abdomen and the ovi- 
positor sheaths also yellowish. Mandibles pale brown; scape, and some- 
times the pedicel, pale brown or dilutely fuscous, the rest of antenna dusky 
yellow. Legs, including coxae, blackish; apex of front femora, front tibiae 
except for a more or less distinct infuscation on the basal half, front 
tarsi, middle trochanters, apex of middle tibiae with spur and tarsi and 
hind tarsi except basal joint brownish yellow; hind trochanters and hind 
femora clear pale yellow. Wings almost hyaline, the veins yellowish. 

Length of body (0.598 to) 0.914; length of head, 0.351; width of head, 
0.443; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.165; width of vertex at pos- 
terior ocelli, 0.174*; length of antenna, 0.434; width of mesoscutum, 0.396; 
length of fore-wing, 0.903; width of fore-wing, 0.405 mm. 

Male. Very similar to the female, but smaller and with the antennae 
slenderer, the club being hardly wider than the funicle and more pointed 
at apex than in the female. 

Length of body (0.452 to), 0.747; length of head, 0.295; width of 
head, 0.358; thickness of head fronto-occipitally, 0.160; width of vertex 
at posterior ocelli, 0.153; length of antenna, 0.403; width of mesoscutum, 
0.302; length of fore-wing, 0.754; width of fore-wing, 0.349 mm. 


Described from 25 females, 9 males (holotype and para- 
types) reared from Aphis gossypii Glover collected in Honolulu 
in May, 1919, and in March, 1923; ‘also 1 female (paratype) 
associated with this Aphis on Hibiscus in Honolulu, April 12, 
1918 (Timberlake) ; 1 male (allotype), labelled “on bean Aphis,” 
presumably Aphis medicaginis Koch, collected in Honolulu, No- 
vember 22, 1904 (Swezey); and 1 male (paratype) collected at 
Kilauea, Hawaii, in July, 1906 (Dr. Perkins). 

This species of Aphelinus is very similar to A. mali ( Halde- 
man), but is readily distinguished by the characters given in the 
following table of species. 


Aphelinus semiflavus Howard. 


Three females reared February 29, 1916, from To-xroptera 
aurantu (Fonscolombe) collected on the Manoa Cliff trail on 
Tantalus, Oahu, and one female reared March 30, 1918, from 


* Head somewhat shriveled, so that the measurements are necessarily 
more or less inaccurate. 


410 


Aulacorthum circumflexum (Buckton), also from Tantalus, agree 
very well with North American specimens from Clemson Col- 
lege, South Carolina and Los Angeles, California. The wings 
of these specimens are clearer hyaline than in the North Ameri- 
can specimens, the scape and pedicel are paler and in the female 
from A. circumflexum the wings are small and narrow, but 
agree in this respect with all males that I have seen from the 
United States, and also with one female from Los Angeles. In 
both of these females with small wings the abdomen 1s con- 
siderably blackened except at the base. 


TABLE OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF APHELINUS MOSTLY 
HAWAIIAN AND NORTH AMERICAN 


The following table has been prepared to show the relation- 
ship of the two species described in the preceding pages, and 
to aid in the identification of these and other species. One Aus- 
tralian species is also included. 

il, IBeshy jommmihy lola@lke Ge joronna, Oe wiolllhy CRIN, soaoccbososocbonosgnc 2 

Body wholly yellow except ocelli and eyes; wings with four basal 

rows of setae and a fifth row widely separated from the others; 
legsiand!-antennaemyellow. 1. ce eee ee eee automatus Cirault 


5 


bo 


Speculum of fore-wing bounded basad by several rows of setae..... 
Speculum bounded basad by one and one-half rows of setae or by 
one row and several more or less seattered setae just beneath the 
aM ENbUE ML AYGIING 6 5 oe MOO HOG Soc Mba aCODUS FOS OOP ODODE SOO OOnS 3 


3. Abdomen yellowish on basal segment; scape narrower............. 4 
Abdomen wholly black or fuseous; legs brownish, the hind femora 
pale yellow, hind tarsi whitish, with the basal joint brown; scape 
short and rather wide, about one-third as wide as long, hardly 
longer and a little wider than the club.............-. niger Girault 


4. Frontovertex smooth and with very minute and inconspicuous pune- 
tures; scape blackish, about four times longer than wide, but 
hardly narrower than the club; pedicel about one-third longer than 
the third funicle joint; funicle and club clear yellow, the third 
funicle joint slightly longer than wide; hind tarsi not black at 
the base; ovipositor sheaths dusky except at apex..mali (Haldeman) 

Frontovertex with more evident pin-punctures beset with longer 
bristles than in mali; seape pale fuscous, about four times longer 
than wide, but considerably narrower than the club; pedicel 
nearly twice as long as the third funicle joint; funicle dusky, 
the elub purer yellow, the third funicle joint slightly wider than 
long; hind tarsi yellowish with the basal joint and apex of the 


411 


last joint dark brown or blackish; ovipositor apparently shorter 
and more tenuous than in mali, the sheaths shorter and wholly 
VOLO Wil etaeue econ cee yer ccornioiayes Sore 6 Societe IGS CORR gossypu DD. sp. 


c 


5. Wings large and comparatively wide, the disk beyond the speculum 
finely and densely pubescent, the marginal fringe comparatively 
SHOTE an Ce OLhene IN CONSPICUOUS wedchacayetociclie.e Gialel Aches t vie aie jokw visi viet diet 6 

Wings comparatively small and narrow, the stigmal vein reach- 
ing far beyond the middle of the costal margin, the disk beyond 
the speculum with coarser, sparser setae, the marginal fringe, 
comparatively long and conspicuous; abdomen except the lateral 
margins usually wholly yellow; the male with elongate an- 
tenna, the third funicle joint not much shorter than the long, 


Slender) eClub eeractestActreicis, scgs-vepes «. «0 ssaeeenceusreie ows semiflavus Howard 

Ga vies veh olive laches percameyers Ss heislcie chens Aeleue oiea ceo vaincshanevete fre asec Exel 7 
Face yellow, but the frontovertex brown or blackish.............. 

SL etes ekOr eR TMH STORES, Piilin oe ote! Weroey yar abdominalis (Dalman) and allies 

7. Front and middle legs not wholly clear yellow .................. 8 


Legs wholly clear yellow, except the hind coxae and tibiae; abdomen 
not yellow at base; scape not over three times as long as wide; 
WIN mClecersr hyaline, Meise: Cas Bem ede soi s sf avcla\e es owe nigritus Howard 


8. Middle and hind coxae and tibiae brown or blackish, the hind femora 
clear yellow, remainder of legs yellowish although the front 
femora and tibiae may be more or less dusky; abdomen some- 
times but not usually distinctly yellowish at the base in dry 
specimens; antennae much as in vigritus but the seape is about 
four times longer than wide; wings with a faint cloudiness on 
the disk mostly beyond the speculum ............... maidis n. sp. 

Legs brown or blackish including the hind femora, but the tips 
of the tibiae, the tarsi, and all of the front tibiae more or less 
distinetly yellow; antennae about as in maidis; wings with a faint 
but distinct smoky cloud on the disk, deepest below the marginal 
OUGI MaetateRi reves res avotehel ovssanetche isons ccnaviel Salat rays lel vette lapisligni Howard 


Aphytis Howard. 


In 1908, Dr. Howard suggested that it would be desirable 
to segregate the aphis-feeding species of Aphelinus into a new 
genus, but he never carried out his suggestion for the reason, 
I believe, that he was not entirely sure of the characters of the 
type species of the genus. Since that time Kurdumoff has given 
a synopsis of the European species of Aphelinus, and has shown 
clearly that the genotype, A. abdominalis (Dalman) is an aphis- 
feeding species. It is, nevertheless, still desirable to divide 
Aphelinus, but now it is apparent that coccid-feeding species 


412 


are the ones to be segregated. Two generic names are avail- 
able for this group of species: Prosaphelinus De Gregorio, 
1915, about which there is no doubt, and Aphytis Howard, 
1900, which by the original description was said to differ from 
A phelinus in having one less funicle joint. Mercet has already 
pointed out that Aphytis chilensis Howard in all probability 
is closely allied to his Aphelinus longiclavae, and therefore sim1- 
lar also to A. capitis Rust. I believe it is safe to conclude that 
Aphytis chilensis really has three funicle joints, with the first 
one very small and overlooked by Dr. Howard, and I therefore 
adopt this name for the group of the old genus Aphelinus con- 
taining the coccid-feeding species.* 

The two genera Aphelinus and Aphytis as here recognized 
have much in common but most of the species differ consider- 
ably in habitus. Aphelinus, at least typically, has a broad head 
and the body tapering behind it to the apex of the abdomen, 
but the essential generic difference lies in the ovipositor. This 
in Aphelinus is comparatively tenuous and is enclosed entirely 
by the ventrites so that in oviposition it is protruded backward 
in a more or less horizontal position. In Aphytis the head, 
thorax and abdomen do not differ greatly in width, and the ovi- 
positor is comparatively strong and entirely free, so that in 
oviposition it descends almost perpendicularly from near the 
base of the abdomen. 

Two Hawaiian species belong to Aphytis as here recognized, 
viz: Aphytis diaspidis (Howard) and A. limonus (Rust). 


TRICHOGRAM MATIDAE. 


Megaphragma new genus. 


Female. Head apparently very thin fronto-occipitally, the fronto- 
vertex somewhat wider than one-third of the whole head, the eyes large, 
the cheeks rather short, the sides of the head and the cheeks gibbously 
- convergent on the mouth. Ocelli apparently absent. Antennae (Fig. 7a) 
inserted very high on the face between the eyes, apparently rather nearer 





* Subsequent examination of the type of Aphytis chilensis in the Na- 
tional Museum does not lead me to change the above statement. Only 
two funicle joints are actually visible in the unique type, but the antennae 
are so folded beneath the head that an unobstructed view of the base of 
the funicle can not be obtained. 


413 


to the occipital margin than to the mouth, and six jointed; scape sub- 
fusiform-compressed, but not very wide, including the radicle about as 
long as the eyes; pedicel large and pyriform, contracted at apex, much 
thicker than the scape or the following two joints; funicle composed 
of one minute ring-joint which is twice as wide as long; club as long 
as the rest of the antenna, three-jointed, strongly fusiform in shape, the 
basal joint about twice as long as wide at the base but increasing in 
width toward the apex; middle joint about twice as long and thrice 
as wide as the preceding joint and widest just beyond the middle; 
apical joint very strongly conical, nearly as long as the preceding joint, 
and provided with conspicuous longitudinal chitinous ridges running the 
whole length and some of them strongly projecting at apex. Mandi- 
bles with two strong acute teeth at apex. Maxillary palpi apparently one- 
jointed but rather elongate and tapering; labial palpi not seen. 





Fig. 7. Megaphragma mymaripenne. A. Antenna of female. B. Hind 
leg of female. 


Thorax seareely as long as wide; pronotum not visible from above; 
the parapsidal furrows strongly developed, the middle lobe of the 
mesoscutum about as long as wide; scutellum about twice as wide as 
long, and very broadly rounded at apex. Abdomen broadly sessile, very 
slightly narrower than the thorax and slightly longer, the apex rather 


414 


narrowly rounded; phragma of the mesothorax has but slightly converg- 
ing sides and it reaches almost to the apex of the abdomen; ovipositor 
not protruded, and internally it reaches almost to the base of the abdo- 
men; thorax and abdomen together form an oval mass nearly twice as 
long as wide. 

Legs (Fig. 7b) of moderate length, the femora rather stout but 
compressed, the front tibiae also considerably enlarged; middle and hind 
tibiae and all the tarsi cylindrical and slender, the tarsi rather long 
although only three-jointed. 

Wings resembling a typical Mymarid wing in shape, being linear, about 
seven times longer than wide, and having an exceedingly long marginal 
fringe; venation reaching about to the middle of the costal margin, the 
submarginal and marginal veins about equal in length, the stigmal vein 
short and stubby, the postmarginal vein absent; costal cell extremely 
narrow; disk of wing on the apical half with a row of few fine, short 
setae; hind wing extremely narrow, yet rounded at apex. 


Male. Not known. 


Type of the genus: Megaphragma mymaripenne n. sp. 


Megaphragma differs from all other Trichogrammatidae 
known to me except Hydrophylax Matheson and Crosby in hav- 
ing the wings linear and very long-fringed. Hydrophylax, how- 
ever, has the thorax and abdomen combined about four times 
as long as wide, the legs considerably longer and slenderer, the 
antennae eight-jointed with two well-developed funicle joints 
besides an annellus, and with a comparatively small three-jointed 
club. In Girault’s classification Megaphragma falls in the tribe 
Lathromerim but differs from all the included genera with six- 
jointed antennae in having the wings very narrow and long- 
fringed. 


Megaphragma mymaripenne n. sp. Fig. 7. 


Antennae as in Fig. 7a, the middle joint of the club with two large 
setae and several smaller ones, the apical joint with one moderately 
long seta and with at least two of the chitinous sensoria projecting at 
apex. 

Disk of wing with about five or six very minute setae in an irregular 
median longitudinal row on the apical half beyond the venation; disk 
narrowest opposite the apical part of the marginal vein, somewhat widen- 
ing proximad and about twice as wide on apical half as at the narrowest 
point, the apex well rounded. Marginal vein with two fine, rather short 
setae at its base, and on the disk near the opposite margin just proximad 
of the constricted part is a somewhat longer seta. Marginal fringe 


415 


beginning on the posterior margin opposite the stigmal vein and consist- 
ing of about twenty-six setae, the first one opposite the stigmal vein being 
a little smaller than the discal seta just preceding it which is mentioned 
above; the following setae rapidly increasing in length, those at and on 
both sides of the apex about one-half as long as the wing itself, those 
on the anterior margin gradually and slightly decreasing in length basad 
and abruptly terminating at a point slightly more than midway between 
the apex of the wing and the stigmal vein; the remainder of the costal 
margin to the stigmal vein provided with a fringe of exceedingly minute 
short setae about five in number and visible only under high magnification. 

Hind wing exceedingly narrow but triangularly widened at the hook- 
lets, and slightly widened again at the apex which is rounded; no discal 
setae present; marginal fringe composed of twelve setae beginning on 
the posterior margin just beyond the hooklets and abruptly terminating 
on the anterior margin at the apex of the wing, only two of the setae 
being situated on the anterior side of the apex; the setae also rapidly 
increase in length towards the apex, where they are only slightly shorter 
than those of the fore-wing. 


Tarsi of front legs distinctly longer than the front tibiae; tarsi of 
middle and hind legs (Fig. 7b) slightly shorter than the corresponding 
tibiae. 


No definite surface sculpture observable under high magnifieation. 


Head and thorax rather pale yellow, the eyes black; antennae and legs 
pale yellowish; occiput of head and the abdomen brown; wings hyaline, 
but the hind pair are rather distinctly infuscated at and near the hooklets. 

Length of body, 0.252; length of antenna, 0.162; length of fore-wing, 
0.229; greatest width of fore-wing, 0.031; greatest length of marginal 
fringe of fore-wing, 0.185; width of thorax, 0.118; length of thorax and 
abdomen combined, 0.195 mm. 


Described from two females (holotype and_ paratype) 
mounted on a slide with fragments of about three other females 
which were accidentally crushed during preparation. These 
specimens were collected by Mr. C. E. Pemberton late in 
January, 1920, on the leaves of a forest tree at Mountain View, 
Hawaii, where they were associated with Thysanoptera. Mr. 
Pemberton had a suspicion at the time that the MWegaphragma 
were parasitic on the thrips. This species is presumably an 
immigrant in the Hawaiian Islands, but of this there is, of 
course, no direct proof at present. 


Aphelinoidea xenos n. sp. Fig. 8. 


Female. Structurally similar to A. semifuscipennis Girault, but the 
basal joint of the club shows no transverse groove or suture on the ventral 


416 


side near the middle, the apical margin of the joint is more nearly straight 
on both sides, or only gently arcuate, whereas it is deeply angularly emar- 
ginate on the outer surface in semifuscipennis; the fore-wing narrower 
with fewer or about twenty discal hair lines at widest part of the disk, 
semifuscipennis having about twenty-five to twenty-eight lines, the disk, 
therefore, distinctly more sparsely pubescent; the marginal fringe dis- 
tinetly longer and practically equal to one-fifth of the greatest width of 
the disk, but in semifuscipennis equal to about one-seventh of the width of 
the disk. 





Fig. 8. Aphelinoidea xenos. Antenna of female. 


General color much paler than in semifuscipennis or yellowish brown 
instead of piceous. Dry specimens are brown, with most of the head, the 
dorsum of the thorax and sometimes apex of the abdomen above paler and 
more or less yellowish, and with the lower half of the occiput, the cheeks, 
lower part of the face, the sternum, pleura, and most of the abdomen fuscous 
brown. In balsam mounts the coloration is dusky yellow, with the lower 
half of the occiput, the cheeks, oral margin of face, sternum, pleura, and 
transverse bands on the abdomen appearing rather dilutely fuscous, these 
darker parts being not very conspicuous nor sharply bounded except on 
the occiput, the bands on the abdomen sometimes confined to the basal 
half or two-thirds; rest of the face, apex, and part of the venter of abdo- 
men purer brighter yellow, the frontovertex orange yellow; eyes and ocelli 
bright carmine; antennae clear yellow; legs dusky with the tips of the 
tibiae and the tarsi paler and more yellowish. 

Wings hyaline, but with basal part beneath the venation clouded with 
fuscous, the apical margin of the cloud extending slightly obliquely distad 
from the apex of the stigmal vein towards the opposite margin and into 
the pubescent area of the disk; the cloud also with a darker triangular 
area beneath the apex of the marginal vein, the apex of the triangle touch- 
ing the vein; just proximad is a slightly clearer area, somewhat similar 
in shape, but smaller and with the base of the triangle against the vein, 
sometimes this clearer area is more diffused and extends along the vein 
towards the base of the wing; hind-wings with a short slightly clouded 


417 


area beneath the apical half of the venation; marginal vein of both fore 
and hind-wings distinctly more infuscated than the rest of the venation. 
The following measurements are given in a column parallel with similar 
measurements of semifuscipennis: 
menos  semifuscipennis 
Length of body to apex of ovipositor (0.471 to). .0.635 mm. 0.537 mm. 


Weno Theor antenna ese: -m sso veieece lee «os eet sche 0.234 mm, 0.224 mm, 
Irene tH OL! Sea Neti. ateeten swale adele olick alae wide wie 0.081 mm. 0.079 mm. 
MEN SLH .Gremedicehte. ti. siete Alas Aides SCG ees ess 0.049 mm. 0.045 mm. 
Hien bhs ObyClub me is sayy apt tagses el Sayers avers, osc vets 1004, 46 0.103 mm. 0.098 mm. 
Wen othyors basal Chub |Olditer. acrid slo nee cine 2 0.037 mm. 0.035 mm. 
Length of pedicel and flagellum .............. 0.153 mm. 0.145 mm. 
FICHE TT OF EOTE WINE scat dsjc ee ces cass os ote 0.475 mm. 0.499 mm. 
Widths ofp fOre-wiusgreais sia c..c.s ers aren: cite eae 0.191 mm. 0.215 mm. 
Length of marginal fringe of fore-wing ........ 0.040 mm. 0.037 mm. 


Male. Very similar to the female, but with the antennae slenderer, the 
two joints of the club practically equal in length, the wings narrower, with 
the discal pubescence somewhat sparser and the marginal fringe distinctly 
longer or nearly one-third as long as the greatest width of the disk. 

Coloration as in the female, except that the fuscous bands on the abdo- 
men are confined entirely to the basal half or a little more than half of 
abdomen, the fuscous cloud at base of wings somewhat paler. 

Length of body, (0.417 to) 0.608; length of antenna, 0.222; length of 
scape, including radicle, 0.083; length of pedicel, 0.048; length of elub, 
0.081; length of basal joint of club, 0.041; length of pedicel and flagellum 
combined, 0.138; length of fore-wing, 0.478; greatest width of fore-wing, 
0.163; length of marginal fringe of fore-wing, 0.051 mm. 


Described from 21 females, 20 males (holotype, allotype, 
male and paratypes) mounted on slides and reared by Mr. 
Swezey from the eggs of Sogata paludum (Kirkaldy) collected 
at Kewalo in Honolulu on August 18, 1913, and on May 4, 
1914; and 14 specimens (paratypes) of undetermined sex, 
mounted on cards and reared with the preceding specimens. 


418 


Records of the Introduced and Immigrant Chalcid-Flies 
of the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera). 


BY =P. Ef. LiIMBERDAKE: 
(Presented at the meeting of December 6, 1923.) 


The purpose of this paper is to provide a list of all known 
adventive Chalcid-flies found in the Hawaiian Islands, together 
with records of their distribution on the different Islands and 
dates of their introduction or first capture. Although host 
records are not a primary concern of this article, yet many of 
these records are given incidentally or for the purpose of 
designating more definitely certain undescribed species. 


Records of 144 species are here brought together. Of these 
at least twenty-four species have been purposely introduced, in 
three instances subsequently to the first capture of the species, 
which at the time had not been recognized to occur in the 
Islands. A considerable number of other Chalcid-flies have 
been introduced at various times, but records only of those that 
have been recovered or found established are given here. 


In point of time of the first capture or introduction twenty- 
six species have records extending back before 1902 and seven 
of these were collected by Blackburn during his residence in 
the Islands between 1876 and 1882. 


During the twelve-year period between 1902 and 1913, in- 
clusive, seventy-three species were first found or introduced so 
far as information is obtainable at this time; during the last 
ten years, 1914 to 1923, inclusive, forty-five additional species 
have been introduced or discovered for the first time. Although 
the record of first capture in the Islands of any particular 
species may be several to many years subsequent to its first 
establishment here, yet it is perhaps significant that a consider- 
ably smaller proportion of species were discovered during the 
last decade than during the preceding twelve-year period, the 
exact proportion being 4.5 species per year as compared with 
6.08 species per year for the preceding period. Possibly the 
greater proportion for the 1902-1913 period is due to the fact 
that some of the species had been established for many years 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


419 


and were finally brought to light because of the greatly in- 
creased activity along entomological lines that was inaugurated 
at about that time, but on the other hand the quarantine estab- 
lished in 1902 has doubtlessly prevented many species from gain- 
ing an entrance into the Islands and presumably has been in- 
creasingly efficient in this respect. 

In the preparation of this paper I have received considerable 
help from Mr. A. B. Gahan, of the U. S. National Museum, who 
has generously compared specimens with types and supplied 
records of specimens in the National Museum. These records 
are designated by (U. S. Nat. Mus.) in the list. 


AGAONIDAE, 
1. *Blastophaga psenes (Linnaeus). 
Introduced in 1909 from California and its distribution is 
limited to a few trees in the Moanalua Gardens near Honolulu. 
2. *Pleistodontes froggatti Mayr. 


Introduced in 1921 from Sydney and recovered in June of 
the same year. It is now well established in Honolulu and at 
Waimea, Hawaii. 


3. *Pleistodontes imperialis Saunders. 


Introduced in 1922 from Sydney and recovered in July of 
the same year. Its present distribution is limited to a few 
trees in and near Honolulu. 


CALLIMOMIDAE. 


4. Podagrion beneficium Girault. 


One specimen is labelled (by inadvertence?) as taken in 
November, 1922, at Palolo, Oahu (Illingworth) but I have a 
suspicion that the record is erroneous and that the specimen is 
actually from Queensland. 


5. Megastigmus sp. 


One specimen was taken by Fullaway on a window in 
Honolulu, February 13, 1922, and the species is very likely not 
established. 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


420 


CHALCIDIDAE. 


6. *Brachymeria obscurata (Walker). 


Introduced by Koebele from Japan about 1895 and now 
common on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. 


7. Brachymeria polynesialis (Cameron). 

Taken by Blackburn in Honolulu and recorded by Ashmead 
also from Hilo, Hawaii. The species is now rarely found, 
and I have taken only two specimens, one in Honolulu and 
another at Honaunau, Kona, Hawaii. Mr. Swezey also found 
it at Hamakuapoko, Maui, in January, 1910. 


8. Stomatoceras pertorvum Girault. 

First taken in Honolulu by Dr. Perkins in 1900. It is now 
very common and widely distributed as it was collected at 
Puunene, Maui, in October, 1904 (Swezey), and at Lihue, 
Kauai, in September, 1907 (Swezey). 


9. Paranacryptus lacteipennis (Cameron). 


Taken by Blackburn on Oahu and now very rare. There is 
one female in the National Museum collected by Ashmead, July 
6, 1901, at Hilo, Hawaii. It was described by Cameron in 1883 
as Epitranus lacteipennis. 


10. *Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri. 


Introduced in 1913 from West Africa, and recovered at 
Waialae, Oahu, in September, 1921 (Fullaway). 


EURYTOMIDAE. 


11. Eurytoma orchidiarum (Westwood). 


This species was found breeding on Cattleya orchids in 
Honolulu in June, 1914, by Dr. Lyon. 


12. Eurytoma sp. parasitic on Braconidae. 


Recorded by Dr. Perkins as first taken in 1903, but a series 
collected by him in December, 1903, at Bates Street, Honolulu, 
belongs to the following species. The earliest records verified 
by me are as follows: Reared from Muicrobracon onuodivorus 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


421 


(Terry) at Naalehu, Hawaii, December, 1905 (Swezey) ; col- 
lected in Honolulu, April, 1907 (Swezey); reared from Dino- 
campus coccinellae (Shrank) at Puunene, Maui, June, 1909 
(Terry), and collected at Waipouli, Kauai, March, 1917 (Swezey). 
It was recorded by Dr. Perkins also as a parasite of Apanteles. 


13. Eurytoma sp. parasitic on Trypetidae. 


Reared from Tephritis crassipes Thomson in December, 
1903, at Bates Street, Honolulu (Perkins) ; collected at Huehue 
and in South Kona, Hawaii, in August, 1919 (Swezey), and at 
Olokele Canyon, Kauai, in September, 1920 (Swezey). It has 
been reared by Mr. Swezey on Oahu also from Tephritis 
sweseyt Bryan. 


14. Harmolita swezeyi Phillips and Poos. 


This species is phytophagus on Bermuda grass (Cynodon 
dactylon [L.] Pers.). The earliest records that I have been 
able to verify are as follows: Collected at Puako, Hawaii, May, 
1905 (Swezey); at Honolulu in June, 1905 (Swezey); at 
Kealia, Kauai, May, 1906 (Terry) and at Iao Valley, Maui, 
August, 1908 (Swezey). Dr. Perkins thought that there might 
be two species of Harmolita in the Islands but I have been able 
to distinguish only one. 


PTEROMALIDAE. 


15. Mormoniella brevicornis Ashmead. 


This species was reared by Terry from Muscoid puparia in 
Honolulu in December, 1907, and again in April, 1910. It was 
reared by him from Chrysomyia dux (Esch.), Lucilia sericata 
(Meig.), Sacrophaga dux Thomson and Sarcophaga barbata 
Thomson. 


16. *Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. 


Reared from Sarcophaga puparia collected at Waialae, Oahu, 
in May, 1907 (Swezey), and from the same host in Honolulu 
by Terry in August, 1907, and January, 1911. Reintroduced 
from South Africa in 1913 by Silvestri. 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


422 


17. Zatropis tortricidis Crawford. 


Reared from Gracilaria marginestrigata Wlsm. in Honolulu, 
January and December, 1902 (Perkins); taken in the Alakai 
Swamp, Kauai, September, 1917 (C. N. Forbes) ; reared from 
lantana berries collected at Wailuku and Sprecklesville, Maui, 
May, 1921 (Swezey) ; collected at Honokaa, Hawaii (2500 feet), 
May 28, 1922 (F. X. Williams). It has been reared. also from 
the lantana leaf-miner (Cremastobombycia lantanella Busck), 
and is commonly reared from lantana berries so that it is prob- 
ably parasitic on Agromysa lantanae Froggatt. 


18. Aplastomorpha calandrae (Howard). 


Reared from corn infested with Calendra oryzae (Linn.), 
collected in Honolulu, January, 1910 (Swezey), taken in a corn- 
house at Hamakuapoko, Maui, January 29, 1910 (Swezey), 
and reared from Calendra oryzae in rat poison, Honokaa; 
Hawaii, October, 1922 (Pemberton). It was first recorded 
apparently by Bridwell in 1918 under the name of Pteromalus 
calandrae Howard (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 3, p. 488) and as 
here determined includes the undetermined Pteromalid men- 
tioned by him. It is now a common parasite in stored prod- 
ucts and has been reared in Honolulu from Mylabris quadri- 
maculatus (Fab.), M. chinensis (Linn.) and M. phaseoli (Gyll.). 
It has been found by Bridwell also breeding in the open and 
was reared by him from Mylabris pruininus (Horn) and was 
also taken on Wailupe Ridge, Oahu, May 6, 1917 (Bridwell). 
In February, 1924, Mr. Ehrhorn found it in his office under 
conditions indicating that it was breeding on Catorama me.vi- 
cana Chev. 


19. Lariophagus distinguendus (Forster). 


This species was collected at Pahala, Hawaii, May 21, 1915 
(Swezey), and on a window in Honolulu, January 22, 1916 
(Swezey). During 1916 about half a dozen specimens were 
taken on windows at the Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station 
and one was taken by Mr. Ehrhorn at his home in Manoa 
Valley. It has been reared from Calendra oryzae (Linn.) in- 
festing rat poison at Honokaa, Hawaii, October, 1922 (Pem- 
berton ). 


423 


20. Lariophagus sp. 

An unidentified species of this genus was taken at Honolulu 
in a shipment of rice from Japan, September 17, 1909 (Lewis). 
A note attached to the specimens (four females) states that 
they were found flying around a larva of Tenebroides mauritan- 
icus (Linn.). One male taken by Mr: Swezey at Paia, Maui, 
August 24, 1908, apparently belongs to the same species. 


21. *Lariophagus texanus Crawford. 


Introduced from Brownsville, Texas, in 1921, by Bridwell 
and Willard and reported by Willard later in the same year to 
have been recovered on Oahu. It is parasitic on Mylabris sal- 
laei (Sharp) and doubtlessly on other species of MWylabris. 


22. Eupteromalus sp. 


This species was reared by Mr. Swezey from Dryinid co- 
coons, apparently one to each cocoon, probably of Haplogo- 
natopus vitiensis Perkins and possibly also of Echthrodelphax 
fairchildi’ Perkins, on Sogata paludum (Kirkaldy), and also 
from cocoons of the spider Cryptine, Arachnoleter swezeyi 
Cushman, collected at Kewalo, Oahu, May 4, 1914; also reared 
by Mr. Swezey from Gracilaria marginestrigata Wlsm., mining 
Xanthium at Nawiliwili, Kauai, September, 1921. 


23. Bruchobius sp. 


One female was collected on a window of the Sugar Plant- 
ers’ Experiment Station, September 13, 1916 (Timberlake), and 
in April and May, 1923, it was reared in large numbers from 
pigeon peas infested with Mylabris quadrimaculatus (Fab.) and 
M. chinensis (Linn.), collected by Mr. Swezey. A small series 
was also brought back from India by Mr. Fullaway, these 
specimens having been reared from Mylabris larvae at Banga- 
lore in February, 1921, by Subermanian. Mr. Gahan, to whom 
specimens were submitted, writes me that it is known to him 
also from the Philippines. 


24. Habrocytus sp. 


Reared from lantana leaf-miner Cremastobombycia lantanella 
(Busck) collected at Lihue, Kauai, May 6, 1921 (Swezey), and 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


424 


from the same host collected at Sprecklesville, Maui, May 18, 
1921 (Swezey). 


25. Pteromalid undetermined. 


A single female collected in Olokele Canyon, Kauai, by Mr. 
Swezey, September 5, 1920, shows considerable affinity with both 
Bruchobius and Zatropis but at present remains unplaced. It 
is a comparatively robust species, with a lenticular head, the 
vertex being strongly declivous behind the ocelli. 


26. Pteromalus fuscitarsis Ashmead. 


Described from a single specimen taken on Lanai by Dr. 
Perkins in January, 1894, and not recognized by me. As 
there are no other species of Pteromalidae present in the Islands 
that can be considered endemic, I believe this species must also 
be an immigrant. 


27. *Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashmead. 


Two females were reared from puparia of the cane-borer 
Tachinid (Ceromasia sphenorphori Vill.) collected in Honolulu, 
April 10, 1911 (Swezey) and one female was obtained from 
a puparium of a Drosophila sp. in rotting pineapple collected 
in Honolulu, October, 1907 (Terry). Reintroduced by Fulla- 
way in 1914 from the Philippines. 


28. Pachyneuron allograptae Ashmead. 


Reared by Mr. Terry in April, 1904, from the puparia of 
Simosyrphus grandicornis (Maeq.), collected on the plantation 
of the Oahu Sugar Company. More recently a series was 
reared from sorghum heads collected in Honolulu, July, 1920 
(Timberlake), the host presumably being a Syrphid, as the 
material was infested with Aphis maidis Fitch. 

Previously recorded as P. syrphi (Ashmead), 1881, but that 
name is preoccupied by P. syrphi (Ratzeburg), 1848, which is 
the same as P. flavipes (Forster) according to Kurdumoff. 
P. allograptae Ashmead, 1887, is the next oldest available name 
for this common North American species. 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


425 


29. Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead). 


Reared from Ephedrus incompletus Provancher in an Aula- 
corthum sp. on rose-bushes, Honolulu, April and May, 1914 
(Swezey), and from the same host at Wailuku, Maui, in June, 
1916 (Swezey). Reared also from Diaeretus chenopodiaphidis 
(Ashmead) in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on cabbage, Palolo Val- 
ley, Oahu, in August, 1917 (Timberlake). 


30. Pachyneuron sp. 


Three females were reared from puparia of Leucopis nigri- 
cornis Egger collected on sugar-cane in Honolulu in August 
and September, 1919 (Osborn and Timberlake). Recorded by 
me in 1920 as P. anthomyiae Howard in Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., 
4, p. 330, but it is very distinct from the common Leucopis 
parasite of the United States, which I believe is correctly 
identified as anthomyiae. The local species has practically no 
neck on the propodeum, and has the petiole of the abdomen 
smooth and polished and with a distinct prong on each side at 
about the middle. I have the same species also from California, 
where it was reared from several species of Coccidae. 


MISCOGASTERIDAE. 


31. Tomocera californica Howard. 


This species was an early immigrant to the Islands and was 
collected by Blackburn. It was described by Cameron under 
the name of Moranila testaceiceps, and has been found on 
Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Hawaii. 


32. *Tomocera ceroplastis Perkins. 


Found by Dr. Perkins on Tantalus, Oahu, and described as 
a parasite of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell in 1906. I have reared 
what is apparently this species from Asterolecanium pustulans 
(Cockerell) at Honolulu. The species seems to me _ rather 
doubtfully distinct from californica. According to Dr. Perkins 
it was introduced by Koebele from China. 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


426 


33. *Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky. 


Introduced by Craw in 1905 from California and now a 
common parasite of Saissetia nigra (Nietner) and S. hem- 
sphaerica (Targ.). Although there seem to be no specimens 
in collections except from Honolulu and vicinity I think it 
must be widely distributed in the Islands. 


SPALANGIIDAE. 


34. Spalangia cameroni Perkins. 


Found by Blackburn and recorded by Cameron in 1881 as 
S. hirta Haliday. It has been taken on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, 
Molokai and Hawaii and parasitizes a variety of Diptera in- 
cluding Stomoxrys, Lyperosia, Sarcophaga, Limnophora and 
Dacus. 


35. *Spalangia philippinensis Fullaway. 


Introduced by Fullaway in 1914 from the Philippines. It 
was reared in 1916 by Dr. Illingworth in Palolo Valley, Oahu, 
from various dipterous puparia in hen manure, and in Septem- 
ber, 1919, by Willard from Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett in Hono- 
lulu. 


36. Spalangia sp. 


Reared by Mr. Swezey from horn-fly puparia (Lyperosia 
irritans Linn.) collected at Waialae, Oahu, March 15, 1910, and 
by Dr. Illingworth in 1916 together with the preceding species. 
This species may have been purposely introduced, as several 
other species of Spalangia are known to have been brought 
here, of which we have no exact record, or which have not 
been recovered. 

The other two Hawaiian species of Spalangia, S. lanaiensis 
Ashmead and S. simplex Perkins seem to be endemic species. 


37. Choetospila elegans Westwood. 

First taken by Mr. Bridwell in Honolulu in 1913, and found 
by him at Haiku, Maui, in September, 1918; collected from a 
store window at Mountain View, Hawaii, October 19, 1917 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


427 


(Timberlake). It has been reared from Calendra oryzae 
(Linn.) and from various Bruchids ( Mylabridae ). 


38. Spalangiid. 

This species belongs to what is apparently a new genus 
near Cerocephala Westwood. I have seen only five specimens, 
all taken in Honolulu, most of them probably at or near the 
Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station. One was taken by Dr. 
Perkins in April, 1908, two by Mr. Swezey in 1915 and 1916, 
and two by myself in 1917 and 1921. 


EUPELMIDAE. 


39. Anastatus koebelei Ashmead. 


This species was collected as early as 1892 at Kona, Hawaii, 
by Dr. Perkins, and described in 1901. In 1906, Perkins re- 
corded it from Oahu as a parasite in the eggs of a Locustid, by 
which was meant the species now known as Elimaea punctifera 
(Walker). It is probably common on the other Islands, but 
I have seen no specimens except from Oahu, and one specimen 
from Iao Valley, Maui, taken by Mr. Bryan in 1919. The 
male of this species has not been found. 


40. Solindenia picticornis Cameron. 


Collected by Blackburn and now widely distributed through- 
out the Islands but not known elsewhere. It is certainly an 
immigrant through commerce, however, as it is remarkably 
different from the endemic Eupelmids. It is parasitic in the 
egeg-capsules of a Blattid, Allacta similis (Saussure) and per- 
haps of others of the smaller Blattids, as indicated by Dr. 
Perkins in 1913 (Introduction, Fauna Haw. vol. 1, pt. 6, p. evi). 
The male has been reared but is as yet undescribed. 


41. Charitopodinus swezeyi (Crawford). 


The first notice of this species was by Swezey in 1914, who 
recorded it as a Eupelmus sp. parasitic on Harmolita in Ber- 
muda grass at Kaimuki. In 1918, Bridwell recorded it also 
as a parasite of Mylabridae, of Chelonus blackburni Cameron 
and of the Cryptine parasitic in the egg-cocoons of spiders, 
which has since been described by Cushman as Arachnoleter 
swezeyi. It was taken as early as June, 1905, on Oahu and in 


428 


1906 on Kauai. It has been taken by Mr. Muir also at Macao, 
China. The male remains unknown. 


42. Eupelmella subaptera (Ashmead). 


Described under Eupelminus by Ashmead in 1901 from the 
Waianae Mountains, Oahu. This species is rather rarely taken 
in the mountains of Oahu, and I presume that it is adventive 
because it is an isolated form. 


43. Eupelmus sp. 


One female taken by Mr. Swezey in the South Waianae 
Mountains, Oahu, on November 9, 1919, differs so remarkably 
from other Hawaiian Eupelmus that I believe that it is also 
adventive. The sculpture is remarkably smooth and_ polished 
and the scape is bright yellow. 


ENCYRTIDAE. 


44. Xanthoencyrtus fullawayi Timberlake. 


This species was recorded by Fullaway in 1913 as the sup- 
posed male of Pseudococcobius terryi, but as no separate data 
were given its first appearance in the Islands is unknown. It 
was collected on Hawaii in 1916 by Mr. Swezey and in 1922 a 
large series was reared from Trionymus calceolariae (Maskell) 
collected on sugar-cane in Manoa Valley by Messrs. Swezey, 
Fullaway and Quan Chock. As many as fifteen parasites some- 
times issue from a single mealy-bug. The male has not been 
found. 


45. Anagyrus nigricornis Timberlake. 


This species was taken on Oahu in March 1910 (Swezey), 
on Kauai, in 1915 (Swezey), on Maui in 1918 (Swezey), and 
on Hawaii in 1919 (Swezey, Giffard). 


46. Anagyrus antoninae Timberlake. 


First discovered in Honolulu in 1919 (Timberlake) and 
not yet found elsewhere in the Islands excepting one specimen 
taken by Mr. Swezey on Lanihuli, Oahu, in September, 1919. 
It is known also from Japan. 


429 


47. Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake. 


First recorded in 1913 by Fullaway and taken on Oahu as 
early as August 24, 1910, by Swezey; taken at Lihue, Kauai, 
May 23, 1918 (Timberlake), at Lupe Ditch, Maui, in June, 
1918 (Giffard and Fullaway), at Napoopoo, Hawaii, August 
10, 1919 (Timberlake), and on Sand Island, Midway, in April, 
1923 (Fullaway). It is essentially a grass-inhabiting species and 
seems to be confined strictly to the lowlands. 


48. *Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault). 


Introduced from California in the winter of 1915-1916 by 
Ehrhorn and Fullaway. It is not known to have become estab- 
lished except at Honolulu and vicinity. 


49. Pauridia peregrina Timberlake. 

First recorded by Fullaway in 1913 but taken as early as 
1906 by Dr. Perkins in Honolulu. It was taken on Maui in 
June, 1918 (Giffard and Fullaway), at Kilohana, Kauai, Sep- 
tember 1, 1920 (Swezey), and on Eastern Island, Midway, in 
April, 1923 (Fullaway). It is also known from China, Luzon, 
Fiji, California and South Africa. 


50. Blepyrus insularis (Cameron). 


Taken on several of the Islands by Blackburn and known 
to me from Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. 


51. Encyrtus infelix (Embleton). 


Recorded by Ashmead in 1901 as Encyrtus fuscus from 
Hawaii and Lanai, and known to me also from Oahu and 
Maui. This species is widely distributed both in the lowlands 
and in the native forests. 


52. Encyrtus barbatus Timberlake. 


Recorded first in 1919 but taken as early as March, 1905, 
in Honolulu by Mr. Craw. Besides having been collected in 
a few localities on Oahu this species was taken by Mr. Swezey 
at Napoopoo, Hawaii, on August 10, 1919. It seems to be 
confined to the lowlands. It is known to me also from the fol- 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


430 


lowing foreign localities besides those listed in 1919: Nagasaki, 
Japan (T. Ishi); Los Banos, Luzon (Woodworth) and San 
Marino, California (H. Compere). 


53. Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman). 


This species is represented by a single specimen collected 
by Koebele in Oahu and recorded by me in 1919. 


54. Quaylea whittieri (Girault). 


Taken as early as September, 1905, by Kotinsky in Hono- 
lulu; collected at Kona, Hawaii, by Pemberton in December, 
1915, and at Kilauea, Hawaii, by Swezey in June, 1917. It was 
described by me in 1919 as Q. aliena and later merged with 
whittiert. . 

55. Zeteticontus perkinsi Timberlake. 
Described elsewhere in this number from a specimen col- 


lectedby Dre Perkins in Honolulatin’ 1906. ih ‘has “wot vbeen 
taken since. 


56. Microterys kotinskyi (Fullaway). 


First recorded in 1906 by Kotinsky as probably M. flavus 
(Howard) and again by Perkins in 1910 under the latter name. 
The species is now very common and widely distributed in the 
Islands and I have seen specimens from Kauai, Oahu, Maui and 
Hawaii. 


57. Microterys flavus (Howard). 


Of this species I have seen only three specimens, a pair 
collected on Hawaii by Koebele and one female taken by Mr. 
Bridwell on Kaumuohona, Oahu, on June 17, 1917. 


58. Aphycus alberti Howard. 


This parasite has been taken a few times in Honolulu and 
the first record goes back to October, 1914 (Swezey). 


59. Aphycus claviger Timberlake. 


Represented by only two specimens collected on Lanihulh, 
Oahu, September 3, 1916 (Timberlake). The female is similar 


to the preceding species but has a little wider scape, and the 
a 


431 


abdomen is largely fuscous instead of wholly yellow as in 
alberti. The male is hardly distinguishable. 


60. Pseudococcobius terryi (Fullaway). 

As recorded by Fullaway in 1913 this species was first 
found by Terry on Maui in June, 1909. It is now known to 
be widely distributed on Hawaii, Maui, Oahu and Kauai. In 
July, 1919, I took an apterous female among Eragrostis in 
a very windy place on the side of Iao Valley, Maui. Accord- 
ing to a recent letter received from Mercet the generic name 
Aphycus should be used for the group of species represented by 
terryi, but I will not make the change until he has published 
his conclusion. 


61. Aphycomorpha araucariae Timberlake. 


This parasite of Eriococcus araucariae Maskell has been 
taken only in or near Honolulu and the earliest record goes 
back to July, 1906 (Kotinsky). 


62. *Pseudaphycus utilis Timberlake. 


Introduced in 1922 from Orizaba, Mexico, and now well 
established and very effective on Pseudococcus nipae on Oahu. 
It has been distributed also to some of the other Islands. 


63. Xesmatia flavipes Timberlake. 

First recorded and described in 1920 from two specimens 
taken in widely separated localities in the mountains of Oahu 
in December, 1918, and June, 1919. More recently I have 
seen a specimen collected by Mr. Swezey at Kilauea, Hawaii, on 
August 5, 1919. 


64. Euchalcerinys apicicornis Timberlake. 

First collected by Mr. Swezey on March 28, 1915, and so 
far it has been taken only in the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. 
Like the preceding species it is a presumable immigrant. 

65. Aphidencyrtus schizoneurae (Ashmead). 


Recorded by Dr. Perkins in 1910 from Oahu and collected 
as early as June, 1905, in Honolulu (Swezey). [ound at 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


432 


Wailuku, Maui, June 18, 1916 (Swezey); at Mountain View, 
Hawaii, January 21, 1918 (Timberlake), and at Grove Farm, 
Kauai, in May, 1918 (Timberlake). 


66. Helegonatopus pseudophanes Perkins. 


Recorded in 1910 by Dr. Perkins from Oahu and collected 
by Terry at Waipahu in May, 1907; taken at Kekaha, Kauai, 
April 12, 1913 (Swezey); at Hakalau, Hawaii, March 6, 1915 
(Swezey) and at Puunene, Maui, December 18, 1917 (Swezey). 


67. Saronotum americanum Perkins. 


Apparently first recorded by both Mr. Swezey and the writer 
in 1919, but taken as early as November 29, 1912, at Ewa 
Plantation, Oahu (Swezey); reared from Dryinid cocoons from 
Hilo, Hawaii, in September and October, 1913 (Swezey) ; 
taken at Olowalu, Maui, on December 20, 1917 (Swezey). 


68. Adelencyrtus odonaspidis Fullaway. 


First recorded by Dr. Perkins in 1913 from Honolulu as 
Amucroterys sp. and described by Fullaway in the same year, 
but taken as early as December 1, 1907, by Swezey at Wailuku; 
collected at Honaunau, Hawaii, August 13, 1917 (Swezey and 
Timberlake), and at Waikapu, Maui, March 23, 1924 (Swezey). 


69. Plagiomerus hospes Timberlake. 


So far this species has been collected only in the Koolau 
Mountains, Oahu, having been taken first by Mr. Giffard at 
Nuuanu Pali, October 19, 1919, and more recently by Mr. 
Swezey at Kalihi, Opaeula and Waimalu. 


70. Anabrolepis extranea Timberlake. 


This species has been taken up to the present time only 
in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu as follows: One female on 
Tantalus, October 26, 1919 (Giffard); another at the head 
of Manoa Valley, July 25, 1920 (Dr. Williams); a third on 
Waialae ridge (1500 feet), November 26, 1922 (Swezey) ; and 
another at Waikane on sandalwood, April 13, 1924 (Swezey). 


71. Anicetus annulatus Timberlake. 


First recorded in 1913 by Mr. Fullaway as Cerapterocerus 
sp. and taken by him in Honolulu, April 25, 1912; collected on 


433 


Puu Kapele, Kauai, February 14, 1915 (Swezey), and at 
Kaiwiki, Hawaii, September 22, 1918 (Swezey). The species 
is known to me also from Sacramento, California, and Chin 
San, Macao, China. 


72. *Comperiella bifasciata Howard. 


Recorded by Mr. Fullaway in 1913 as Cerapterocerus sp. and 
reared as early as August, 1905, by Kotinsky from Aspidiotus 
on Bombax ceiba Linn. in Honolulu. It was reintroduced in 
1908 presumably from China and has been taken apparently 
only once in recent years, Mr. Fullaway having informed me 
that he collected a specimen in 1916. The species is common 
in Japan. : 


73. Arrhenophagus albipes Girault. 


Incorrectly recorded by the writer in 1922 as A. chionaspidis 
from specimens taken near Honolulu in October, 1921, by Mr. 
Ehrhorn. It has since been found commonly in Honolulu and 
was taken at Kahuku, Oahu, November 8, 1923, by Mr. Pem- 
berton. It was described in 1915 from Hongkong, China, and 
recorded by Girault also from Gifu and Jamsui, Japan. 


APHELINIDAE. 
74. Aneristus ceroplastae Howard. 


This species was recorded by Fullaway in 1913 and by the 
writer in 1918 as Prococcophagus orientalis (Howard). Mr. 
Gahan of the U. S. National Museum more recently has com- 
pared the types of ceroplastae and orientalis and has pronounced 
them to be the same. The species was collected in Honolulu 
and at Waianae, Oahu, by Dr. Perkins in 1902; on October 10, 
1905, it was collected at Hana, Maui (Swezey) ; in 1913 it was 
recorded from Kona, Hawaii, by Fullaway, evidently from 
specimens then recently taken; and on February 14, 1915, it 
was taken on Puu Kapele, Kauai (Swezey). 


75. Coccophagus sp. 
Recorded by Ashmead in 1901 as Coccophagus lecanii, but 


appearing to me to be distinct from that common North Ameri- 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


434 


can species. I have examined specimens collected by Dr. Per- 
kins in Honolulu, and two specimens collected on Hawaii by 
Koebele (his Nos. 1117 and 1560). Although formerly com- 
mon, the species has become extremely reduced in numbers in 
recent years, probably because of competition with the preced- 
ing species, and the only recent specimen that I have seen is a 
male, that apparently belongs here, reared by Mr. Swezey from 
Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Sign.), collected on Puu _ Kapele, 
Kauai, February 14, 1915. 


A Coccophagus sp. was recorded in 1893 by Mr. W. G. Wait 
in the Planters’ Monthly, vol. 12, p. 562, from North Kona, 
Hawaii, as parasitic on Pulvinaria and Lecanium on coffee. It 
was called by the manuscript name, Coccophagus hawatiensis 
Howard, and its identity with the species incorrectly called lecanit 
by Ashmead has been established recently by examination of 
specimens (two females, with the date, October 24, 1893) in the 
National Museum. 


76. Coccophagus ochraceus Howard. 


An insect was recorded by Ashmead in 1901 from Nilauea, 
iJawaii, under this name, but the identification, like several 
others of Ashmead’s, is open to grave doubt. Ochraceus has 
recently become well known to me from California and South 
Africa, and I have seen nothing similar to it from the Hawaiian 
Islands. 


77. Centrodora xiphidii (Perkins). 

Described by Dr. Perkins in 1906, but recorded by Swegey 
in 1905 from Honolulu and Makiki, Oahu; Lahaina, Maui and 
Koloa, Kauai. It was collected also at Hilo, Hawaii, on Octo- 
ber 2, 1913 (Swezey). I have seen no specimens collected 
earlier than 1905. 


78. Prospaltella koebelei Howard. 

Described by Dr. Howard in 1908 from “Hawaii,” his speci- 
mens having been reared by Koebele from Morganella longi- 
spina (Morgan). I have not seen this species. 

79. Prospaltella sp. 


A small black species with a pale yellow scutellum has been 


435 


collected on Oahu several times, and is presumably the species 
recorded by Fullaway in 1913 as Coccophagus lecani from As- 
pidiotus rapax Comst. One female was taken by Dr. Perkins in 
Honolulu in December, 1908, and I have taken two specimens 
on Tantalus and Mt. Kaala. In March, 1924, it was reared by 
Mr. Swezey from Aspidiotus cydoniae Comst. on sugar-cane col- 
lected at the Experiment Station grounds in Honolulu. In the 
National Museum I found one female reared by Koebele from 
an Aspidiotus sp. on ohia tree at Olaa, Hawaii (No. 1561), and 
unfortunately without any date. 


80. Prospaltella sp. 


A wholly orange-yellow species with yellow antennae and 
legs and hyaline wings, which have a moderately long marginal 
fringe, was coliected by Mr. Swezey from grass on Pearl Harbor 
Peninsula, Oahu, July 4, 1919. 


81. Encarsia versicolor Girault. 


In 1907, Kotinsky recorded an Encarsia sp., which was 
reared from Aleyrodes sonchi Kotinsky, presumably in Hono- 
lulu. This record very likely was inclusive of both this and the 
following species, as both had been reared at that time by Mr. 
Swezey from this host. Of versicolor I have seen a number of 
specimens reared from Aleyrodes sonchi and Aleyrodes vapo- 
rariorum Westwood, in Honolulu, the oldest specimens having 
been taken by Mr. Swezey in the Kalihi district on January 27, 
1906. In the National Museum I also found specimens reared by 
Koebele from Aleyrodes on lantana as early as February, 1899, 
at Kona, Hawaii. I have a large series of this species reared in 
California from several species of Aleyrodidae, and a few speci- 
mens from New Haven, Connecticut, out of Aleyrodes vaporari- 
orum collected by Mr. B. H. Walden. The species was described 
from the latter host from Urbana, Illinois. 


82. Encarsia sp. 


This is a bright yellow species with the wings wholly hyaline, 
the disk of the wing rather broad, without a bare area beyond 
the stigmal vein, and with the marginal fringe less than one- 
half of the width of the disk. I have examined specimens of this 
species reared from Aleyrodes sonchi, A. vaporariorum and 


436 


A. hibisci Kotinsky. It was taken in Honolulu, May 27, 1907 
(Swezey), in Kona, Hawaii, in December, 1915 (Pemberton), 
and in Hilo, January, 1918 (Timberlake). In the National 
Museum there are some much older specimens reared by Koebele 
from an Aleyrodes on coffee at Olaa, Hawaii, in December, 1898. 


83. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw). 


Recorded by Dr. Howard in 1898 from Honolulu, but the 
record probably pertains to the following species, at least in 
part. Reared by G. Compere in Honolulu as early as January, 
1899, from Chrysomphalus rossi (Mask.) on Araucaria (U. S. 
Nat. Mus.); taken in Kona, Hawaii (5000 feet), by Koebele, 
host and date not given, Koebele’s Nos. 1526, 1527 (U. S. Nat. 
Mus.) ; reared from Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. and A. he- 
derae (Vall.) from Makaweli, Kauai, date not given, Koebele’s 
Nos: 1135; 1136, and 1137 (U. S:Nat../Mius.). G7ivinies vane 
present time seems to be considerably less abundant in Hono- 
lulu than the following species. 


84. Aspidiotiphagus agilior Berlese. 


According to a paper by Mr. A. B. Gahan, of which I have 
seen a manuscript copy, this species is apparently distinct from 
citrinus. Agilior has not been recorded from these Islands hereto- 
fore—at least under its present name—although Dr. Howard’s 





record of citrinus, in 1898, was presumably at least inclusive of- 


this species. It was reared by Koebele in Honolulu in August 
and October, 1896, from Parlatoria sizyphi (Lucas) and Fiori- 
nia forimae (Targ.) (U. S. Nat. Mus.); from Lepidosaphes 
beckw (Newm.) on orange in Kona, Hawaii, in April, 1898, and 
at Makaweli, Kauai, in May, 1898 (U. S. Nat. Mus.). 

A species of Aspidiotiphagus was introduced by Koebele 
about 1894 from China and Japan, but whether it was this or 
the preceding species, or both, is unknown. 


85. Aphelinus maidis Timberlake. 


Probably both this and the following species were included 
by Fullaway in 1913 in his record of Aphelinus mali, as both 
were present in collections at that time. Maidis was collected 
in Honolulu in 1906 by Dr. Perkins, and a mummified cane 
aphis (Aphis sacchari Zehntner) is preserved in the collection 


*) 


437 


of the Sugar Planters’ Station, collected at Lahaina, Maui, Sep- 
tember 27, 1905 (Swezey), which was without doubt parasitized 
by this species, this aphid being commonly attacked by it; it was 
reared from the cane aphis at Hilo, Hawaii, September 16, 1913 
(Swezey); and on May 22, 1918, the writer found the corn 
aphis (Aplus maidis Fitch) parasitized by this species at Grove 
Farm, Kauai. 


86. Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake. 


The ‘oldest specimen of this species that I have seen was 
taken in Honolulu on November 22, 1904, by Mr. Swezey, and 
the species was taken also at Kilauea, Hawaii, by Mr. Perkins 
in July, 1906. 


87. Aphelinus semiflavus Howard. 


Of this species, I have reared three specimens from material 
collected on Tantalus, Oahu. From To-voptera aurantii (Fons- 
colombe), I obtained two females on February 29, 1916, and 
one female on March 30, 1908, from Aulacorthum circumflexum 
(Buckton). 


88. Aphytis diaspidis (Howard). 


Recorded by Kotinsky in 1905 as Aphelinus fuscipennis from 
Mokuleia, Oahu, and in 1913 by Fullaway as Aphelinus dias- 
pidis, but taken in Honolulu by Koebele as early as January, 
1899 (U. S. Nat. Mus.). I have seen specimens only from 
Honolulu. 


89. Aphytis limonus (Rust). 


The Aphelinus species incidentally recorded by Girault in 
1913 from Honolulu proves to be this species, together with a 
few specimens of diaspidis. These specimens were reared by 
Koebele, March 10, 1899, from an Aspidiotus on oleander in 
Honolulu (U. S. Nat. Mus.). This species was also reared in 
Honolulu by Mr. George Compere in January, 1899, from three 
different species of diaspine scales. Limonus was described by 
Rust in 1915 from specimens collected by Mr. Ehrhorn in 1911. 
It is a common species in Honolulu, but I have not seen it from 
any other locality. 


438 


90. Marietta sp. 


First recorded by Fullaway in 1913 from Honolulu, but col- 
lected considerably before that time by Dr. Perkins. The earliest 
specimens that I have seen were taken by Mr. Swezey at Kai- 
muki, on March 8, 1913; others were taken at Kahuku, Oahu, 
July 18, 1919, and at Waikapu, Maui, on March 23, 1924, also 
by Mr. Swezey. It is now a common species on Oahu and 
occurs in a fully winged and apterous condition. In habits it is 
a secondary parasite of Trionymus and Antonina on grasses. 


91. *Marietta carnesi (Howard). 


In 1907, Mr. Kotinsky reported on the introduction of a 
Perissopterus sp. from China, which was reared from Lepid- 
osaphes and liberated in Honolulu in the summer of 1906. In 
1913, Mr. Fullaway recorded a Perissopterus which he had 
reared from a Lepidosaphes sp. at the Federal Experiment Sta- 
tion. The identity of the species concerned in these records is 
not certain, as | have seen no specimens, but there are grounds 
for believing that it was carnesi Howard. At any rate, I cap- 
tured a female of this species on February 10, 1924, in Makiki, 
Oahu, on Schinus infested with Saissetia nigra (Nietn.), and 
later reared a few more specimens from material collected at the 
time. Carnesi has been known previously as a secondary para- 
site of Diaspine scales. It is readily distinguished from the pre- 
ceding species by the very slender scape, which is no wider than 
the pedicel. 


92. Eretmocerus corni Haldeman. 


This species was determined by Dr. Perkins for Kotinsky, 
who recorded it from Honolulu in 1907 as a parasite of Aley- 
rodes hibiscit Kotinsky. I have reared this species from the same 
host collected at Hilo, Hawaii, in January, 1918. 


93. Archenomus perkinsi (Fullaway). 


Described by Fullaway in 1913 from Honolulu, under the 
genus Pteroptrichoides from specimens collected by Kotinsky on 
August 24, 1906. It apparently has never been found elsewhere 
in the Islands. 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


439 


94. Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix Fullaway. 

First recorded by Fullaway in 1913 as Pteroptrichoides sp. 
as a parasite of Howardia biclavis (Comst.) and still known 
only from Honolulu. 


SIGNIPHORIDAE, 
95. Signiphora aspidioti Ashmead. 


This species was recorded from Honolulu in 1913 by Mr. 
Girault as S. coquilletti and was reared from several species of 
Aspidiotus in Honolulu by Koebele as early as January and 
March, 1899 (U. S. Nat. Mus.). There are also specimens in 
the National Museum reared by Koebele from Aspidiotus sp. 
on ohia at Olaa, Hawaii. 


96. Signiphora sp. 


This is apparently the species recorded by Fullaway and by 
Muir in 1913 as Thysanus sp. from Aspidiotus species in Hono- 
lulu. It was reared from a Parlatoria on avocado at Kaimukt, 
June 3, 1913 (Swezey), and also reared by me apparently from 
Coccus longulus (Dougl.), although some diaspine scale may 
have been included in the material. It is distinguished from the 
following species by having a well-developed discal bristle on 
the fore-wing and by having the antennal club proportionately 
shorter and wider. 


97. Signiphora thoreauini Girault. 


One female was collected by Mr. Swezey on May 19, 1917, 
at Niulii, Hawaii. This specimen has the antennal club consider- 
ably longer and narrower than in Californian specimens of this 
species, but in almost all other respects it agrees very closely. 


TETRACAMPIDAE. 
98. Astichus cyaneus Ashmead. 

This species apparently requires a new generic name, as it 
certainly is not a true Astichus and belongs to a different group 
from that assigned to it by Ashmead. It was described in 1901 
from a specimen taken on Lanai in January, 1894. It was taken 
on Oahu by Perkins, and much earlier by Blackburn; found also 
on Maui in 1918, and on Kauai in 1921 by Swezey. It is a 


440 


rather rare species occurring in the native forests, and I believe 
it must be adventive because of its isolated position in respect 
to the native fauna. 


EuLOPH IDAE, ENTEDONINAE. 


99. Secodella metallica (Ashmead). 


Described as Omphale metallicus in 1901 from specimens 
taken on Hawaii, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai. It was taken on 
Mt. Kaala, Oahu, by Dr. Perkins as early as December, 1892 
(U. S. Nat. Mus.). It has been taken also on Maui. Like the 
preceding species, it has usually been considered endemic, but I 
believe it has all the earmarks of an immigrant species, it being 
an isolated species without congeners in the Islands, and occur- 
ring at all elevations on many different hosts. 


100. Achrysocharis fullawayi (Crawford). 


Described in 1913 from Honolulu as Derostenus fullowayi 
(sic) and apparently first taken by Fullaway about 1910. It has 
been reared from Agromyza pusilla Meig. collected. at Paauhau, 
Hawaii, January 17, 1918 (Timberlake), and from Cremasto- 
bombycia lantanella Busck collected at Lihue, Kauai and Ulupa- 
lakua and Sprecklesville, Maui, in May, 1921 (Swezey). It has 
been reared also from Gracilaria marginestrigata Wlsm., Graci- 
laria hibiscella Swezey and Philodoria pipturiella Swezey. 


101. Achrysocharis sp. 


This species, which has not been previously distinguished 
from fullawayi, was reared by Dr. Perkins as early as January, 
1902, in Honolulu, from Gracilaria marginestrigata Wlsm. Two 
females were reared from the same host at Kaimuki, March 8, 
1908 (Swezey), and two females were taken at Kekaha, Kauai, 
in August, 1913 (Osborn). It seems to have become very 
largely if not wholly replaced by the preceding species, as all 
the specimens of Achrysocharis obtained in recent years belong 
to fullawayi. It is distinguished from fullawayi by the consider- 
ably coarser reticulation and by the brighter, more brassy green 
color with purple on the scutellum. 


102. Chrysocharis parksi Crawford. 


Recorded by Crawford in 1913 as Chrysocharis sp. from 


441 


specimens collected in Honolulu by Fullaway. It was reared 
from Agromysa pusilla Meig. at Kaimuki, June 24-27, 1906 
(Swezey), and collected at Pahala, Hawaii, as early as May 6, 
1905 (Swezey). In September, 1918, Mr. Bridwell reared it 
from Agromyza pusilla at Haiku, Maut. 


103. Pleurotropis sp. 


This species was reared from the cocoons of Muicrobracon 
omiodivorus (Terry) in April, 1917, at Honolulu (Bridwell and 
Timberlake), and has not been recorded heretofore from the 


Islands. 
104. Entedonine sp. 


This species, which is parasitic in the cocoons of the spider 
Cryptine, Arachnoleter sweseyi Cushman, was taken by Mr. 
Terry at Waipahu, Oahu, in May, 1907, and at Honolulu in 
June of the same year. It is now widely distributed on Oahu, 
but apparently has not been found on the other Islands. It is 
recorded here for the first time. 


105. *Horismenus sp. 
Introduced by Bridwell and Willard from Brownsville, Texas, 
in 1921, and recovered by Mr. Willard on Oahu, in 1923. 
TETRASTICHINAE. 
106. Melittobia hawaiiensis Perkins. 


"Described in 1907 from Honolulu, and the earliest specimen 
that I have seen was taken by Dr. Perkins on a window at 
Waikiki, Oahu, in 1903 or 1904.7 Mr. Swezey has discovered 
its work in Sceliphron cocoons, also at Kilauea, Kauai, and in 
July, 1920, obtained specimens from Odynerus nigripennis Holm. 
collected at Keanae, Maui. Taken also in Sceliphron nest at 
Kealakekua, Hawaii (3500 feet), August 20, 1919 (Swezey and 
Timberlake ). 


107. Melittobia peles Perkins. 


Described as a variety of the preceding species by Dr. Per- 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


+The label is obseure, with the final figure rewritten so that it is not 
evident whether 1903 or 1904 was intended. 


442 


kins, who says that it is probably a distinct species. With this I 
fully agree, as there are good structural characters to separate 
it in both sexes. Dr. Perkins’ unique specimen was collected at 
Kilauea, Hawai, in July, 1906. Two females were collected on 
Mt. Olympus, Oahu, by Swezey, on April 2, 1911, and in July, 
1918, I obtained a large series, including males from a larva of 
Odynerus nigripennis collected at Nuuanu Pali, Oahu. 


108. Tetrastichine near Melittobia. 


This is the parasite of Ereunetis flavistriata Wlsm. recorded 
by Mir, Swezey m 1909 from Honolulu (Exp: Sta Hes) Ee, 
Ent. Bull., 6, p. 29). It resembles Melittobia in many ways, but 
is smaller, more metallic, and the funicle has only two joints. 
The male, moreover, closely resembles the female. Reared by 
Mr. Swezey from an Ereunetis larva on coconut at Grove Farm, 
Kauai, September 13, 1907, and taken by him in Honolulu, Janu- 
ary 20, 1908. It seems to be a common parasite of Ereunetis 
in Honolulu, and probably is more widely distributed than the 
records show. 


109. *Ootetrastichus beatus Perkins. 


Introduced from Fiji in 1905 and now well distributed 
throughout the sugar-cane districts of the Islands. 


110. *Ootetrastichus formosanus Timberlake. 


Introduced from Formosa in 1916 and now distributed to the 
same extent as O. beatus. 


111. Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg). 


Recorded by Ashmead in 1901 from Hawaii and Lanai, and 
probably one of the earliest immigrants of this group of insects, 
but not taken by Blackburn so far as I am aware. It presum- 
ably occurs on all the larger Islands, although | have seen speci- 
mens only from Kauai, Oahu, Mau, and Hawai. 


112. *Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri. 


Introduced by Fullaway from West Africa in 1914. The fol- 
lowing records of specimens taken in general collecting will be of 
interest: Collected on Konahuanui, Kaumuohona, and at Pauoa 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


443 


Bridwell), taken in Iao Valley, 


7 


Flats, Oahu, in June, 1917 (Br 
Maui, on September 5, 1919 (Bryan). 


113. Tetrastichus sp. 


Collected at Makiki, Oahu, January 25, 1907 (Swezey), and 
now rather common in Honolulu. Most of my specimens were 
taken on store windows, although the species also occurs in the 
open. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian species by the 
median scutal groove, the dark femora and yellow scape and 
pedicel. 


114. Tetrastichus sp. 


Of this species I have seen only one specimen, collected by 
me from a store window at Kaimuki, Oahu, on January 5, 1918. 
It is somewhat similar to hagenowti, but is much more de- 
pressed, more metallic, and with a smoother sculpture. It seems 


to be closely allied to 7. metallifer Masi. 


115. Tetrastichus sp. 


Taken by Dr. Perkins at Kilauea, Hawaii, in June, 1906, and 
there is a note attached to the specimen to the effect that it was 
apparently associated with Eurytoma or a Pteromalid parasitic 
on Diptera, and that the species is widely distributed, as he had 
taken it on Tantalus, Oahu. Mr. Giffard has also reared this 
species at Kilauea from Tephritis puparia in Raillardia flower- 
heads, April, 22, 1920. Among Hawaiian species it is most 
similar to the third species recorded above (No. 113), but it 
has the propodeum much shorter, the oral margin yellow, the 
scape and pedicel dark, and the femora yellow at base and apex. 


ELACHERTINAE. 


116. Elachertus advena Timberlake. 


This species will be described elsewhere in the near future. 
First recorded by me in 1919 as Elachertus sp. from specimens 
reared by Professor Crawford in Honolulu from Hypothenemus, 
but taken as early as June 10, 1917, on Tantalus by Mr. Brid- 
well. Taken at Waikee, Maui, September 4, 1919 (Bryan), and 
a good series, including males, was taken by Mr. Fullaway on 
Sand and Eastern Islands, Midway, in April, 1923. 


444 


117. Elachertus sp. 


A small series of this species, which has not been recorded 
heretofore, was reared by Mr. Giffard on July 9, 1906, from 
an unknown host collected in Moanalua Valley, Oahu. 


118. Elachertine. 


Recorded by me in 1919 as a Rhopalotus sp., but now placed 
in a different group. One female was swept from grass and 
weeds near Lihue, Kauai, May 23, 1918 (Timberlake) ; four 
females were collected by Mr. Swezey at Honaunau, Hawaii, 
August 13, 1919; and one female was taken by Mr: Fullaway 
in Honolulu on December 4, 1920. 


119. Cirrospilus sp. 


Reared from Cremastobombycia lantanella Busck at Lihue, 
Kauai, May 6, 1921, and from the same host at Sprecklesville, 
Maui, May 18, 1921 (Swezey); reared from Gracilaria margi- 
nestrigata Wlsm. at Kaimuki, Oahu, in April, 1922 (Timber- 
lake). 


EULOPHINAE. 


120. Diaulinus sp. 


Recorded by Crawford in 1913 from Honolulu, but reared as 
early as November 30, 1906, by Mr. Swezey at Kaimuki, Oahu, 
from Gracilaria marginestrigata Wlsm.; reared by Mr. Bridwell 
in September, 1918, from Agromyza pusilla Meig. at Haiku, 
Mati. 


121. Notanisomorphomyia sp. 


This is the species recorded by me in 1922 as Eulophus sp. 
One female was taken in Honolulu, May 28, 1917, probably by 
Mr. Swezey; it was reared from Cremastobombycia lantanella 
Busck, collected by Mr. Swezey at Lihue, Kauai, May 6, 1921, 
at Ulupalakua, Maui, on May 17, 1921, and at Huehue, Hawau, 
on July 27, 1921. This species has been reared also from Graci- 
laria marginestrigata Wlsm., Gracilaria neraudicola Sw., Euhy- 
posmocoma trivitella Sw., Bedellia orchilella Wlsm., ete. Al- 
though it has been reared and collected in considerable numbers, 
no males have yet been found. 


445 


122. Pseudopheliminus sp. 


This species was first taken by Mr. Swezey, who collected a 
male on Waialae Ridge, Oahu, November 26, 1922; it was reared 
from: Gracilaria hauwicola Swezey collected at Hanalei, Kauai, 
on March 16, 1923 (Swezey); one female was taken on Nihoa 
by Mr. Bryan on June 14, 1923, and one at Wailuku, Maui, by 
Mr. Swezey on December 9, 1922. I have reared it also from 
Gracilaria marginestrigata collected at Pearl Harbor Peninsula, 
Oahu, in March, 1923, and at Kaimuki in January and Feb- 
ruary, 1924. 


TRICHOGRAM MATIDAE. 


123. Brachistella lutea (Fullaway). 


Described by Fullaway in 1914 as Jassidophthora lutea from 
specimens reared from the eggs of Draeculacephala mollipes 
(Say) at Honolulu apparently early in 1913, as Mr. Muir ex- 
hibited specimens at the meeting of the Entomological Society 
on February 6, 1913; it was reared also from the eggs of Cono- 
cephalus saltator (Saussure) collected in Honolulu by Mr. Swezey 
in January, 1913, and taken at Ewa, Oahu, by Mr. Swezey on 
August 13,1921. 


124. Oligosita hilaris (Perkins). 
Described by Dr. Perkins in 1910 as Westwoodella hilaris 
and taken by him in Honolulu as early as January, 1904. I have 


seen only a few specimens including the type, all of which were 
collected by Dr. Perkins. 


125. Oligosita caerulocephala (Fullaway). 


Described by Fullaway in 1914 as Westwoodella caerulo- 
cephala from specimens taken at the same time and under the 
same circumstances as the types of Brachistella lutea, but it was 
reared by Mr. Swezey also in 1912 from Cicadellid eggs in 
sedge at Honolulu. 


126. Ittys sp. 
Reared by me from the eggs of Nesophrosyne maritima 


Kirkaldy in Dodonaea leaves collected at Makua, Oahu, July 


Li, £91, 


446 


127. Aphelinoidea xenos Timberlake. 


Reared by Mr. Swezey from the eggs of Sogata paludum 
(Kirkaldy) collected at Kewalo in Honolulu on August 18, 
1913, and May, 4, 1914. ‘ 


128. *Uscana semifumipennis Girault. 


Introduced in 1910 from Texas and first reported to be estab- 
lished at Honolulu by Fullaway at the meeting of the Entomo- 
logical Society held February 1, 1921; found at Kona, Hawaii, 
in July, 1912, by Fullaway. It has not been reported from the 
other Islands, but doubtlessly occurs also on Maui and Kauai. 


129. Ufens sp. 


This parasite of the eggs of Ehmaca punctifera (Walker ) 
and Holochlora japonica Brunner was first recorded by Dr. 
Perkins in 1910. All the specimens that I have seen were taken 
in or near Honolulu except one or two specimens taken by Mr. 
Swezey at Barber’s Point, Oahu, on December 23, 1923. 


130. Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins). 


Described by Dr. Perkins in 1910 as Pentarthron semifu- 
matum from Honolulu and Kilauea, Hawaii, but collected as 
early as June, 1906, at the latter locality; reared from undeter- 
mined Noctuid eggs on lichens on a dead tree, Haleakala, Maui 
(6000 feet), in July, 1919 (Timberlake). Not known from 
Kauai, but presumably occurring there. 


131. Trichogramma minutum Riley. 


Described by Dr. Perkins in 1910 as Pentarthron flavum 
from Honolulu and renamed T. perkinsi by Girault. Recorded 
as T. pretiosa in 1907 by Mr. Swezey, who reared specimens 
from the eggs of Omiodes meyricki Swezey collected at Honomu, 
Hawaii, on March 21, 1907, and who also took specimens in 
Honolulu a few days later. Some poor specimens with unex- 
panded wings reared by Mr. Swezey from the eggs of Anomalo- 
chrysa at Kilauea, Hawaii, on September 28, 1913, apparently 
belong to this species. It is commonly found also in the eggs of 
Amorbia, Lycaena, Herse, Vanessa, etc. The earliest specimens 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


447 


seen were reared by Koebele in Honolulu in the summer of 1900 
from the eggs of Omiodes blackburni (Butler) (U.S. Nat. Mus.). 


132. Megaphragma mymaripenne Timberlake. 

A few specimens of this remarkably minute species were 
taken by Mr. Pemberton, who found them associated with a 
thrips in the forest at Mountain View, Hawai, late in January, 


1920. 
My MARIDAE. 


133. Alaptus immaturus Perkins. 


Recorded by Dr. Perkins in 1910 from Oahu and reared as 
early as January 6, 1905, by Mr. Terry at Oahu Sugar Com- 
pany. There seems to be no doubt that it was unintentionally 
introduced from Queensland at the time that the leafhopper egg 
parasites were being established. It was taken at Hilo, Hawaii, 
on March 8, 1913, by Mr. Swezey. 


134. Alaptus globosicornis Girault. 


Recorded by Girault from Honolulu on a single specimen 
taken August 3, 1900, and the variety hawatiensis was based by 
him on this specimen. Specimens that I have seen reared from 
the eggs of the common wingless Psocid that infests insect col- 
lections (Atropos divinatoria) are uniformly greyish, with the 
abdomen paler. In life they are decidedly blackish in color, with 
the abdomen much more dilutely pigmented and appearing trans- 
lucent dusky whitish, especially in the male. This coloration 
agrees reasonably well with the original description of globost- 
cornis. The Alaptus recorded by Mr. Swezey from Psocid eggs 
in the nests of Megachile from Koko Head, Oahu, I believe 
must be this species, as I have reared specimens under the same 
conditions. The male has the second funicle joint distinctly 
smaller than the joint on either side. One male was taken by 
Mr. Osborn at Hakalau Plantation, Hawaii, in May, 1914. 


135. Alaptus sp. 


One female taken by Mr. Osborn at Hakalau Plantation with 
the male of globosicornis recorded above and two males taken 
by Mr. Swezey on a window in Honolulu, November 28, 1915, 
belong to a species heretofore unrecorded from the Islands. 


448 


The female differs from immaturus in its more dusky color and 
much shorter antennae and from globosicornis in its more yel- 
lowish color and in having the funicle joints much less monili- 
form. The fore-wings in both sexes have a median discal row 
of six to eight strong setae on the apical half. 


136. Leimacis peregrina Perkins. 


Described in 1910 from specimens taken in Honolulu. I have 
not seen this species. 


137. Gonatocerus mexicanus Perkins. 


Recorded by Mr. Swezey in 1916 from specimens reared 
from the eges of Draeculacephala mollipes (Say) collected at 
Kapiolani Park, Honolulu, on August 26 and 27, 1915; one 
female was taken by Mr. Swezey on sugar-cane in Honolulu on 
October 14, 1914. 


138. Gonatocerine. 


One female taken by Mr. Swezey on a window in Honolulu 
on November 28, 1915, has the antennae very long, slender and 
ten-jointed. The fore-wing is clavate, with a long fringe only 
at the apex and with about three irregular rows of discal setae 
on one surface and two submarginal rows on the other surface, 
each row being composed of about six setae and confined to 
the broadened apical part of the wing. The specimen is only 
0.24 mm. long and has the antennae, legs, and wings consider- 
ably longer than the body. Another specimen was taken by me 
in the entomological laboratory of the Sugar Planters’ Station 
on March 25, 1924. 


139. *Anagrus frequens Perkins. 


Introduced in 1904 from Queensland and now common and 
widely distributed in the Islands. It attacks the eggs of other 
Delphacids besides Perkinsiella, and has been reared from the 
eges of Peregrinus maidis (Ashm.), Sogata paludum (Kirk.), 
Kelisia sporobolicola WKirk., and Liburmia leahi (Wirk.). This 
species has been synonymized with A. armatus (Ashmead) by 
Mr. Girault, and perhaps correctly so, although I prefer to use 
the name frequens at present. 





* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


449 


140. Anagrus sp. 


Recorded by Fullaway in 1917 from specimens reared from 
the eggs of Peregrinus maidis on corn in Honolulu in the 
summer of 1916. This species is black, with the base of the 
abdomen yellow, and the wings are very broad as compared 
with frequens. 


141. *Paranagrus optabilis Perkins. 


Introduced in 1904 from Queensland and widely distributed in 
cane fields throughout the Islands, although now much less com- 
mon since the introduction of Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Breddin). 


142. *Paranagrus perforator Perkins. 


Introduced in 1904 with the preceding species, but lost sight 
of in recent years. The only specimens that I have seen were 
reared from the eggs of Aloha impomoeae Kirkaldy collected by 
Mr. Swezey in Makiki Valley, Oahu, on Match 2, 1906. 


143. *Paranagrus osborni Fullaway. 


Introduced in 1916 from Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
as a parasite of Peregrinus maidis (Ashm.). It is probably well 
established, although difficult to distinguish from oftabilis. 


144. Polynema reduvioli Perkins. 


It was reared by Mr. Swezey on August 20, 1905, from the 
eges of Reduviolus capsiformis (Germ.) in Honolulu; found by 
Mr. Terry at Kilauea, Koloa and Makaweli, Kauai, in Novem- 
ber and December, 1905; recorded by Dr. Perkins in 1910, also 
from Hawaii; collected by Mr. Fullaway in April, 1923, on Sand 
and Eastern Islands, Midway, and on Ocean Island. I presume 
that the Mymarid, recorded by Fullaway in 1914 from Laysan, 
is this same species. 


* Purposely introduced insects are starred throughout the list. 


450 


Notes on Hawaiian Aphidae, With a List of Food Plants 
(Homoptera). 


BY Pe EL VB RAKES 
(Presented at the meeting of December 6, 1923.) 


The number of aphid species occurring in Hawaii is not 
great, but some of them are of considerable economic impor- 
tance, among which should be mentioned Aphis sacchari, A. 
maidis, A. gossypu, and A. medicaginis. Some, such as Macro- 
siphum solanifolu, which are important pests elsewhere, confine 
themselves almost exclusively to weeds and are, therefore, negli- 
gible here in an economic sense. The thirty-seven species now 
known from the Islands are apparently all introduced, and there 
is no absolute certainty that there was any aphid fauna at all in 
the Islands before the establishment of commercial relations with 
the outside world in the early part of the nineteenth century. 


The purpose of these notes 1s primarily ecological, or to pro- 
vide a working list of the species, together with their food plants. 
I have, therefore, not attempted to describe any of the species 
which are apparently new, but in the case of species of uncer- 
tain identity | have found it desirable to place on record a few 
simple characters by which they may be distinguished from their 
congeners present in the Islands. The classification employed is 
imamly that of Mr. A. © Baker (U. S2 Dept. Actics bull 
No. 826, 1920), but with some modifications where Mr. Baker’s 
treatment seems somewhat too rigid. My thanks are due to Mr. 
Baker for the identification of several species. 


SUBFAMILY APHINAE. 


TRIBE LACHNINI. 


1. Lachnus tujafilinus (Del Guercio). 


This species has been discovered recently by Mr. Ehrhorn, 
who found apterous colonies on Thuya occidentalis L. in Manoa 
Valley, Oahu, at the last of January and during February, 1924. 
On account of the peculiar marking of the apterous form of this 
species, I believe that there is no doubt about the identification. 





Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


451 


TRIBE CALLIPTERINI. 


2. Myzocallis kahawaluokalani Kirkaldy. 
Kirkaldy, 1907, Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc. 1, p. 101. 


This species has not been found since Kirkaldy’s description 
was published in 1907, and is unknown to me. It was described 
from specimens taken on the crepe myrtle, Lagerstroemia in- 
dica L., and was reported by Kirkaldy to occur on other shrubs 
in Honolulu, the identity of which was not made known. 


TrisE APHINI. 


3. Anuraphis helichrysi (Koch). 
Aphis myosotidis Fullaway, 1910, Ann. Rep. Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta. 
for 1909, p. 42. 


This is the common species on Erechtites, and is sometimes 
found on Gnaphalium purpureum L. Both of these plants are 
introduced weeds, and the aphid, therefore, has no economic 
interest. It is known to occur on Oahu, Kauai, and Maui. 


4. Aphis sacchari Zehntner. 


This species is common throughout the Islands on sugar- 
cane (Saccharum officinarum 1.) and sometimes occurs in large 
infestations, but is generally a pest of minor importance due to 
its control by predaceous enemies. Mr. Fullaway found a colony 
on sorghum (Andropogon sorghum Brot.) in Honolulu in 
August, 1916, but its occurrence on this plant is evidently rare. 
5. Aphis maidis Fitch. 

This is a very common species on corn (Zea mays L.), 
various varieties of sorghum, Sudan and Tunis grass (Andro- 
pogon sorghum Brot.), wonder forage grass (Andropogon 
sp.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), and 
Guatemala grass (7Tripsacum laxum Nash.). It has been found 
in the Islands also on the following non-cultivated plants and 
weeds: Club rush (Scirpus maritimus L.), Job’s tears (Coixr 
lacryma-jobi L.), goose grass (Eleusine indica Gaertn.), fox 
tail grasses (Chaetochloa lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz and C. ver- 
ticillata (L.) Seribn.), crab grasses (Syntherisma pruriens (Trin.) 
Arthur and S. sanguinalis (L.) Dulac), and barnyard grass 
(Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.). 


452 


The economic importance of this pest is greatly increased by 
its transmission of mosaic disease from its normal hosts to 
sugar-cane. This phase of its activity has been investigated by 
Dr. Kunkel, and many of the above records of food plants are 
due to his work. Although the corn aphis does not establish 
colonies on sugar-cane in the Hawaiian Islands, immigrants 
undoubtedly settle on the cane plants and are able to live long 
enough to transmit disease. Forced but unsuccessful migrations 
to cane also take place when infested grasses are weeded out in 
the cane fields. 


6. Aphis middletonii Thomas. 


This is a root-inhabiting species on various Compositae and 
has been found in Honolulu on cultivated Coreopsis and China 
aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees). 


7. Aphis gossypii Glover. 


The cotton aphis, which, according to Van der Goot, is the 
Aphis malvae Walker of European authors, is one of our com- 
monest and most destructive species. Its food plants are very 
numerous, and the list given herewith might be greatly increased 
by careful collecting. Among cultivated plants, it has been 
found in the Islands on cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), 
Cucumis, taro (Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta Schott), 
Caladium bicolor Vent., Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and 
hybrids), Clerodendron sp., egg plant (Solanum melongena L.), 
pink and white shower (Cassia nodosa Ham.)., periwinkle 
(Vinca rosea L.), avocado (Persea gratissima Gaertn.), Agera- 
tum (A geratum houstonianum Mill.), hybrid of Plumeria rubra 
L., sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta 
L.), Mexican creeper (Antigonon leptopus H. and B.), Zinnia 
(Zinnia elegans Jacq.), Lxora (Jxora macrothyrsa Theijsm. and 
Binn.), and hollyhock (Althaea rosea Cav.). 

It also occurs in more or less abundance on the following 
weeds: Bidens pilosa L., Cuphea hyssopifolia H. B. and Kunth., 
Waltheria americana L., Cassia bicapsularis L., Solanum nodi- 
forum Jacq., Malvastrum coromandelinum (L.) Garke, Malva 
parviflora L., Ipomoea pentaphylla Jacq., Desmodium uncinatum 
D C., Crotalaria incana L., Erechtites, Stachytarpheta dichotoma 


453 


Vahl., Euphorbia pilulifera L., Euphorbia sp., Sida cordifolia L., 
and Sida rhombifolia L. 
It was also found on a native Mucuna vine (Mucuna sp. 


near urens (L.) Medic.) on the Ditch Trail near Keanae, Maui, 
in July, 1920 (Swezey). 


8. Aphis sp. 


A bright orange-yellow species of Aphis, very similar to 
Aphis gossypii in structure, has been observed on Waltheria 
americana L. on the island of Oahu. Even the alate form has 
the abdomen bright yellow. The species is distinguished from 
gossypii by the coloration and by the different proportions of 
the antennal segments in the alate viviparous form. 


9. Aphis medicaginis Koch. 
Aphis papaveris Silvestri, 1909, Bol. Quind. Soe. Agr. Ital. 14, 
p. 344. 
Aphis gossypii Fullaway, 1910, Ann. Rep. Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta. 
for 1909, p. 39 (in part). 


Aphis medicaginis Higgins, 1910, Ann. Rep. Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta. 
for 1909, p. 54. 


The first record of this pest under its correct name was by 
Higgins, in 1910. It was confused by Fullaway with Aphis gos- 
sypii, but is easily distinguished by the shiny black color and 
reticulate derm of the apterous females. 

It has been found on the following cultivated plants: Various 
beans (Phaseolus spp.), Cowpea (Vigna cylindrica (L.) Mer- 
rill), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), hyacinth bean 
(Dolichos lablab L.), and the night-blooming Cereus (Cereus 
triangularis (L.) Haw.). It is especially destructive to cowpeas. 

It also occurs on the following weeds: Portulaca oleracea L., 
Medicago denticulata Willd., Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., Eu- 
phorbia pilulifera L., Datura stramonium L., Tribulus cistoides L., 
and Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. It was found on Tribulus 
on the outlying islands by the members of the Tanager Expedi- 
tion in 1923. 


10. Aphis sp. 


A heretofore unrecorded and as yet unidentified species of 
Aphis was taken February 25, 1917, in large numbers on Cam- 


454 


pylotheca macrocarpa (Gray) Hbd. on the Manoa Cliff trail on 
Mt. Tantalus, Oahu. 


It is distinguished from other species occurring here except 
Aphis bambusae and the following species on Scirpus by hav- 
ing secondary sensoria on the third to fifth antennal joints and 
from bambusae by the greenish-yellow color of the apterous 
phase which lacks a white waxy secretion and by the longer 
cornicles which are about as long as in Aphis medicaginis. 


11. Aphis sp. 


A yellow species on Scirpus maritimus L. was taken by Mr. 
Swezey in April, 1913, at Kewalo, in Honolulu. In many ways 
it is close to the preceding species on Campylotheca, but the 
antennae of this species are longer and wholly yellow, whereas 
the last four joints are black in the other species. 


12. Aphis swezeyi Fullaway. 


This species recorded by Fullaway on Gnaphalium sp. has not 
been collected since. 


13. Aphis bambusae Fullaway. 


Melanaphis bambusae Van der Goot, 1916, Zur Kenntniss der 
Blattlause Javas, p. 61. 


This species was found by Fullaway on a bamboo which was 
believed to be a species of Phyllostachys. It has been wrongly 
accredited to Kirkaldy by Van der Goot, and more recently by 
Baker. 


14. Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus). 


The cabbage Aphis occurs here rather sparingly on cabbage 
(Brassica oleracea L.) and kale (Brassica sp.), and is some- 
times found on Capparis sandwichiana D C. 


15. Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe). 


This species is found commonly in the mountains of Oahu, 
generally at an elevation of 1500 to 2000 feet on various species 
of endemic trees and shrubs of which the following have been 
noted, although the list is by no means complete : Scaevola 
chamissoniana Gaud., Pittosporum glabrum Hook. and Arn., 
Hibiscus arnottianus Gray, Pelea sp., and Straussia sp. 


~- 
455 
ce 


It also occurs on the following cultivated or escaped shrubs 
and trees: Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and mango (Mangifera 
indica L). The record on mango is based on a small colony 
found at Kaimuki, May 24, 1920, which is the only time that 
the species has been discovered in the coastal lowlands, to the 
writer’s knowledge, except that a single-winged migrant was 
taken by Fullaway in October, 1922, on Jaora macrothyrsa 
Theijsm. and Binn. It has never been seen on Citrus in the 
Islands, probably because of its rarity in the lowlands, where 
most of the Citrus trees are grown. 


16. Vesiculaphis caricis (Fullaway). 
Toxoptera caricis Fullaway, 1910, Ann, Rep. Haw. Agric. Exp. 
Sta. for 1909, p. 32. 
Vesiculaphis caricis Del Guercio, 1911, Redia, 7, p. 464. 


This peculiar aphid was discovered by Fullaway on a sedge 
(Carex sp.) in the mountains back of Honolulu. 


17. Yamataphis oryzae Matsumura. 
Matsumura, 1917, Jour. Coll. Agr. Tohuku Univ. 7, p. 412. 


A single alate female was taken by me while riding on a 
street-car between Kaimuki and Moilili, in Honolulu on March 
24, 1924. This specimen agrees very well with Matsumura’s 
description, and I believe the identification is certain, notwith- 
standing the limited material on which it is based. The species 
was discovered by Matsumura at Sapporo, Japan, on the roots 
of rice (Oryza sativa L.). 


18. Myzaphis sp. 

The apterous phase of this species is sometimes common on 
cultivated rose-bushes in Honolulu, and was first noticed in 
1916, but the alate form was not discovered until March, 1923. 
In Theobald’s table of rose aphids (Bull. Ent. Research, 6, 
p. 112, 1915) it runs to neorosarwm Theobald, a new name. for 
rosarum Buckton (not Kaltenbach), but it is apparently not that 
species. According to Buckton, neorosarum has black marks on 
the abdomen in the alate phase which is not true of the Hono; 
lulu species, and the capitate hairs of the body are more nearly 
as in rosarum (Kaltenbach) as figured by Theobald. 


456 


19. Capitophorus braggii (Gillette). 


This species was discovered on artichoke (Cynara scolymus 
L.) April 12, 1923, by Mr. Swezey, in the Manoa Valley, Oahu. 


20. Amphorophora lactucae (Kaltenbach). 


This species was first noticed by the writer in Honolulu in 
November, 1922, and has since been found widely distributed 
on Oahu. It is now very common on Sonchus oleraceus L., and 
seems to have replaced Macrosiphum solanifolii on this food 
plant. 


21. Myzus citricidus Kirkaldy. 


This species recorded and described by Kirkaldy in 1907 
(Proc Haw. Ent: Soc: “1; p.-100) occurs abundantly “on adhe 
tender growth of various species of Citrus on Oahu, and prob- 
ably on most of the other Islands. 


22. Myzus sp. 


A small species apparently belonging to the genus Mysus 
was taken by Mr. Fullaway on bamboo, in Honolulu, on two 
occasions in the winter of 1917-1918. The material preserved is 
not sufficient for the identification of the species, but indicates 
that it is different from all other aphids known to occur here. 


23. Myzus persicae (Sulzer). 


The common peach aphis of the United States and Europe 
has so far been found in Hawaii only on cabbage (Brassica | 
oleracea L.), kale (Brassica sp.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), 
and Datura stramonium L. 


24. Aulacorthum sp. 

This green Aulacorthum has the cornicles with about three 
to five rows of coarse irregular reticulations at the apex, the 
third antennal joint with about fifteen to nineteen sensoria in a 
row, the fourth joint with five or six sensoria, while the apter- 
ous phase has only about six sensoria in a row on the basal half 
of the third antennal joint. It is very close to A. rosaefolium 
(Theobald), but distinct in having much fewer sensoria on the 
third antennal joint of the apterous females. It apparently differs 
from any species of aphid so far recorded from rose-bushes. 

This species infests cultivated rose-bushes (Rosa, hybrids) 


457 


and largely replaces Macrosiphum rosae in the lowlands of the 
Islands. I have found it on roses in Honolulu and on Tantalus, 
Oahu, and at Wailuku, Maui, and also collected it on rose- 
bushes at Whittier, California, in 1912. 


25. Aulacorthum circumflexum (Buckton). 


Circumflexrum was discovered by Mr. Fullaway on poha 
(Physalis peruviana L.) on Tantalus, Oahu, and I have since 
taken it on one of the native shrubby violets (Viola sp.) in the 
Punaluu Mountains, Oahu, and on Phyllostegia grandiflora 
Benth. on Mt. Kaala, Oahu, at about 3000 feet. It has also been 
taken on pansies (Viola tricolor L.) in Honolulu by Mr. Full- 
away. 

Van der Goot makes this species the type of his genus Neo- 
myzus, but it seems to me to agree in every respect with Aula- 
corthum, as the apterous females examined by me have one or 
two small sensoria on the third antennal joint. 


26. Aulacorthum sp. 


In 1918, Mr. Fullaway collected, on an unidentified com- 
posite on Maui, a green Aulacorthum without dark markings, 
which agrees almost exactly with circumflexum in structural 
details and in the color of the legs, cornicles and antennae. In 
March, 1920, he took what is apparently the same species on 
ferns at Kilauea, Hawaii. 


27. Aulacorthum sp. 


A small colony consisting entirely of apterous females was 
collected on a fern (Polypodium sp.) in the native forest on the 
Pauoa trail, Tantalus, Oahu, in February, 1916. The species 1s 
green, with the cornicles, antennae, excepting the first two 
joints and base of the third joint, the apex of the tibiae and 
the tarsi blackish. The frontal tubercles appear to be somewhat 
shorter than is usual for the genus, but they are gibbous on the 
inner side, the third antennal joint bears one or two sensoria 
near the base, and the cornicles are slightly tapering and trans- 
versely: imbricated and imperfectly reticulated at apex. The 
identification of the species must rest until the alate form is 
discovered. 


458 


28. Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette). 


This aphid occurs on florists’ Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthe- 
mum hortorum) in Honolulu, and was first recorded by Full- 
away in 1910. 


29. Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus). 


The common rose aphid was recorded by Fullaway from 
Honolulu, Oahu, and from Mana and Puuopelu, Hawaii (2000 
to 3500 feet). I have found but one specimen of it in Hono- 
lulu, but have seen it abundant on cultivated roses at Mountain 
View and Kilauea, Hawaii. 


30. Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashmead). 


Macrosiphum trifolii Fullaway, 1910, Ann. Rep. Haw. Agric. Exp. 
Sta. for 1909, p. 23 (not Pergande, 1904). 


For the determination of this species I am indebted to Mr. 
A. C. Baker, with whom I agree after comparing Hawaiian 
specimens with a long series collected in Texas, Utah, and Cali- 
fornia, on potato, rose, alfalfa, Sonchus, Lactuca scariola L., 
Malva parviflora L., Citrus, Erodium cicutarium L’Herit., and 
cultivated strawberry. I believe that Macrosiphum creelii Davis, 
described from specimens taken on alfalfa, is a synonym. 

This species was formerly abundant in the lowlands on Son- 
chus oleraceus L., but I have been unable to find it during the 
last two years. On one occasion I discovered a small but vig- 
orous colony on Portulaca oleracea L., and in January and Feb- 
ruary, 1920, I found small colonies on corn (Zea mays L.) in 
Manoa Valley, located mostly on the basal part of the stalk and 
on the lower leaves of vigorously growing plants. 


31. Neotoxoptera violae (Pergande). 

A species, believed by Fullaway to be the one described by 
Pergande, was taken by him on Tantalus, Oahu, on cultivated 
violets (Viola odorata L.). It has not been found since. 


32. Idiopterus nephrolepidis Davis. 
Macrosiphum kirkaldyi Fullaway, 1910, Ann. Rep. Haw. Agric. 
Exp. Sta. for 1909, p. 22, figs. 1-2. 
Fullawayella kirkaldyi Del Guercio, 1911, Redia, 7, p. 462. 


Nephrolepidis is a common species in the mountains back of 
Honolulu on Acrostichum reticulatum Kaulf., Polypodium lin- 


459 


eare Thunb. and doubtlessly several other species of ferns, and 
has been taken on ferns at Kilauea, Hawaii, by Fullaway. 


The genus Fullawayella has been misunderstood by Baker, 
who wrongly uses it to replace Neotoxoptera Theobald and 
Micromyzus Van der Goot. Essig has also stated that nephro- 
lepidis, without doubt, is a native of the Hawaiian Islands, and 
that it has been introduced from there into the United States. 
There is, however, no local evidence that nephrolepidis is endemic 
to the Islands, and I believe that it has been introduced here as 
likewise in the United States on imported plants. 


33. Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel. 


Nigronervosa is a not uncommon species on banana of various 
kinds (Musa spp.) in Honolulu, and presumably occurs through- 
out the Islands in the lowlands. It was also found by Mr. 
Fullaway in June, 1922, on ferns in Honolulu. 


SUBFAMILY ERIOSOMATINAE. 


34. Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann. 


Fullaway has recorded the woolly aphis from apple trees 
(Pyrus malus L.) at Waikii, Hawaii (4500 feet), and more 
recently Mr. Ehrhorn reported on finding the species at the 
same locality (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 5, p. 18, 1922). 


SUBFAMILY HoRMAPHINAE. 


35. Cerataphis lataniae (Boisduval). 


This species occurs on the loulu palm (Pritchardia sp.) in 
Honolulu, and one or two trees at the College of Hawaii have 
been continuously infested for several years. It has been found 
by Dr. Lyon also on greenhouse orchids at the Moanalua gar- 
dens near Honolulu. 


36. Thoracaphis ficus Baker. 
Baker, 1920, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 826, pl. 16, figs. Q, R. 


g 

Fullaway (Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 471, 1921) has re- 
corded the occurrence of this species on Ficus in Honolulu, 
under the name of Thoracaphis fici Van der Goot, which is 
apparently a manuscript name. It occurs frequently on the ban- 
yan tree (Ficus Benghalensis L.) about Honolulu. 


460 


37. Undescribed Aphid on Araucaria. 


An undescribed and peculiar aphid was reported by the 
writer as occurring on the Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria 
excelsa R.. Br.) im, 1916 (Proc. Haw: nt. See. 3, p. 26/7) aut 
belongs to a new genus, apparently of the subfamily Horma- 
phinae, and can hardly be confused with any other Hawaiian 


species. 


461 


New and Little Known Fulgorids from the West Indies 
(Homoptera). 


BY: &. MUIR: 
(Presented at the meeting of November 1, 1923.) 


From time to time Mr. G. N. Wolcott has forwarded to 
the writer fulgorids from Porto Rico and other West Indian 
Islands; some of these he named at the time of their reception, 
others he placed on one side for future study. Among the latter 
the following appear to be undescribed, or needing some com- 
ment. A study of the male genitalia of the species reported as 
common to various West Indian Islands and the mainland is 
very desirable, and is likely to show a higher endemism than has 
hitherto been evident. 


CIXIIDAE. 


Cubana tortriciformis sp. nov. 


Female. Length, 5 mm.; tegmen, 8 mm. 


The base of the vertex not quite so angularly emarginate as in the 
type. Brown, the carinae of head and thorax lighter brown or yellow, legs 
light brown, abdomen light brown, slightly infuscate. Tegmen light brown 
or stramineous, with lighter and darker markings; the darker brown mark- 
ings are, one from base of costa over first claval vein, a large, irregular 
V-shape mark with its apex near Mf, and one arm touching the mark over 
the first claval vein and the other reaching the middle of costa; a small 
mark aeross costal cell slightly more distad, a fainter one at base of 
stigma and continued in a curye to apex of clavus, another subparallel to 
last starting distad of stigma, where it is broadest, a broader dark mark 
over apical Se and R reaching to M, a thin line slightly apical to that; 
at apex between M3 and 4 a black round mark. The veins dark in dark 
area and lighter in light area; the middle of the subapical cells semi- 
hyaline, wings slightly fuscous and opaque, veins brown. 


One female from Mameyes P. R., 3000 feet elevation, Acc. 
No. 29-1924 (G. N. Wolcott). 

This is the third species to be placed in this genus, the other 
two being from Cuba. The genus is near to Cotylepceps, but 


can be recognized from it by the longitudinal median carina on 
vertex. 


Type in the National Museum, Washington. 


Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


462 


DERBIDAE. 
Cedusa wolcotti sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 1, a. 


Male. Length, 2 mm.; tegmen, 3.3 mm. 


Vertex slightly longer than in type species, a faint carina dividing it 
from frons; lateral margins of frons straight, subparallel sided or frons 
slightly broader at apex than at base, a faint median frontal carina; sub- 
antennal plate large, typical; shoulder keels distinct, but small. Tegmina 
slightly narrower than type species, apex more rounded, venation with one 
apical M (M le) missing, apical cells shorter. 

The anal angle of pygofer produced into a long, narrow process, lat- 
eral margins ventrad of process concave; anal segment long, narrow, anus 
slightly basad of middle, broadest at base gradually narrowed to truncate 
apex, the apex has the appearance of being cleft in middle and after- 
wards joined together, in some specimens there is a little hole through the 
middle near apex; genital styles large, broad, the apex broadly rounded 
with a small process on outer margin near base, and a broad longitudinal 
median ridge from base to the inner margin near apex, inner margin 
slightly convex, entire; the apex of the left style is cleft nearly across 
and produced into a small spine, the right style being entire at apex and 
without spine. 


Stramineous, slightly darker over apical portion of mesonotum. Teg- 
mina hyaline, slightly opaquely white; clavus, apical cells and Cu area 
slightly fusecous, a black mark at apex of Cu, smaller one at apices of 
apical cells; veins same color as membrane. Wings opaquely white, M and 
A veins brown, others white. 

Female. Similar to male. The pregenital plate (seventh sternite) pro- 
duced from side to middle, sides of produced portion sinuous, apex rounded. 


Described from twenty-three males and five females from 
Yauco, Porto Rico: (G. NN. Wolcott, Ausust 24, “1923- "Ace 
No. 236), feeding on a palm. Type No. 1135, in Hawaiian 
Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station collection; paratypes in 
U. S. National Museum, Washington, and G. N. Wolcott's 
collection. 


Dysimia gen. nov. 


Se+R-+M. forming a common stalk on the basal fifth, Se+R fork a 
little basad of the middle and level with M fork; Se cell fairly long and 
narrow; M with seven apical veins, pectinate or subpectinate, the first or 
basal sector fureate near base, the second fureate near apex, the third and 
fourth arising near together at apical cross-veins; the Cu with three veins 
entering hind margin, Cu fork slightly before apex of clavus, Cul forked 
near apex; clavus closed, claval veins forking on basal third, entering 


463 


commissure near apex of elayus. Hind-wing more than half the length of 
tegmen, anal area well developed with anal veins. 


Vertex small, triangular, lateral carinae large, meeting together at apex. 
Base of frons narrow with lateral carinae touching, gradually widening to 
apex, lateral carinae large, curved under the antennae, but do not form a 
subantennal process. Clypeus shorter than frons, rounded. In profile ver- 
tex and frons forming a curve. Pronotum angularly emarginate posteriorly, 
very short in middle, no shoulder carinae or only a very slight indication 
of any; mesonotum broader than long, without carinae. Antennae shorter 
than frons, first segment wider than long, length of second segment about 
twice the width, apex slightly larger than base. Female genital style small, 
but complete. Hind tibiae with two or three small spines, which are miss- 
ing in some specimens. 


This genus stands between Symedia and Mysidia, but, as it 
has only three Cu veins reaching the hind margin, and the sec- 
tors of M are not incorporated into the Cu, it must be placed 
in the Cenchreini. It differs from Symedia in having no shoulder 
keels, the Cu with three branches instead of two, the basal M 
sector two-branched instead of three, and the second M sector 
two instead of one branch; wings are also proportionately much 
larger. In Dawnaria Dist. the M is not pectinate and in Phenice 
Cu has two branches, the first M sector two, and the others are 
simple. 


Type D. maculata. 


Dysimia maculata sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 2, a. 


Male. Length, 1.5 mm.; tegmen, 3.6 mm. 


Stramineous; genae in front of eyes, the middle of mesonotum and 
basal portion of abdominal tergites fuscous, fuscous over lateral portions 
of pronotum, a small dark mark on tegulae sometimes forming a distinct 
spot. Tegmina hyaline, slightly opaque with waxy secretion and very 
slightly fusecous, especially over apical cross-veins and in apical cells, veins 
stramineous with fuscous marks; four black spots on tegmen, the largest 
on Cula, a smaller one at base of Cul, another in costal cell at base of 
Se-+R fork and a very small one on M basad of first sector. Wings hyaline, 
veins stramineous with fuscous markings, a round black spot between Cu 
and A. 

Anal segment small, anus near base, lateral edges curved ventrad. 
Inner margins of genital styles slightly concave on basal half and conyex 
on apical half, outer margin produced angularly in middle, the apex of 
the angle produced into a thin, curved process. 

Female. Length, 1.9 mm.; tegmen, 4 mm. 

In color similar to male, the fuscous on tegmen a little darker, and the 


464 


abdominal tergites lighter. Hind margin of pregenital plate turbinate or 
angular with curved sides, reaching nearly to apex of styles. 


Described from thirty-five males and twelve females, feed- 
ing on two species of Inga: I. vera and I. laurina (G. N. Wol- 
cott, August, 1922, Acc. No. 279-23). 

Type in H. S. P. A. Experiment Station collection, Hono- 
lulu, No. 1136; paratypes in U. S. National Museum, Washing- 
ton, and G. N. Wolcott’s collection. 


DICTYOPHARIDAE. 
Parahydriena gen. nov. 


Se-++-R fork and M fork at cross-veins, M4 appearing as arising from 
cross-vein, Cu fork considerably basad of these, about one-third from apex 
of clavus, M1 and 2 fork at apical cross-veins, M with five apical veins, 
1, 2, 3, 4, 4 a; a single line of apical cross-veins; claval fork about one- 
third from base, apex entering commissure near apex, no cross-velms in 
clayus; Se-+R-+M making a short stalk at base. Apical half of vertex in 
the middle raised into a deep keel which in profile is subangular; frons 
long, narrow, base half the width of apex, basal third subparallel sided 
beyond which widening with sides slightly arcuate, widest before apex; 
lateral margins keeled, two median longitudinal carinae which meet to- 
gether at apex; clypeus tricarinate. Pronotum short in middle with a 
median carina, wider at sides with a single, curved carina behind eyes; 
mesonotum tricarinate, carinae straight, laterals slightly diverging pos- 
teriorly, posterior angle divided off by a slight depression, but not by a 
suture or line. Front legs simple, not expanded, front tibiae and femora 
subequal in length, without spines; hind tibiae with three spines on apical 
half. 


This genus approaches Hydriena Melichar in having two 
medio-frontal carinae, but the shape and nature of the elevated 
portion of the vertex appear to differ, and the front legs are 
not exceptionally long. 


Type P. hyalina. 


Parahydriena hyalina sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 3, a, b, c. 


Female. Length, 4.2 mm.; tegmen, 5.7 mm. 

Yellow or light stramineous; carinae of head, sides of elypeus, lateral 
portion of cephalic projection and sides of head below it dark, also dark 
over carinae of thorax, a thin line in middle of lateral portions of pro- 
notum, a dark mark over coxae and pleura of thorax; the apical half of 
abdominal tergites and fifth, sixth, and seventh sternites dark. Tegmina 
and wings clear hyaline, veins light brown. 


465 


Anal segment longer than broad, in outline basal half slightly coneave, 
apical half slightly convex, apex slightly arcuately emarginate; anus in 
apieal half. Posterior genital styles laterally flattened, triangular, exca- 
vate in middle, apex with a number of spines curved inward; median and 
anterior styles covered by posterior styles. 


One female specimen from Lares, Porto Rico (G. N. Wol- 
cott, June 14, 1921, Acc. No. 130, 1921). 


Type in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 


ISSIDAE. 


Colpoptera brunneus sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 4, a, b, c, d. 


Male. Length, 3.7 mm.; tegmen, 4.6 mm. 


Dark brown, lighter over genae, lighter spots in middle of frons, over 
carinae of head and thorax, legs lighter. Tegmina dark brown, light brown 
over costal area and cell, and a few small, light marks in clavus; veins 
same color as membrane except apical veins which are light, a light mark 
at stigma and at apex of clavus. Wings fuscous, slightly lighter at base, 
veins dark. The tegmina are generally covered with a light powdery 
secretion. 


In lateral view lateral margins of pygofer straight or slightly concave, 
anal angle rounded, not produced. Anal segment fairly large, anus in 
middle, apex rounded. Genital styles large, subtriangular, two ridges run- 
ning across apical half, outer margin irregularly sinuate. Periandrium 
forming a tube, deeply and narrowly emarginate, or cleft, on ventro-apical 
margin, with a long, thin process arising from the bottom of the emargi- 
nation (Figs. 4, a), and from each side of the emargination arises a bifur- 
cate, spine-like process; the penis is large, membraneous or but slightly 
chitinized, with a pair of curved spines about middle of ventral aspect. 


Female. Similar in size and color to the male. The tegmina of this 
species has the costal vein leaving the costal margin one-fourth from the 
base and forming a narrow costal area without cross-veins; the Se and R 
simple, and forming a short stalk; M bifureate about middle, M38+4 join- 
ing R for a short distance; Cu forking near apex. In the hind wings 
there is an emargination at the apex of Cu, as well as one in middle of 
anal area; no granules on the clavus. Vertex much wider than long, trun- 
cate at apex, slightly concave at base. Basal margin of pronotum widely 
angularly emarginate, lateral carinae following hind margin of eyes. 


Described from three males and two females from Utuado, 
P. R. (G. N. Wolcott, November, 1921, Acc. No. 475), one male 
and two females (type locality), one male from Toa Alta (G. N. 
Wolcott, April 21, 1921, Acc. No. 105, 1921), and one male 


; 466 


from Cicales, PP) R. "CG. "N. Wolcott, Match 2451920 Ace No: 
Ga OZ IO F 

Type in H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, Honolulu; para- 
types in U. S. National Museum, Washington, and G. N. Wol- 
cott’s collection. 


Colpoptera maculifrons sp. nov. 


Male. Length, 3.8 mm.; tegmen, 5.4 mm. 


Light brown; slightly darker at base on lateral portion of frons, a 
series of seven or eight lighter spots curving from the outer angles of 
base to near apex in the darker portion of frons; pronotum slightly mot- 
tled with darker marks; mesonotum considerably darker. Tegmina light 
brown, slightly darker in middle, veins same color as membrane except in 
middle, where the Se, R, M, and Cu from one-third from base to near 
nodal line are dark brown or black. Wings brown with darker veins. 


Anal segment long, narrow, anus at base where it is broadest, gradu- 
ally narrowing to acute apex. Genital styles somewhat similar to former 
species, but the apex (corresponding to x in Fig. 4) is produced into a 
spine with its apex bifureate and pick-shape. 


Vertex considerably wider than long, apex very slightly arcuate, base 
slightly, roundly emarginate. In this species there is a very slight sign of 
transverse veins in the costal area. 


Described from one male from Rio Piedras, P. R. (R. T. 
Cotton, 2, 10, 1917). 


Type in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 


The genus Colpoptera Burmeister is difficult to place; it has 
been placed in the Issidae, Ricaniidae, and Flatidae by dif- 
ferent workers. The absence of any sign of granules on the 
clavus should exclude it from the Flatidae, and the male geni- 
talia are not typical of that family. The absence of a distinct 
costal area with distinct cross-veins should also exclude it from 
the Ricaniidae, and the eyes nearly touch the tegulae. If it 
should be placed in the Ricaniidae it would come near to Bladina, 
in which the costal area is obscure. Personally, the writer pre- 
fers to place it in the Issidae until such time as the morphology 
of that family has been more thoroughly worked, and it should 
go into the Thioniini. 


467 


ACANALONIIDAE. 


Acanalonia brevifrons sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 5, a, b. 


Female. Length, 6.9 mm.; tegmen, 8.6 mm. 


Vertex wider than the length in middle, apex widely angular or sub- 
angular; frons much wider than long. No costal area; Se and R arising 
from the same spot on basal cell, Mf near base, fork of M3+<4 very near 
to Mf, Cu without a fork. Anal segment sublanceolate, anus in middle; 
posterior genital styles large, triangular, the apex swollen and roughened, 
but not bearing: teeth. 

Green; slightly brownish over vertex, more so on legs; costa light; 
apical margin from the apex of Se to apex of clavus reddish brown with 
small light marks, slightly reddish along second elaval and hind margin. 
Wings slightly greenish with green veins, slightly brownish over anal area. 


Described from one male from Pt. Cangrojos P. R. (G. N. 
Wolcott, June 24, 1920, Acc. No. 234). 


Type in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 


In Melichar’s latest classification of this family * this species 
would come into Amphiscepa Germar. But Van Duzee has 
pointed out that the type of this genus is an Issid and it is not 
available for Acanaloniidae. If Melichar’s genus is maintained, 
then a new name must be given it. 


FLATIDAE, 
Tetraceratium gen. nov. 


This genus is near to Neocerus Mel., but it is easily recognized by the 
deep angular emargination of the base of the frons, and a corresponding 
emargination of the anterior margin of the pronotum. 


The cells of the costal area and the apical cells form a continuous 
margin from the base of the costa to the apex of the clavus; Se, R, M, 
and Cu arising from basal cell, the forks of R, M, and Cu about equal 
distance from base; M branching out and its apical cells occupying the 
greater portion of apical margin; the branches of Cu pressed together at 
apex of clavus; claval veins forking near apex and entering commissure. 
The apex ot vertex and base of frons deeply angularly emarginate, the 
vertex excavate, its base hidden by the pronotum; the width at base of 
frons, from tip to tip of the horns, double the width at apex, sides slightly 
sinuous, no carinae on frons, the edges slightly raised; elypeal suture 
obseure, clypeus without carinae. Basal segment of antennae as broad as 
long, second segment about twice as long as broad; eyes round without 





* Wytsmann’s Genera Insectorum, fascicule 182 (1923), p. 4. 


468 


antennal sinus, ocelli distinct. Pronotum excavate in middle, anteriorly 
produced into two processes corresponding closely to the two at apex of 
vertex, a small, raised process behind eyes, base of pronotum widely angu- 
larly emarginate; mesonotum about as long as wide, without carinae, hind 
tibiae with one spine near apex. 


According to Melichar’s latest arrangement of the Flatidae, 
this genus would form a new subtribe of the Nephesini. His 
subtribe Crytoflatini should be the typical subtribe, as it con- 
tains Nephesa Amy. Serv. 


Type T. wolcotti. 


Tetraceratium wolcotti sp. n. Plate XII, Figs. 6, a. 


Female. Length, 7 mm.; tegmen, 8 mm. 

Stramineous slightly tinged with green, in life probably green; veins 
of tegmen greenish; wings hyaline, opaquely white with waxy secretion, 
veins white. 

Anal segment large, flat, thin, in outline oval, anus near apex; pos- 
terior styles of ovipositor small, longer than wide, apex slightly pointed; 
anterior styles triangular, small; posterior margin of pregenital plate 
slightly angular. 


One female from Haina, Santo Domingo, R. D. (G. N. Wol- 
cott,, 1920, Noms). 


Type in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 


Ormenis Stal. 


In his recent work, Melichar has divided the old genus Ormenis 
into several genera. This would be good if his characters were 
more definite. In his table of the Cryptoflatini it is fairly diffi- 
cult to follow certain characters; as an instance, the one or two 
transverse lines formed by the apical and subapical cross-veins 
are not always easy to recognize, especially the subapical line, 
which is often irregular, and the cross-veins indistinct. In the 
present paper the writer has retained the old generic conception 
and added remarks as to where they appear to come in Meli- 
char’s new classification. He believes that a better system for 
both the Ricaniidae and Flatidae could be arrived at if more 
advantage was taken of the venation of tegmina. 


469 


Ormenis quadripunctata (l*abr.). 


There are six specimens from Porto Rico which agree with 
the descriptions of this species. There is no subapical transverse 
line. 


Ormenis infuscata (Stal). 


There are two specimens from Vega Baja, P. R. (R. T. 
Cotton, 8, 4, 16, Acc. No. 518-16), which the writer considers 
to be this species, judging by descriptions. The subapical trans- 
verse line could be considered as present, as it is fairly well 
developed, the cross-veins being fairly regular. If we consider 
this as a line, then it would be an undescribed genus near to 
Acrophaea Mel. The frons is wider than long, and there are two 
spines on the hind tibiae. 


Ormenis marginata (Brunnich). 


This is made by Melichar into a monotypic genus Petrusina 
in which there are two transverse lines in apical area, but in 
the specimens from Porto Rico the cross-veins are somewhat 
irregular and obscure. 


Ormenis pseudomarginata sp. n. Plate XII, Figs. 7, a, b, c. 


Male. Length, 2.7 mm.; tegmen, 4 mm. 


Frons broader than long (1.3 to 1), median carina distinct on basal 
half, absent from apical half, lateral carinae only indicated at base, lat- 
eral margins carinate; no carinae on elypeus; vertex very short, mostly 
covered by pronotum; width of head equal to, or wider than, width of 
thorax, no carinae on mesonotum or only a slight indication at the base 
of median carina. Hind tibia with only one spine. Costal area distinet 
with transverse veins, and slightly granulate. Se very strong, simple to 
apex; R arising from M near its base and forking about one-third from 
base of tegmen; Mf level with Rf, Cuf slightly basad of former two; 
granulations over the base of R and M obscure their junction. Nodal line 
slightly arcuate and formed by some irregular cross-veins and a slight de- 
pressed line across tegmen from node to apex of clavus; apical line fairly 
even and distinct; claval vein forking near apex, clavus strongly granulate. 

Pronotum and mesonotum black or very dark fuscous brown, frons 
lighter brown, shading out to nearly yellow on sides, elypeus light fuscous; 
genae, antennae and eyes yellow; front and middle legs yellow, hind legs 
light brown, yellowish over apical half of tibiae and tarsi. Abdomen, 
pygofer and styles dark brown. Tegmina black or very dark fuscous 
brown, a white line along costal margin, narrowest at base where it onlv 


Proce. Haw. Ent. Soc., V. Plate XII. 











West Indian Fulgorids. 


471 


eovers about one-third of the width of costal area, broadening to apex 
where it covers the whole costal area; veins slightly lighter along nodal 
line. Wings fuscous with dark veins. 

The periandrium is tubular with a pair of chitinous, bifurcate spines 
at apex; the penis is tubular with a chitinous rim at apex, but no process. 
The apex of anal segment is cleft for some little distance. The details of 
the genitalia are best understood by the figures. 


Described from one male from Porto Rico (R. T. Cotton, 
January, 1917, Acc. No. 127-17), and one male from Lares 
P. R. (J. More, December, 1920, Acc. No. 150-20). 

Type in H. S. P. A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H., 
No. 1140; paratype in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 


In Melichar’s latest table this would run down to Petru- 
sina Mel. 


Petrusa pygmaea (I‘abr.). Plate XII, Figs. 8, a, b. 


The specimens the writer has before him from Porto Rico 
run down to Petrusa Stal in Melichar’s latest table, and agree 
with his specific description in his monograph; they also agree 
with Stal’s original specific description. Stal states that this 
genus has two transverse lines in the apical area of the tegmina, 





PLATE XII. 


1. Cedusa wolcotti, lateral view male genitalia; a, female pregenital plate 
(seventh abdominal sternite). 
Dysimia maculata, left tegmen; a, left wing. 
3. Parahydriena hyalina, front view frons and elypeus; a, lateral view 
head and pronotum; b, dorsal view head; c, left tegmen. 
4. Colpoptera brunneus, lateral view male genitalia; a, emargination at 


bo 


apex of periandrium with median process; b, lateral view penis and 
apodeme; c, right tegmen; d, left wing. 
5. Acanalonia brevifrons, dorsal view head and pronotum; a, front view 
frons and clypeus; b, profile vertex and frons. 
6. Tetraceratium wolcotti, front view head; a, dorsal view head, pronotum 
and mesonotum. 
Ormenis pseudomarginata, lateral view male genitalia without aedeagus; 


ba | 


a, apex of anal segment; b, lateral view periandrium; ec, lateral view 
penis. 

8. Petrusa pygmaea, lateral view male genitalia without aedeagus; a, lat- 
eral view periandrium; b, lateral view penis. 

9. Flatoides brunneus, lateral view male genitalia; a, ventral view genital 
styles. 


472 


whereas Melichar places it in the group with only one. The 
specimens have a distinct regular apical line, but only a very 
slight subapical line. The male genitalia are figured, and it is 
hoped that those having access to the type, or who have topo- 
types, will compare them and publish the results. 


Flatoides brunneus sp. n. Plate XII, Figs. 9, a. 


Male. Length, 3.5 mm.; tegmen, 4 mm. 

In size, venation and general build this species is near to F. punctata 
(Walk.), but the vertex is slightly shorter and its apex a little more 
obtuse. The hind tibiae have threé spines, one on basal and two on apical 
half. The costal area is wide at base and gradually narrows to apex, Se 
arises from basal cell, R+M form a small stalk at base, Cu arises from 
basal cell, but becomes crowded out by M towards the apex of clavus; 
claval veins furcate near apex, enters the apex or the commissure near 
apex, clavus closed. 

Dark brown; slightly darker over base of frons and mesonotum. Teg- 
mina light brown, veins same color as membrane; wings very light brown 
with darker veins. A few very small dark specks on costal area and on 
corium., 

The anal segment large with anus in middle, basal half tubular, slightly 
constricted at anus, apical half flattened horizontally with the apical mar- 
gins slightly apical of anus produced into a large process on each side, 
with a smaller one arising between them from the ventral middle line of 
anal segment, apex in dorsal view rounded with a slight emargination in 
middle. Genital styles in ventral view subtriangular, longer than broad, 
touching on middle line of basal half; in lateral view the outer apical 
angle produced into a broad, curved spine with acute apex. Periandrium 
tubular with two pairs of spines at the ventral apical margin, one pair 
curved dorsad and the other pointing basad. The penis tubular on basal 
half and then bifurcate with two spines at apex. 


Haina, Santo Domingo, R. D. (G. N. Wolcott, 1920), one 
male. 

Type in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 

The specimen of F. punctata, with which it has been com- 
pared, is from Florida, and was identified by Van Duzee. It 
appears to agree with descriptions of that species, but Melichar 
places it in Cyarda. Ii Van Duzee’s and the author’s identifica- 
tion be correct, then Melichar is wrong. The genitalia of brun- 
neus and punctata are very close to one another and differ con- 
siderably from those of Uxantes. The three spines on the hind 
tibiae places this in the subgenus Atracodes Mel., but the number 
of these spines do not give a natural grouping. 


473 
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 


Homoplasmy or Convergent Development in Evolution. 


BY F. MUIR. 
(Presented at the meeting of December 6, 1923.) 


This meeting brings to an end the nineteenth year of our 
society, during which time we have held 216 meetings, thus only 
twelve meetings have been missed. This is a very good record 
for so small a society. The observations, captures, records, and 
descriptions, published in the twenty publications of nearly 2000 
pages issued by our society, rank next to the Fauna Hawaiiensis 
in importance as contributions towards the knowledge of our 
insect fauna, and in regards to habits, life histories, and food 
plants, they are the chief storehouse of our knowledge. If our 
society had not been in existence during these nineteen years, 
few of these observations would have been placed on permanent 
record, and the loss to our science would have been great. The 
complete indices made for each of the four volumes so far 
completed have made the miscellaneous information scattered 
through our Proceedings easily accessible to future workers. 
Our small membership makes it impossible for us to publish our 
Proceedings upon the subscriptions and sales of our Proceed- 
ings, and the trustees of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Associa- 
tion have come to our assistance in a very generous manner. 
We all fully appreciate this help and trust that the good cause 
that they assist eventually comes back to them through the 
economic work which is made more possible with every increase 
in our knowledge of the fauna of the Islands. In no other 
group of tropical islands is the insect fauna so well known, the 
endemic insects so distinctly recognized from the later introduc- 
tions, or the records of the later natural and artificial insect 
immigrants so fully observed and recorded, and in no other such 
group of islands has such knowledge been used to better advan- 
tage in the control of such insects as affect our economic plants. 

To those of us who have been carrying on economic work 
along the lines of biological control, the following extract from 
a letter of the great French naturalist, Philibert Commerson, 





Proc. Haw. Ent. Soec., V, No. 3, December, 1924. 


474 


written 150 years ago from Mauritius, is of deep interest, for 
not only did he foresee the possible economic use that could be 
made of introducing birds and other animals into Mauritius, but 
he also clearly recognized the principle of the balance of nature 
or the struggle for existence. 


““Tt is a misfortune that we have not here any of those birds which 
destroy insect life. It is only this island that affords the spectacle of 
great forests without a single woodpecker. That is the great enemy of 
white ants, other ants, large and small caterpillars. What a service one 
would render the colony if one could but introduce robins, flycatchers, mag- 
pies, shrikes . . . and other insectivorous birds which never touch grain. 


‘«Small hawks, owls, ete., could be imported to keep check on the multi- 
plication of the smaller grain-eating birds; as well as snakes of a non- 
poisonous kind to destroy the rats. It would even be useful to bring frogs 


to purify the fresh-water pools, ete., of the swarming multitude of gnat- 


larvae which abound in them.’’ * 


This is a remarkable passage, and opens up a lot of interest- 
ing reflections as to where Commerson would have ended had 
he not died a comparatively young man, a martyr to his zeal for 
scientific research. 

But it is not upon these subjects, interesting as they are, that 
I wish to speak today, but upon the very different one of: 


HoMoPpLasMyY** OR CONVERGENT DEVELOPMENT IN 
EvoLUurtIOoN. 


This subject has formed the theme of many works, but I 
shall not touch upon its historic or bibliographic side, but I shall 
simply bring before your notice a few examples to show its uni- 
versality in the animal world and suggest some of its bearings 
upon evolution. 

In both the Protozoa and the Metazoa we find the same 
fundamental types of symmetry, 1. e., radial, bilateral, spiral, 
leiotropic, dexiotropic, and modifications of these.‘ There are 





* Life of Philibert Commerson, Pasfield Oliver (1909). 

** Webster defines this word as: Resemblance between different plants 
and animals, in external shape, in general habits, or in particular organs, 
which is not due to descent from a common ancestor, but to similar sur- 
rounding circumstances. 


+ Kofoid, Nature, August 13, 1923, p. 253. 


475 


good reasons to believe that the Porifera or sponges (Parazoa) 
had a different origin from the Metazoa, the former from the 
Choanoflagellata and the latter from the Ciliata. Thus, it fol- 
lows that multicellular animal organisms, with their attendant 
sexual method of reproduction, and the formation of ova and 
spermatozoa, has arisen at least twice independently of one an- 
other. The production of multicellular organisms was the most 
momentous step in animal evolution, and the fact that it 
occurred more than once in the animal world is of supreme 
significance. 

In each great phylum illustrations of homoplasmy, or con- 
vergent or parallel development, can be found. The simplicity 
of the organization of Protozoa is not favorable to the recogni- 
tion of such development, but students of those organisms could 
cite good examples. 

Stephenson’s * paper on Indian Oligochaeta is of great 
value from our standpoint, as he shows how parallel and con- 
vergent development has gone on in a number of genera, and 
he gives convincing evidence for polyphyly in some of them. I 
have contended for this in certain genera of Homoptera. This 
important paper should be consulted by all interested in this 
subject. 

Many cases of homoplasmy could be cited from the Mol- 
lusca, but I will confine myself to those cases in which branchiae 
or gills are replaced by a lung or lung cavity. The animals in- 
cluded in the order Pulmonata all have a pulmonary sac. They 
are placed in two sub-orders, and are considered by many as 
having two distinct origins—the Basommatophora, originating 
from the Opisthobranchiata, sub-order Tectibranchiata, and the 
Stylommatophora from the sub-order Nudibranchiata. Most of 
the Prosobranchiata possess branchiae, but some possess pulmo- 
nary sacs; of the latter, some families (Cyclophoridae, Cyclosto- 
matidae, Aciculidae) are placed in the sub-order Monotocardia, 
while others Helicinidae, Hydrocenidae, Proserpinidae are 
placed in the sub-order Diotocardia. Here we have four groups 
in which the branchiae have been replaced by lung cavities all 
having independent origin. Even if we disagree with the above 


* Pro. Zoo. Soe. Lond. 1921, pp. 103-142. 


476 


classification, we have to admit two origins, viz.: Operculata 
and Pulmonata, and then within each of these we have to admit 
convergence of characters upon which the above classification is 
based. Thus, if we consider the genera of Prosobranchiata, 
which have pulmonary sacs as forming a monophylogenetic 
group, we have to admit that they have acquired the one or two 
auricles independently. The reduction of the shell has taken 
place independently within the Pulmonata and the Opisthobran- 
chiata, and in each case is accompanied by, and may be the 
direct result of, the reflected epipodia, which gives protection 
to the visceral mass. 


In another class of Mollusca, the Cephalopoda, we find a 
very complex eye which, in certain important points, parallels 
the eye of mammals. 


As example of homoplasmy among Crustacea, I cite the 
Monstrillidae, belonging to the order Copepoda and the Rhizo- 
cephala, belonging to the order Cirripedia. Here we have some 
of the most extraordinary cases of metamorphoses, due to para- 
sitism, in the animal kingdom, and certain of the most remark- 
able features being paralleled in these two orders. Parasitism 
has taken place in many of the large groups of animals and has 
led to reduction of organs and simplification of organism, and 
numerous cases of homoplasmy can be found among them. 
Hermaphroditism is found in the Cirripedia, Isopoda, and Epi- 
carida, and have been derived independently from dioecious an- 
cestors. This condition has arisen sporadically in many groups 
of animals. 

Among insects many instances could be cited. The Honor- 
able N. C. Rothschild, in his presidential address to the Ento- 
mological Society of London in 1917, pointed out the marvelous 
cases of homoplasmy among insect ectoparasites. In these we 
find the development of ctenidia, the form flattened horizon- 
tally, the legs situated far apart and spreading, the claws often 
of peculiar form, their femora with pseudojoints, all in insects 
so far apart as Diptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, and Hemi- 
meridae (Orthoptera sens lat.). His concluding remarks are 
interesting : 


‘“From the various examples of resemblance I have mentioned, it is 
evident that the medium in which a species exists, exercises a most power- 


477 


ful influence on its evolution. If that is the case of Epizoie insects, we 
are not far wrong in assuming that the similarities, often slight in them- 
selves, which sympatric insects (i. e., insects living in the same district) 
exhibit, are due in the first instance to similarity in the surrounding pri- 
mary conditions of life.’’ * 


Among the Hymenoptera we have some most extraordinary 
examples of homoplasmy in wasps which inhabit figs. The true 
fig-wasps, or Agaonides, are wonderfully constructed for the life 
they lead, especially the male, which never leaves the fig, and 
passes its life among the forest of fig flowers; it is wingless, 
or nearly so, flattened horizontally, in many cases the middle 
legs are reduced or rudimentary, and the mandibles are large 
for gnawing open the galls containing the females; in fact, their 
whole morphology has been modified to adapt the insect to its 
activities within the fig. Other fig-inhabiting wasps belonging 
to quite different groups of genera, not taking any part in the 
polinization of the flowers, have males modified along similar 
lines. A thorough study of. the fig-inhabiting wasps, their rela- 
tionship and homoplasmy, would well repay a number of years’ 
close study. If any of the figs bearing open fruit have gall 
wasps attached to them, their study should be included, as they 
should throw light upon the origin of the relationship of insect 
to fruit. 


Wheeler, discussing certain ants, remarks: 


““We have here some very interesting cases of convergence, or parallel 
development, since the underground habit has caused the workers, which 
rarely or never leave their burrows, to lose their deep pigmentation and 
become yellow or light brown and to become nearly or quite blind.’’ 


Among the Arthropods we find many that breathe by tra- 
cheae, i. e., Prototracheata, Myriapoda, Insecta, Arachnida, and 
perhaps even Isopoda. If the tubes in Isopoda are really tra- 
cheae, then these organs had at least two distinct origins, and 
even leaving these out of account it is highly probable that 
among the four other groups tracheae arose at least twice inde- 
pendently. Gills have arisen quite independently in many groups, 
and several times in a single class, such as insects, and even 
more than once in the same order. 





* Pro. Ent. Soe. Lond. for 1916. September, 1917, exli, clvi, and figs. 


478 


Among the Amphibia the Apoda, or limbless Amphibia, give 
an example of homoplasmy. Writing of these, Gadow remarks 
that : 

‘“About forty species are known, these have been placed in seventeen 


genera, mostly on comparatively slight grounds, and several of these genera 


are probably unnatural, the distinctive characters having undoubtedly been 


developed independently in various countries.’ ** 


Among the lizards we find five families without limbs which 
have evidently lost them quite independently of one another. 
The burrowing snakes have a number of characters in common, 
but they have more than one origin. 


According to many authorities, the birds are not descend- 
ants of the Dinosaurs, in spite of the many characters common 
to both. However striking these characters are, “they are in- 
stances of convergent analogies, the upright walk, which has 
been assumed and improved upon independently by members of 
both Theropoda and Orthopoda, has produced the same, or 
nearly the same modifications in them as in birds.” * 


Among the mammals we find the Metatheria or Marsupials 
and the Eutheria developing along independent lines, but reach- 
ing a number of very similar results. As an example, I quote 
the Marsupial mole (Notoryctes) and the Eutherian mole 
(Talpa) and its allies. 

The Cetacea or whales, the Sirenia and the Carnivora Pinni- 
pedia have traveled along the same lines of development inde- 
pendently, and the fossil reptile /chthyosaurus has also traveled 
along the same lines, which is similar to the normal form of 
fishes, and apparently is the best adapted to life in the water. 
In these cases there are innumerable characters in morphology 
and anatomy which had to be modified to convert these land, 
or at most amphibious, animals into complete or nearly com- 
plete aquatic animals. Some birds have also taken to aquatic 
life and have been independently modified along lines to fit them 
for that element. Many insects belonging to different families 
have also been modified along lines adapting them for a life in 
the water. 





** Camb. Nat. Hist. VIII, Amphibia and Reptiles, p. 89 (1901). 
* Gadow, Camb. Nat. Hist. VIII, p. 416 (1901). 


479 


Flight, or the power of moving through the air for some 
considerable distance, has been acquired by animals in different 
classes, such as fishes, lizards, birds, and mammals. In the case 
of birds and bats, although the details differ, yet the conversion 
of the front limbs into organs of flight have been paralleled. 


Nearly all the examples cited above are functional homo- 
plasmy, or adaptations of certain organs for certain uses, and it 
is of great interest to note that the great majority of the most 
conspicuous cases of homoplasmy are of that nature, for it 
shows very forcibly the direct or indirect influence of the environ- 
ment upon the organism. 


3ut there are innumerable cases of homoplasmy in which it 
is difficult to connect any functional use. Such are well known 
to any systematist who has worked at a large group and has 
attempted to draw conclusions as to their relationship. Every 
entomologist could cite innumerable examples, so I will only 
refer to a few of those which I find in the group which I have 
paid most attention to, and recently published upon, namely, the 
fulgorid Homoptera. 

In fulgorids we find a vein in the fore-wing, which is gener- 
ally considered as the costa. In many forms, including what I 
consider to be the most primitive, we find this vein coincident 
with the costal margin, but in others it is some distance from 
the margin and thus forms a precostal cell or “costal area” 
which is often crossed by a number of veins. This condition has 
arisen at least twice among the fulgorids and most likely several 
times. The amalgamation of the basal portion of the veins has 
taken place many times quite independently, even within a single 
family ; the commonest is the amalgamation of the subcosta and 
radius, but the radius and media have also amalgamated to- 
gether; and also the subcosta, radius, and media. The clavus is 
normally closed, but in more than one family (i. e., Derbidae, 
Flatidae, and Fulgoridae) it is found to be open in some genera. 
Among the Flatidae there are some genera in which the claval 
veins do not form a fork, a condition peculiar to the Cicadoidea. 
The arrangements of the branching of the veins and the condi- 
tions of the cross-veins are paralleled many times in the super- 
family. The reduction of wings in the superfamily has taken 
place many times quite independently. Another character used 


480 


in classifying these insects is the condition of the carinae on the 
frons, whether there be one simple carina, or if it be forked, 
or if there be two. These conditions are found quite indepen- 
dent of one another in different families and in groups in the 
same family. The condition of the antennae is also used in some 
families, and here again there is no phylogenetic connection be- 
tween those having large, flattened antennae, as they are found 
in more than one group of a single family (i. e., Delphacidae ). 
In the Derbidae we find the sub-antennal process and shoulder 
keels developing quite independently, and the latter forming a 
large antennal chamber in widely separated genera. It may be 
objected that the present classification of these families is not 
“natural,” and hence the apparent homoplasmy, but 1n whatever 
sequence or order these genera may be placed, cases of homo- 
plasmy will be found. 


This condition is not peculiar to the fulgorids, but is found 
in every group of insects of moderate size which one studies. 
Timberlake, in discussing a single family of Hymenoptera, the 
Encyrtidae, remarks: 

‘‘The bewildering plasticity of the group whereby the same character 
may have been developed independently in different genera (as, for in- 
stance, the fascicle of hairs at the apex of the scutellum in Encyrtus, 
Cheiloneurus, and Chrysoplatycerus.) ’? * 


These few cases of homoplasmy, out of vast numbers which 
could be cited, have not been brought to your notice out of idle 
curiosity, but because | believe that they are important evidence 
in the one great problem which should be at the back of all 
zoological studies, viz., evolution. 


Although I appreciate and admire the vast amount of experi- 
mental zoology that has been done within recent time, yet, when 
it is all considered, it does not give direct or indirect evidence 
enough to base a belief in evolution upon. This belief is based 
upon nature's own experiments, upon our studies of develop- 
ment, comparative morphology and anatomy of living and fossil 
animals, upon the geographic distribution in past and present 
time, and the time sequence as shown by fossils. Most of this 
information is the direct result of systematic zoology. If all 





* Timberlake, Proce. Ent. Soe. Wash. 25 (3), p. 58 (1923). 


481 


this evidence was wiped out, the evidence founded upon experi- 
mental zoology would not prevent William Jennings Bryan 
from expunging the teaching of evolution from American 
schools. Yet we are constantly being told that systematic work 
is only worthy of inferior intellects, and that great intellects 
turn their attention to genes or tropisms, or other superior 
subjects. 


The fact that animals have adapted themselves so wonder- 
fully to their environment, independently arriving at similar 
resuts on more than one occasion, would make one believe that 
Lowell’s famous lines: 


““Some flossifers think that a fakkilty’s granted the minnit its proved 
to be thoroughly wanted.’’ 


contain more truth than sarcasm. 


Everyone who studies the subject must admit that adapta- 
tion runs through the whole animal kingdom, and most will 
admit the frequency of homoplasmy. Nearly every zoologist 
who believes in evolution will also admit that the environment, 
in its widest sense, has been the great “potter’s thumb,’”’ mould- 
ing the organisms in form and habit. The great rift comes when 
biologists begin to discuss the manner in which this moulding 
has taken place. This has divided them into two great camps, 
one following Weismann and the other Lamarck. 


Weismann contended that the germ plasm passed from gen- 
eration to generation continuously, without a break, absolutely 
uninfluenced by the body cells or soma. Thus, any influence 
which the environment might have upon the soma could not be 
impressed upon the germ plasm. As the soma arises from the 
germ plasm at each generation, it follows that the only means 
by which heritable variation can arise is by an alteration of the 
germ plasm. While Weismann considered that the environment 
might produce modifications of the germ plasm similar to that 
produced on the soma (parallel modification) many of his fol- 
lowers do not admit this, but maintain that the germ plasm can- 
not be influenced by the environment either directly or indi- 
rectly. According to this extreme school, all variation arises 
through the mixing and sorting out of the genes during the 
mating of the sperm and egg. In this kaleidoscopic shifting of 


482 


the genes, or particles of the chromosomes, the chances of the 
combinations of characters that are necessary arising in the 
necessary consecutive order, without any inimical combinations, 
are so enormous that one’s faith falters, and one turns to seek 
a solution which requires a smaller draft upon our credulity. 
That similar sequences should have occurred two, three, or more 
times quite independently is still harder to believe. This has 
been aptly called the “lucky throw of the Mendelian dice,” but 
the dice are not six-sided, but very many-sided, and many sides 
bear death upon their face, and others bear indifference, and 
among the remainder only certain sequences are allowable, and 
the banker is Death and Oblivion. 


But even to those whose faith is greater than mine there are 
other obstacles. While there is a large amount of negative evi- 
dence to support Weismann, there is also some positive evi- 
dence which is against him. That the continuity of the germ 
plasm is not so universal as he thought, is evident from work 
such as Gatenby’s on the formation of new egg cells during 
sexual maturity in frogs. Kammerer’s work cannot be ignored 
by his opponents, and the work of Guyer and Smith on the eyes 
of rabbits is a strong point against him. The more recent work 
of Garrett and Harrison on melanism among British moths is 
of great interest, for here we find that melanism caused by cer- 
tain metal salts is inherited, and follows the Mendelian law.* 


Turning to the other school of thought, we find few today 
who hold the crude views of a past generation. Early in the 
development of animal life a mechanism must have been devel- 
oped to guard against individual mutilations becoming incorpo- 
rated into the race, otherwise we should have nothing but 
maimed and helpless races of animals. 


Fortunately, we have a few leaders who can see the virtues 
and vices of both of these extreme schools of thought, and who 
are combining the best in each into a more workable theory. 
In the study of the development of the phylum, as well as the 
individual, the great task is to discover the mechanism by which 
similar cells develop into totally different organs, having vastly 





* Melanism in the Lepidoptera and its Possible Induction, Nature, 
August, 1923, p. 240. See, also, Nature, September 16, 1922, p. 380. 


483 


different functions and shapes. This cannot be due to the 
chromosomes and genes, for all the cells are equally endowed, 
but it must be due to forces external to these chromosomes, by 
which some of the latent capacities of growth are suppressed, 
while others are encouraged. Some light is being thrown upon 
this most interesting problem by recent discoveries in cell activi- 
ties and harmones, and in the harmonic relationship of various 
parts of an organism. This most important and fascinating sub- 
ject is but in its infancy, but already it appears to have thrown 
some little light upon Lamarckian factors and the inheritance of 
acquired characters. The post-pituitary harmone is responsible 
for the change of color in the skin of the frog which is of a 
protective nature, and, if we accept Kammerer’s experiments, 
individuals born of parents that have lived in dark or light sur- 
roundings are correspondingly light or dark, which most likely 
is caused by the influence of the harmones on the germ plasm. 
Guyer and Smith’s experiments on the eyes of rabbits may also 
be due to similar influences. Along this line of thought we may 
eventually find the mechanism by which we can understand, to 
some extent, the effect of use and disuse upon the organism. 
But we must co-ordinate the studies of form, function and 
development, or morphology, physiology and embryology. 


This subject also has direct bearing upon the subject of this 
address, viz., Homoplasmy, for if environment in its widest 
meaning can affect certain organs or characters in one animal 
it is likely to do so in many others. The reduction of eyes in 
cave-dwelling animals may then be due to the absence of stimuli 
and not to “chance throws of the Mendelian dice”; and if we 
admit the possibility or probability of this, then the reduction 
of organs in parasitic animals may also be due to the absence 
of stimuli. And then it is not a long step to the production of 
similar characters in different animals living under similar con- 
ditions. That they do develop such is common knowledge. The 
question at present at issue is whether this is due to harmonic 
relationship between the animal and its environment or to ‘chance 
throws of the Mendelian dice.” 











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485 


Immigrant Records for 1923. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


The following immigrant insects are recorded for the first 
time, in this publication. Some have been known or collected 
previously, but remained undetermined or unrecorded. Those 
marked with an asterisk (*) were observed or collected for the 
first time during the year, and hence considered as rather recent 
arrivals. Those marked (**) were observed for the first time 
early in 1924, and are included here as they are listed in a 
paper that was finished in the latter year. For details of records, 


etc., refer to the pages given. 


Page 

* Maruca, testulalis Geyer (Lep.)................341, 348, 352, 354, 356 
Ee LOCMUOMUSIUILCUS Lalas | GCOls) ie. cs a-.2 Omens sone eee eae eters <> 2-2 342 
“Khodesveila elegantula Becker ((Dipt.)..--.....5-.---.5....------- b44 
SomArN STL Cla (COLS)s accit osetcseactt Sones Fonstepene Guenotroe 2 bP IER Ge io, one 344 
hhodesveiian tarsalis: Adams (CDipts)) 226 cen. 2 ie 2 © cto tee or vnni's oe eu = 347 
EOMEROPUERGE SDs: (GMb)... -tecie sed cytebs > 2+ 3 cis tte @ OMS es See oo ie 347 
Has ey UCMenstS sMIGI Dib). arieue a & - 2 che Stele GER os oe eiSieyo 0 oe 349 
Se UC MUSMOIM URLS BELOLM EI CCOl))r. sia ete cs = +. ae tek te t= 1000, son) ODd 
Pscudopheiminus sp. (Hym.) -.....-.-..-....-+2+----+- 008, o04, 445 
BILE RODUUS) Spee (CEMyIS)) Zi2,0 ael ae RMS s 26 oes ele es a aye o tne « DOSS ROO 
SP COCCIMOULGMSD sm GOOLE Ve votes 2s tanc ters sie aise SOG ape os ace Orlane ses 354 
Eh MARGOaNGy ans Sos (aly sce ne.cene Boe n. no ORD ee as Oo oORpOor 360 
Zeteticontus perkinst Timb. (Hym.)....+...............360, 402, 430 
ANGUS NT MALAUS. Wim Oe (ELVIN)! sos esc.6 > « «ee eierscieienerd ve aso es ws 405, 436 
Apheunusegossypiu bimib: GELyIM.):c soca ese ok eon ct Sac 408, 437 
Aphelinus semifiavus Howard (Hym.) ................2..005- 409, 437 
Megaphragma mymaripenne Timb. (Hym.).................. 414, 447 
Aphemoidea xenos Timbs (Elym)) 2... ...22426.. 00645 .0t es 415, 446 
Harmolita swezeyt Phillips and Poos (Hym.).........:.......... 421 
Zatropis tortmewdis Crawt. (Hym)...:.......:.2..s.........801, 422 
Lariophagus distinguendus (Forst.) (Biym.)..:.................. 422 
GCAO DNA USES {GEL YM) se rqece operas cl B08 eeafaveoes sia logue Saale aoNe eb we 423 
TTT EROMULUGS AST) Spa CLL yao he kis eee fetele, <1 ele are elevreyoreus heaiyes os Sysen eyes sles 423 
EUODLOCY MUS SS )). 5 (GEDYIN).) ay aete =o. sare 4.00405 6 eeyeavsea defiant oS syecbia s 423 
Pieromalidsundetermined), (CEiym)ie ei. . «6 sd... cases sc ue ek  ~ - 424 
Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashm.) (Hym.) .................... 425 
CI MEWTOTa, BY)seu CEL YWNe) ess nete thn oor ecthe Mets ies sie Stace tes sree s,-«s ,0e 425 
SDL CI NATE AS Utd Ce i 60\s) hee ea eae oho ORO Near iee ce mice pas Se RR eae 426 
FP) Sletten ALENT irs ioe aka chagene ates: oe onevaloe, o.c:sla Severs erecenmacsestns >. + ere 427 
TP CUNT Mast ome (GEL ys ) Wee Ara tohaitets) ctayasayo whew. <io re savoretasoraials aroestata an «ove ery ede rege 428 
ADU CUS CUO CRM ELOWs. (ELVIN. )i. 2 c5s.0 0s 012 densie calc w  Sicreins wt «loc seniors 430 


AID RU CUS MCCOY Erm LAIN). (DVIS) ose) ars.cc6 im cele 2 «2 oie ons Ses Sate 4.5 cep 430 


4806 


Page 

URN MANO DINO US. CHD VAS (Ene, (Calf) nogougc0coos0cceco00sSuboucK 433 
Prospattetla sp > Geliym..)/s Mois «ccchene ease ate, = aucioterertiate Aopen rete ioe 434, 435 
ENCORSUGE SP. (CELI) sis. . sachs vs aierstninele Soe seek ae ore ee ees 435 
Aspidiotiphagus agilior Berlese (Hliym.)..-+..-.--secse4-.--ne+ ae 436 
SMenoinliom Wiorcaitiin Can, Csbpins)) coabedovcssouvodsuvasepcounes 439 
AChrySsocharist isp. \CELyma's) kx seysthareiatt seo co eemt eh he te) oat reihe. wee Pope 440 
Pleurotropis isps \Gebyaa) sieges screw cree eo kee bene el a oleks one ereyhatemeee 441 
LORESHOPUS BO, (Soo) Cebaiie ss on 50apcsoeooone ave eos654e66 443 
Entedomine jsp. {kya ier, rece cre. ote Segue ol yeseeenel =. sichoee tenes renee 441 
Miachwertius: Sys GElya, iscs ae evsiaces. 5 tos Se oheacauL tate) cee ee SteEeneel eee 444 
COLAO OOUTITE | 0; (Gla bat) liseaanhs orreninemcloleaa ohare arecic croton ain cisin cioiooon o-6 444 
TGEAS MAST > CEU VAIN) je, se.8 shea Sa te dote cee avons abeleratie Mesto ey ba nctsiene sie tous hea eRenea ae 445 
Allaptus sp... CElyims)) ..csecink Gaudi = + exacts oe cislons aie 4 onaroeu dats cues lonie 447 
Gonatocenimes | GE ya) rerseeccier ene er ro even ets usenet atone retains 448 
SV Dachnusmiujalinus, (Mel (Guercio)) (Galoms)iery- rete eericene renee 450 
AMOS SO (Ss Toon) (Galois odoaweecosdousoccosasasndooscsue 453, 454 
SWUM OMS: Orga: MNES (elon) los sao gsoucousboonsomadesoocos: 455 
MEG ZOpTIS ASP si ELON AT Sexeccce ois aves crests coe ar ine me ae see en ee 455 
“(CO MOORUS Wrugeno (Cally) (sO No sonaccncusaacoossoc0snadcee 456 
AM DROTOpROna, lAciucae™ (Salt: si (ELom>) eraelei eres eet 456 
J EETISS ETO A Gla (colsd) lenge neem IES AesmrOn IG ce AORy CONC TS. Gio Ona Diao oe 456 
ZVONOCORAIMOD BOs (BRO) 05) (CEIOM,)) 6 6sanaccaccdacccocaccananed 456, 457 
Migenosiphaunyssolanijioui. (CAshin) eCEltom >) leery eine eee eee 458 


END OF VOLUME VY. 








CONTENTS OF VOL. V, NO. 3. 


Minutes, Notes AND EXHIBITIONS: 


(eee CUS a 0S ol ft | (egpa 2 Lace) 0 Sg ee ga eR oe 341 
HELO S| ip ice sta OU Se OE 344 
[ey Tele. Taner Sri Cube ane © SMAE EEN: 20 SECM ee Me POON CRs ER 346 
Papen iinet cares 0h ee Ie i Sd 349 
MCN eEI ITER Ss pay mals eee a A 352 
| Ve foe culo are co Oe AN Bo oO ee 354 
oF Gi an eT De AS Ev 355 
August (no meeting). 
Dep temneraniiee tile. eee a ee ed 35/ 
ne MCRL IMee een et a Lee ek ade 358 
NigtveRgtIae i Meena: oe) ke yk. Nee ee Ne 360 
iD seis Sh yeh Smt ft cto a a Sipe ceed RM Ae AL OI RE Ce 363 
PMiecwauvon tucers, Tor WO24. sm oso ee ee 364 
imiuserame Wecords ton L923 22002) k a Ae ee tlh 485 
PAPERS. 


Bavany EF. EL JR: 


Eawanan? rypetdae (Diptera) 0.) Ske a el 367 
seenopinus in jElawaii\\( Diptera) i coe eh 368 


CraAwForp, D. L.: 


The Bishop Museum Collection of Psyllidae (Homop- 
Rei Me ie) Sema Rel ee aes) 92 Aa ie 369 


FULLAWAY, D. T.: 


Notes on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). 371 


ILLINGWORTH, J. F.: 


the Small Banana’ Weevil? (Coleoptera): 2... 375 
Further Notes on Chrysomyia megacephala ( Fab.) 
PO Bh rt) shee 9) A peated Ot ech RA PURO ae A ANC EES iD Pe S47, 


Murr, F.: 
New and Little-known Fulgorids from the West Indies 
Ap Esicsieaey pee Coece renin oe A) Tt Se a oe es 461 


Homoplasmy or Convergent Development in Evolution. 
PerecietivigaGabesS eet. 473 


PERKINS). Gr: 


A new Hawaiian Rhyncogonus (Coleoptera) uc 342 
SNYDER, T. E.: 
Wihesce the: ‘Permites of Hawaii tiintish 2a ouch 381 
Swezey, O. H.: 
Notes .omiinsect Pests ain: ‘Samoa 2 cee a a ae 385 
TIMBERLAKE, P. H.: 
Descriptions of new Chalcid-flies from Hawaii and 
TWh Peete att Gl er Bya t 4 ip Pa WUUn Oud ERE Ie aNMCUNE Plsardc sale Seb Ane b ai 395 
Records of the Introduced and Immigrant Chalcid-flies 
of the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera)... 418 
Notes on Hawaiian Aphidae, with a List of Food Plants 
Foy: 2) AROMA CHILE NN RCE ERS OMNES PELE MAA CMI Ie 450 





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